scholarly journals Advancing Endodormancy Release in Temperate Fruit Trees Using Agrochemical Treatments

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Guillamón Guillamón ◽  
Federico Dicenta ◽  
Raquel Sánchez-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
Process Plants ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Endodormancy in temperate fruit trees like Prunus is a protector state that allows the trees to survive in the adverse conditions of autumn and winter. During this process, plants accumulate chill hours. Flower buds require a certain number of chill hours to release from endodormancy, known as chilling requirements. This step is crucial for proper flowering and fruit set, since incomplete fulfillment of the chilling requirements produces asynchronous flowering, resulting in low quality flowers, and fruits. In recent decades, global warming has endangered this chill accumulation. Because of this fact, many agrochemicals have been used to promote endodormancy release. One of the first and most efficient agrochemicals used for this purpose was hydrogen cyanamide. The application of this agrochemical has been found to advance endodormancy release and synchronize flowering time, compressing the flowering period and increasing production in many species, including apple, grapevine, kiwi, and peach. However, some studies have pointed to the toxicity of this agrochemical. Therefore, other non-toxic agrochemicals have been used in recent years. Among them, Erger® + Activ Erger® and Syncron® + NitroActive® have been the most popular alternatives. These two treatments have been shown to efficiently advance endodormancy release in most of the species in which they have been applied. In addition, other less popular agrochemicals have also been applied, but their efficiency is still unclear. In recent years, several studies have focused on the biochemical and genetic variation produced by these treatments, and significant variations have been observed in reactive oxygen species, abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellin (GA) levels and in the genes responsible for their biosynthesis. Given the importance of this topic, future studies should focus on the discovery and development of new environmentally friendly agrochemicals for improving the modulation of endodormancy release and look more deeply into the effects of these treatments in plants.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Cyanamide Stimulates Early Foliation of `Misty' Southern Highbush Blueberry

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 537C-537
Author(s):  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
R.L. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Southern Highbush ◽  
Chilling Treatment

Two-year-old, container-grown `Misty' southern highbush blueberry plants were sprayed to drip with two concentrations of hydrogen cyanamide (HCN) (20.4 g·L–1 and 10.2 g·L–1) after exposure to 0, 150, or 300 hr of continuous chilling at 5.6°C. All plants were sprayed immediately after chilling and placed in a greenhouse for several weeks. The plants were moved outdoors during flowering to increase cross-pollination from nearby `Sharpblue' blueberry plants. HCN sprays killed some of the more advanced flower buds on shoot terminals and on small-diameter wood from the previous spring growth flush. Significantly greater flower bud mortality occurred for the 20.4 g·L–1 HCN sprays than for the 10.2 g·L–1 sprays. Flower buds subjected to 0 hr of chilling were more susceptible to spray burn than flower buds receiving 150 or 300 hr of chilling. Very little flower bud death occurred with the 10.2 g·L–1 HCN rate on plants receiving 300 hr of chilling. Vegetative budbreak was advanced for both HCN treatments compared to controls, regardless of chilling treatment. HCN-treated plants were heavily foliated at full bloom, while non-treated plants had very few to no leaves during bloom. HCN may be useful for stimulating vegetative growth in some southern highbush blueberry cultivars that suffer from poor foliation during flowering and fruit set.

scholarly journals Temperate Fruit Trees under Climate Change: Challenges for Dormancy and Chilling Requirements in Warm Winter Regions

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Abdel-Moety Salama ◽  
Ahmed Ezzat ◽  
Hassan El-Ramady ◽  
Shamel M. Alam-Eldein ◽  
Sameh Okba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Warm Winter ◽  
Winter Chill ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
The Tropics

Adequate chill is of great importance for successful production of deciduous fruit trees. However, temperate fruit trees grown under tropical and subtropical regions may face insufficient winter chill, which has a crucial role in dormancy and productivity. The objective of this review is to discuss the challenges for dormancy and chilling requirements of temperate fruit trees, especially in warm winter regions, under climate change conditions. After defining climate change and dormancy, the effects of climate change on various parameters of temperate fruit trees are described. Then, dormancy breaking chemicals and organic compounds, as well as some aspects of the mechanism of dormancy breaking, are demonstrated. After this, the relationships between dormancy and chilling requirements are delineated and challenging aspects of chilling requirements in climate change conditions and in warm winter environments are demonstrated. Experts have sought to develop models for estimating chilling requirements and dormancy breaking in order to improve the adaption of temperate fruit trees under tropical and subtropical environments. Some of these models and their uses are described in the final section of this review. In conclusion, global warming has led to chill deficit during winter, which may become a limiting factor in the near future for the growth of temperate fruit trees in the tropics and subtropics. With the increasing rate of climate change, improvements in some managing tools (e.g., discovering new, more effective dormancy breaking organic compounds; breeding new, climate-smart cultivars in order to solve problems associated with dormancy and chilling requirements; and improving dormancy and chilling forecasting models) have the potential to solve the challenges of dormancy and chilling requirements for temperate fruit tree production in warm winter fruit tree growing regions.

scholarly journals CHR: An Integrated Software Tool for chilling requirements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Chen ◽  
Wanyu Xu ◽  
Ningning Gou ◽  
Lasu Bai ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
Deciduous Fruit ◽  
Heat Requirement ◽  
Integrated Software ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Analyze Data

Abstract Background Bud dormancy in deciduous fruit trees enables plants to survive cold weather. The buds adopt dormant state and resume growth after satisfying the chilling requirements. Chilling requirements play a key role in flowering time. So far, several chilling models, including ≤ 7.2 °C model, the 0–7.2 °C model, Utah model, and Dynamic Model, have been developed; however, it is still time-consuming to determine the chilling requirements employing any model. This calls for efficient tools that can analyze data. Results In this study, we developed novel software Chilling and Heat Requirement (CHR), by flexibly integrating data conversions, model selection, calculations, statistical analysis, and plotting. Conclusion CHR is a tool for chilling requirements estimation, which will be very useful to researchers. It is very simple, easy, and user-friendly.

The effects of a water-soluble alpha tetra-substituted zinc phthalocyanine derivative onArthrospira platensis-M2 strain

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (08) ◽  
pp. 686-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armağan Günsel ◽  
Hatice Tunca ◽  
Ahmet T. Bilgiçli ◽  
Ali Doğru ◽  
M. Nilüfer Yaraşir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Zinc Phthalocyanine ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Future Studies

In this study, we have analyzed the effect a newly synthesized water-soluble alpha tetra-substituted zinc phthalocyanine (Pc) compound on superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities and biomass accumulation in the Arthrospira platensis-M2 strain to test whether this compound could be used as an algaecide or not. We found that lower concentrations (3 μg mL[Formula: see text] and 6 μg mL[Formula: see text] of Pc compound were not toxic to algae cells, as indicated by enduring biomass accumulation during the study (7 days). Higher Pc concentrations, however, were toxic and inhibited biomass accumulation. This inhibition appeared on the fourth day and persisted during the study. At higher Pc concentrations, SOD activity decreased significantly, but APX and GR activity were not affected. These results may show that Pc applications did not cause the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in Arthrospira platensis-M2 cells. Our result suggests that higher Pc concentrations did not cause oxidative stress but biomass accumulation inhibited, possibly due to some different toxicity mechanism(s), which should be carried out in the future studies. As a result, we may offer use of this compound as a means to keep under control algal populations in natural environments.

EFFECTIVE HYDROGEN CYANAMIDE (DORMEX®) APPLICATION FOR BUD BREAK, FLOWERING AND NUT YIELD OF PISTACHIO TREES CV. MATEUR IN WARM GROWING AREAS

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOHAMED GHRAB ◽  
MEHDI BEN MIMOUN
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Northern Tunisia ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Effective Hydrogen ◽  
Pistachio Trees

SUMMARYClimate change characterized by global warming is expected to have an incidence on fruit trees’ development and production. The severity of these effects depends on lack of chilling. The current study focused on the research of an optimal dose of hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex®) treatment which can advance the bud break of female pistachio trees (Pistacia veraL.) to ensure better blooming synchronization with pollinators. A field experiment was conducted in northern Tunisia (36°49′N, 9°48′E) on mature pistachio trees. Two hydrogen cyanamide treatments at 2% and 4% Dormex® were applied with reference to the control untreated trees. The flowering time, vegetative growth, starch content, productivity and nut characters were followed. Results show that 4% Dormex® advanced the normal bud break by 15 days and flowering by 11 days and improved natural pollination by synchronization of male and female flowers. Consequently, fresh yield and nut quality as split and blank rates and nut weight were improved. However, shoot growth, leaf area and starch content in current shoot seemed unaffected by hydrogen cyanamide applications. In conclusion, hydrogen cyanamide could be used as 4% Dormex® and sprayed 45 days before bud break to improve pistachio productivity and prevent anomalies of lack of chilling due to global warming that could be more frequent in the Mediterranean areas.

Spring frost damage to placental tissues in lowbush blueberry flower buds

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Randall ◽  
Olson and Leonard J. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Vaccinium Angustifolium ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
Commercial Yield ◽  
Spring Frosts

Closed flower buds and flowers at full bloom of Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. were collected from the field and histologically examined after severe spring frosts. Prior to anthesis, blackened ovarian placentae in closed buds were the only damaged tissues evident; placental damage may interfere with both seed and fruit set. Undetected frost damaged placentae may contribute to losses in commercial yield. Key words: Vaccinium, frost damage, placenta

scholarly journals Identification of early and late flowering time candidate genes in endodormant and ecodormant almond flower buds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángela S Prudencio ◽  
Frank A Hoeberichts ◽  
Federico Dicenta ◽  
Pedro Martínez-Gómez ◽  
Raquel Sánchez-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Chilling Requirements

Abstract Flower bud dormancy in temperate fruit tree species, like almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb], is a survival mechanism that ensures flowering will occur under suitable weather conditions for successful flower development, pollination and fruit set. Dormancy is divided into three sequential phases: paradormancy, endodormancy and ecodormancy. During the winter, buds need cultivar-specific chilling requirements to overcome endodormancy and heat requirements to activate the machinery to flower in the ecodormancy phase. One of the main factors that enables the transition from endodormancy to ecodormancy is transcriptome reprogramming. In this work, we therefore monitored three almond cultivars with different chilling requirements and flowering times by RNA sequencing during the endodormancy release of flower buds and validated the data by qRT-PCR in two consecutive seasons. We were thus able to identify early and late flowering time candidate genes in endodormant and ecodormant almond flower buds associated with metabolic switches, transmembrane transport, cell wall remodeling, phytohormone signaling and pollen development. These candidate genes were indeed involved in the overcoming of the endodormancy in almond. This information may be used for the development of dormancy molecular markers, increasing the efficiency of temperate fruit tree breeding programs in a climate-change context.

scholarly journals Chilling accumulation in fruit trees in Spain under climate change

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1087-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Rodríguez ◽  
David Pérez-López ◽  
Enrique Sánchez ◽  
Ana Centeno ◽  
Iñigo Gómara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Regional Climate Models ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Tree Crops ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Growing trees are quite vulnerable to cold temperatures. To minimise the effect of these cold temperatures, they stop their growth over the coldest months of the year, a state called dormancy. In particular, endodormancy requires accumulating chilling temperatures to finish this sort of dormancy. The accumulation of cool temperatures according to specific rules is called chilling accumulation, and each tree species and variety has specific chilling requirements for correct plant development. Under global warming, it is expected that the fulfilment of the chilling requirements to break dormancy in fruit trees could be compromised. In this study, the impact of climate change on the chilling accumulation over peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands was assessed. For this purpose, bias-adjusted results of 10 regional climate models (RCMs) under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 were used as inputs of four different models for calculating chilling accumulation, and the results for each model were individually compared for the 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 future periods under both RCPs. These results project a generalised reduction in chilling accumulation regardless of the RCP, future period or chilling calculation model used, with higher reductions for the 2071–2100 period and the RCP8.5 scenario. The projected winter chill decrease may threaten the viability of some tree crops and varieties in some areas where the crop is currently grown, but also shows scope for varieties with lower chilling requirements. The results are relevant for planning future tree plantations under climate change, supporting adaptation of spatial distribution of tree crops and varieties in Spain.

scholarly journals Morphological Characterization of Buds Being Donors of Apex for Molecular Confirmation of Differentiation of Meristem into Permanent Tissues of Stone Fruit Trees (Prunus sp.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nikola Mićić ◽  
Gordana Đurić
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Lateral Zone ◽  
Generative Phase ◽  
The Moment

Molecular confirmation of the process of differentiation of meristematic tissue of plants is primarily based on histomorphological characterization of the tissues carrying these processes. For perennial plants – fruit trees, the knowledge of these processes is important to define runtime type and pomotechnical treatments but also to identify the genes responsible for determination of the apices into a generative phase of differentiation. Which apex extraction techniques will be applied depends on the structure of buds, i.e. whether an apex differentiates only into generative elements – pure flower buds, or the differentiation goes into two directions: differentiation of leaf primordium with axillar meristematic dome and differentiation of generative elements of flowers in the peak or lateral zone of an apex – mixed buds. The fruit trees of the genus Prunus have purely flower buds and for this purpose the whole apex is taken, between protection – cover leaves, on lateral positions of all collateral buds at shoot nodes. The moment of initiation of determination and the dynamics of differentiation of generative buds are different at different type of shoots on a tree. It is therefore necessary to know the shoots growth cessation time which is in correlation with apex determination. Fruit trees of the genus Prunus are ending the growth of shoots by rejection of shoot peaks, and the cast away time depends on the type, length and the position of shoots.

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