scholarly journals Correlation of Demographics, Healthcare Availability, and COVID-19 Outcome: Indonesian Ecological Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gede Benny Setia Wirawan ◽  
Pande Putu Januraga
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Density Correlation ◽  
Lower Case ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Hospital Beds ◽  
Mortality Case

Objective: To analyze the correlation between demographic and healthcare availability indicators with COVID-19 outcome among Indonesian provinces.Methods: We employed an ecological study design to study the correlation between demographics, healthcare availability, and COVID-19 indicators. Demographic and healthcare indicators were obtained from the Indonesian Health Profile of 2019 by the Ministry of Health while COVID-19 indicators were obtained from the Indonesian COVID-19 website in August 31st 2020. Non-parametric correlation and multivariate regression analyses were conducted with IBM SPSS 23.0.Results: We found the number of confirmed cases and case growth to be significantly correlated with demographic indicators, especially with distribution of age groups. Confirmed cases and case growth was significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with population density (correlation coefficient of 0.461 and 0.491) and proportion of young people (−0.377; −0.394). Incidence and incidence growth were correlated with ratios of GPs (0.426; 0.534), hospitals (0.376; 0.431), primary care clinics (0.423; 0.424), and hospital beds (0.472; 0.599) per capita. For mortality, case fatality rate (CFR) was correlated with population density (0.390) whereas mortality rate was correlated with ratio of hospital beds (0.387). Multivariate analyses found confirmed case independently associated with population density (β of 0.638) and demographic structure (−0.289). Case growth was independently associated with density (0.763). Incidence growth was independently associated with hospital bed ratio (0.486).Conclusion: Pre-existing inequality of healthcare availability correlates with current reported incidence and mortality rate of COVID-19. Lack of healthcare availability in some provinces may have resulted in artificially low numbers of cases being diagnosed, lower demands for COVID-19 tests, and eventually lower case-findings.

scholarly journals Epidemiological aspects of Meningites in Brazil: a comparison between regions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Alexandra Narro Ayin ◽  
Rafaela Seixas Pinho ◽  
Aline Cristine Passos de Souza ◽  
Viviane Nazaré Lopes de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The South ◽  
White Race ◽  
Southeast Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Analyze Data

Background: Meningites are an inflammation of the meninges, more caused by virus, however, they are severe when caused by bacterias Objectives: Analyze data regarding the epidemiology of meningites in Brazil. Methods: Ecological study based on data of incidence and mortality by brazilian regions, sex and age affected by meningitis, between the year 2015 to 2020, available on Datasus. Results: In the north were reported 1.027 cases, Pará the winner; in the southeast were found 10.882 cases, and São Paulo was the most responsible; in the northeast, 12.435 cases were recorded, with the largest number in Bahia; in the South, 19.299 cases were observed, Paraná with the greatest number; finally, the midwest with 916 cases, Goiás was the winner. 8.056 deaths were reported, with the record in the southeast region, with 51,7% of total deaths, followed by the northeast (17,3%), South 16,9%), north (7,9%) and the midwest (5,9%). There was a predominance of the diasease in males (87.189 cases) over females (51.858 cases). The age groups most affected were between 20-39 years old, followed by 1-4 years old. The most affected race were whites, with 49.648 cases, followed by browns with 26.235 cases. Conclusion: The southestern region has higher mortality from meningitis and the South a higher incidence. The white race was the most affected and the age group between 20-39 years old.

scholarly journals Racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality are driven by unequal infection risks.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Zelner ◽  
Rob Trangucci ◽  
Ramya Naraharisetti ◽  
Alex Cao ◽  
Ryan Malosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Bayesian Regression ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The U.S

Background. As of August 5, 2020, there were more than 4.8M confirmed and probable cases and 159K deaths attributable to SARS-CoV-2 in the United States, with these numbers undoubtedly reflecting a significant underestimate of the true toll. Geographic, racial-ethnic, age and socioeconomic disparities in exposure and mortality are key features of the first and second wave of the U.S. COVID-19 epidemic. Methods. We used individual-level COVID-19 incidence and mortality data from the U.S. state of Michigan to estimate age-specific incidence and mortality rates by race/ethnic group. Data were analyzed using hierarchical Bayesian regression models, and model results were validated using posterior predictive checks. Findings. In crude and age-standardized analyses we found rates of incidence and mortality more than twice as high than Whites for all groups other than Native Americans. Of these, Blacks experienced the greatest burden of confirmed and probable COVID-19 infection (Age- standardized incidence = 1,644/100,000 population) and mortality (age-standardized mortality rate 251/100,000). These rates reflect large disparities, as Blacks experienced age-standardized incidence and mortality rates 5.6 (95% CI = 5.5, 5.7) and 6.9 (6.5, 7.3) times higher than Whites, respectively. We also found that the bulk of the disparity in mortality between Blacks and Whites is driven by dramatically higher rates of COVID-19 infection across all age groups, particularly among older adults, rather than age-specific variation in case-fatality rates. Interpretation. This work suggests that well-documented racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality in hard-hit settings, such as the U.S. state of Michigan, are driven primarily by variation in household, community and workplace exposure rather than case-fatality rates. Funding. This work was supported by a COVID-PODS grant from the Michigan Institute for Data Science (MIDAS) at the University of Michigan. The funding source had no role in the preparation of this manuscript.

scholarly journals Medical care for children with cancer in the Siberian Federal District

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
M. Yu. Rykov
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Siberian Federal District ◽  
Children With Cancer ◽  
Aim Analysis ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Hospital Beds ◽  
The Russian Federation

background. The analysis of the quality of medical care for children with cancer is based on statistical data. Evaluation of the results obtained is also the basis of the strategy for the development of medical care for this category of patients. aim: analysis of the main parameters characterizing medical care for children with cancer in the Siberian Federal District. material and methods. The reports for 2017 on the health protection of 11/12 (91.6 %) constituent entities of the Russian Federation belonging to the Siberian Federal District were analyzed (Irkutsk Region did not provide data). results. In 2017 the number of children aged 0–17 years was 3 722 470, the number of pediatric hospital beds for children with cancer (ages 0–17 years) was 260 (0,7 per 10,000), and the average number of bed-days per year was 342.2. In 3 (25 %) constituent entities of the Russian Federation, there were no departments of pediatric oncology and in 1 (8,3 %) there were no hospital beds for children with cancer. The number of physicians, who specialized in children’s cancer was 49, of them 32 (65,3 %, 0,08 per 10,000, ages 0–17 years) had a certificate of a pediatric oncologist. In 1 (8,3 %) constituent entity of the Russian Federation, there were no pediatric oncologists. For children aged 0–17 years, the cancer incidence rate was 11.7 per 100,000 children, the cancer mortality rate was 2,2 per 100,000, and one-year mortality rate was 7,4 %. 188 (43,2 %) primary cancer patients were referred to medical institutions of the Federal District, and 17 (3,9 %) primary patients left the territory of the Russian Federation. conclusion. The low incidence and mortality rates can be explained by the lost of reliable follow-up data. It is advisable to introduce electronic health record systems. For reliable estimation of hospital bed supply for children with cancer and percent of patients referred to medical centers for treatment, it is necessary to carry out a clinical audit. Deficiency of pediatric oncologists should be eliminated by reforming the training of medical personnel.

scholarly journals Racial Disparities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Mortality Are Driven by Unequal Infection Risks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Zelner ◽  
Rob Trangucci ◽  
Ramya Naraharisetti ◽  
Alex Cao ◽  
Ryan Malosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Bayesian Regression ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Abstract Background As of 1 November 2020, there have been >230 000 deaths and 9 million confirmed and probable cases attributable to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the United States. However, this overwhelming toll has not been distributed equally, with geographic, race/ethnic, age, and socioeconomic disparities in exposure and mortality defining features of the US coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Methods We used individual-level COVID-19 incidence and mortality data from the state of Michigan to estimate age-specific incidence and mortality rates by race/ethnic group. Data were analyzed using hierarchical Bayesian regression models, and model results were validated using posterior predictive checks. Results In crude and age-standardized analyses we found rates of incidence and mortality more than twice as high than for Whites for all groups except Native Americans. Blacks experienced the greatest burden of confirmed and probable COVID-19 (age-standardized incidence, 1626/100 000 population) and mortality (age-standardized mortality rate, 244/100 000). These rates reflect large disparities, as Blacks experienced age-standardized incidence and mortality rates 5.5 (95% posterior credible interval [CrI], 5.4–5.6) and 6.7 (95% CrI, 6.4–7.1) times higher than Whites, respectively. We found that the bulk of the disparity in mortality between Blacks and Whites is driven by dramatically higher rates of COVID-19 infection across all age groups, particularly among older adults, rather than age-specific variation in case-fatality rates. Conclusions This work suggests that well-documented racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality in hard-hit settings, such as Michigan, are driven primarily by variation in household, community, and workplace exposure rather than case-fatality rates.

scholarly journals Choosing the right COVID-19 indicator: crude mortality, case fatality, and infection fatality rates influence policy preferences, behaviour, and understanding

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Natalie Focacci ◽  
Pak Hung Lam ◽  
Yu Bai
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Change Policy ◽  
Crude Mortality Rate ◽  
Crude Mortality ◽  
Mortality Case ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Right

AbstractIndividuals worldwide are overwhelmed with news about COVID-19. In times of pandemic, media alternate the usage of different COVID-19 indicators, ranging from the more typical crude mortality rate to the case fatality rate, and the infection fatality rate continuously. In this article, we used experimental methods to test whether and how the treatment of individuals with different types of information on COVID-19 is able to change policy preferences, individual and social behaviours, and the understanding of COVID-19 indicators. Results show that while the usage of the crude mortality rate proves to be more efficient in terms of supporting policy preferences and behaviours to contain the virus, all indicators suffer from a significant misunderstanding on behalf of the population.

scholarly journals Comprehensive analysis of the key epidemiological parameters to evaluate the impact of BCG vaccination on COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niloy R Datta ◽  
Sneha Datta
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Event Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Epidemiological Parameters

Globally, the heterogenous coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case fatality rate (CFR) could be influenced by various epidemiological parameters. Identifying these could help formulate effective public health strategies. Incidence and mortality of COVID-19 for each of the 220 countries as on July 30, 2020 were evaluated against key epidemiological variables, namely - BCG vaccination (ongoing vs. discontinued/never undertaken), %population aged ≥65 years, incidences of ischemic heart disease (IHD), hypertensive heart disease (HHD), cancer, malaria, and diabetes; human development index (HDI) and population density. These were retrieved from the public domains of WHO, UN, World Bank and published reports. The COVID-19 CFRs ranged between 0.0% and 28.3% (mean ± SD: 3.05% ± 3.48). The influence of the individual epidemiological parameters on CFR were evaluated through the event rate estimations. A significantly lower event rate was observed in countries with ongoing BCG vaccination program (ER: with vs without ongoing BCG vaccination: 0.020 vs 0.034, p<0.001). The type of BCG strains used also influenced the ER; this being 0.018, 0.031 and 0.019 for early, late and mixed strains respectively (p=0.008). The epidemiological variables significantly associated with higher COVID-19 event rate were countries with higher %population aged ≥65 years (p<0.001), greater incidence of IHD (p<0.001) and cancer (p=0.003) and better HDI (p=0.003). Incidences of malaria, HHD and diabetes along with population density had no significant impact on COVID-19 CFR. Further, BCG vaccination significantly lowered the COVID-19 ER in each of the high-risk population subgroups - countries with >7.1% population aged ≥65 years (p=0.008), >0.737 HDI (p=0.001), IHD >1171/105 population (p=0.004) and cancer incidence >15726 (p<0.001). The results supports BCG induced trained immunity leading to heterologous immunoprotection against COVID-19. Thus BCG vaccination with early strains could provide a cost-effective prophylaxis, especially in high-risk individuals and bridge the gap till an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is freely available globally.

scholarly journals Effect of altitude on COVID-19 mortality in Ecuador: an ecological study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Campos ◽  
Bridget Scheveck ◽  
Jeegan Parikh ◽  
Santiago Hernandez-Bojorge ◽  
Enrique Terán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Population Statistics ◽  
Unit Change ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background The SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic has claimed nearly 900,000 lives worldwide and infected more than 27 million people. Researchers worldwide are studying ways to decrease SARS-CoV-2 transmission and COVID-19 related deaths. Several studies found altitude having a negative association with both COVID-19 incidence and deaths. Ecuadorian data was used to explore the relationship between altitude and COVID-19. Methods This is an ecological study examining province-level data. To explore a relationship between altitude and COVID-19, this study utilized publicly available COVID-19 data and population statistics. ANOVA, correlation statistics, and a multivariate linear model explored the relationship between different Ecuadorian altitudes against incidence, mortality, and case-fatality rates. Population statistics attributed to COVID-19 were included in the linear model to control for confounding factors. Results Statistically significant differences were observed in the regions of Amazónica, Sierra, Costa of Ecuador for incidence, mortality, and case fatality rates, suggesting an association between altitude and SARS-CoV-2 transmission and COVID-19 disease severity (p-value ≤0.05). In univariate analysis, altitude had a negative association to mortality rate with a 1-unit change in altitude resulting in the decrease of 0.006 units in mortality rate (p-value = 0.03). The multiple linear models adjusted for population statistics showed a statistically significant negative association of altitude with mortality rate (p-value = 0.01) with a 1-unit change in altitude resulting in the decrease in mortality rate by 0.015 units. Overall, the model helped in explaining 50% (R2 = 0.4962) of the variance in mortality rate. Conclusion Altitude may have an effect on COVID-19 mortality rates. However, based on our model and R2 value, the relationship between our variables of interest and COVID-19 mortality may be nonlinear. More research is needed to understand why altitude may have a protective effect against COVID-19 mortality and how this may be applicable in a clinical setting.

scholarly journals The association between incidence and mortality of brain cancer and human development index (HDI): an ecological study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaher Khazaei ◽  
Elham Goodarzi ◽  
Vahidreza Borhaninejad ◽  
Farhad Iranmanesh ◽  
Hosein Mirshekarpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Brain Cancer ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Years Of Schooling

Abstract Background Brain cancer is a rare and deadly malignancy with a low survival rate. The present study aims to evaluate the epidemiology of brain cancer and its relationship with the human development index (HDI) worldwide. Methods This is an ecological study. The data on cancer incidence and cancer mortality was extracted from the World Bank for Cancer in 2018 (GLOBOCAN 2018). The incidence, mortality rate, and brain cancer distribution maps were drawn for different countries. We used correlation and regression tests to examine the association of incidence and mortality rates of brain cancer with HDI. The statistical analysis was carried out by Stata-14 and a significance level of 0.05 was considered. Results According to the results of Global Cancer Registry in 2018, there were 18,078,957 registered cases of cancer in both sexes, of which 29,681 were related to brain cancer. The highest incidence (102,260 cases, 34.4%) and mortality (77,815 cases, 32.3%) belonged to very high HDI regions. Results showed that incidence (r = 0.690, P < 0.0001) and mortality rates (r = 0.629, P < 0.001) of brain cancer are significantly correlated with HDI. We also observed a positive correlation between brain cancer incidence and Gross National Income (GNI) (r = 0.346, P < 0.001), Mean Years of Schooling (MYS) (r = 0.64, P < 0.001), TABLE (LEB) (r = 0.66, P < 0.001) and Expected Years of Schooling (EYS) (r = 0.667, P < 0.001). Results also revealed that mortality rate was significantly correlated with GNI (r = 0.28, P < 0.01), MYS (r = 0.591, P < 0.01), LEB (r = 0.624, P < 0.01), and EYS (r = 0.605, P < 0.01). Conclusion The results of the study showed that the incidence and mortality of brain cancer in countries with higher HDI levels is higher than countries with lower HDI levels, so attention to risk factors and action to reduce it in countries with higher HDI levels in controlling this cancer in this Countries are effective.

scholarly journals Lessons From COVID-19 in Children: Key Hypotheses to Guide Preventative and Therapeutic Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 2006-2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulika Singh ◽  
Sarah M Heston ◽  
Stephanie N Langel ◽  
Maria Blasi ◽  
Jillian H Hurst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Epidemiologic Evidence ◽  
Lower Case

Abstract The current pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), reveals a peculiar trend of milder disease and lower case fatality in children compared with adults. Consistent epidemiologic evidence of reduced severity of infection in children across different populations and countries suggests there are underlying biological differences between children and adults that mediate differential disease pathogenesis. This presents a unique opportunity to learn about disease-modifying host factors from pediatric populations. Our review summarizes the current knowledge of pediatric clinical disease, role in transmission, risks for severe disease, protective immunity, as well as novel therapies and vaccine trials for children. We then define key hypotheses and areas for future research that can use the pediatric model of disease, transmission, and immunity to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies for people of all age groups.

The Moderating Effect of Demographic and Environmental Factors in the Spread and Mortality Rate of COVID-19 during Peak and Stagnant Periods

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-105
Author(s):  
Soonae Park ◽  
Yongho Cha
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Hospital Beds

This study explores the demographic and environmental factors affecting the spread and mortality rate of COVID-19 in countries around the world. We performed a hierarchical regression by adding interaction terms to such factors as the proportion of people aged 65 or older, the ratio of foreign migrants, the number of hospital beds available, population density, the Gini index, smoking rate among the population, mean population exposure to PM2.5 and NOx emissions in each country. We found that countries with a higher proportion of people over 65 had a higher rate of confirmed positive cases, a higher mortality rate, and a higher case fatality rate. We also found that there was a positive and significant statistical correlation between the number of foreign migrants in a country and the rate of confirmed positive COVID19 cases and the number of deaths but an inverse relationship between this variable and the case fatality rate. We found a negative relationship between the number of hospital beds and mortality and case fatality rate while but a positive relationship between the level of nitrogen oxides in the environment and the rate of confirmed positive cases, the mortality rate, and the case fatality rate, although there was no such relationship for ultrafine dust. Overall, the variables affecting the spread and mortality of COVID-19 in June, during which it was expected there would be a lull after the virus had reached its peak in May, were similar to those affecting its spread and mortality in May, but the model’s explanatory power and significance were higher in May.

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