scholarly journals Oral Delivery of Bacillus subtilis Expressing Chicken NK-2 Peptide Protects Against Eimeria acervulina Infection in Broiler Chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samiru S. Wickramasuriya ◽  
Inkyung Park ◽  
Youngsub Lee ◽  
Woo H. Kim ◽  
Chris Przybyszewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Intestinal Damage ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Gut Damage

Chicken NK-lysin peptide 2 (cNK-2) is a natural lytic peptide with direct cytotoxicity against many apicomplexan parasites including Eimeria. Developing an effective oral delivery strategy to express cNK-2 in the intestine, where Eimeria parasites interact with the host's gut epithelial cells, may effectively reduce the fecundity of parasites and minimize intestinal damage. Furthermore, cNK-2 modulates gut immune responses to decrease local inflammation elicited by Eimeria infection in the intestine. Therefore, we developed a stable strain of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) that carries cNK-2 to the gut to determine its effectiveness in ameliorating the negative impacts of coccidiosis and to replace the use of antibiotics in controlling coccidiosis in commercial broiler chicken production. Chickens were randomly allocated into eight treatment groups: two control groups (NC: E. acervulina infected non-B. subtilis control; CON: non-infected control); three B. subtilis-empty vector (EV) groups (EV6: 106 cfu/day/bird; EV8: 108 cfu/day/bird; EV10: 1010 cfu/day/bird), and three B. subtilis-cNK-2 groups (NK6: 106 cfu/day/bird; NK8: 108 cfu/day/bird; NK10: 1010 cfu/day/bird). All chickens, except those in the CON group, were challenged with 5,000 freshly sporulated E. acervulina oocysts through oral gavage on day 15. Chickens were given an oral dose of B. subtilis on days 14, 15, and 16. Body weight, weight gains, and fecal oocyst shedding were measured. To investigate the efficacy of oral B. subtilis-cNK-2 against coccidiosis, gene expression of gut health-related biomarkers was measured using RT-PCR. Markers included SOD1, CAT, and HMOX1 for oxidative stress in the spleen and intestinal mucosa, OCLN, ZO-1, and JAM2 for tight junction proteins, and MUC2 for mucin gene expression in the gut. The results showed that oral treatment of young chickens with B. subtilis-cNK-2 improved growth performance, enhanced gut integrity, and reduced fecal oocyst shedding. Altogether, these results confirm B. subtilis-cNK-2 treatment as a promising and effective alternative strategy to replace antibiotics against coccidiosis based on its ability to reduce parasite survival, to reduce coccidiosis-induced body weight loss, and to decrease gut damage based on the enhanced expression of proteins associated with gut integrity and intestinal health.

scholarly journals Isoquinoline Alkaloids in Sows’ Diet Reduces Body Weight Loss during Lactation and Increases IgG in Colostrum

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2195
Author(s):  
Ester Arévalo Sureda ◽  
Xuemei Zhao ◽  
Valeria Artuso-Ponte ◽  
Sophie-Charlotte Wall ◽  
Bing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Isoquinoline Alkaloids ◽  
Back Muscle ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
And Performance

Isoquinoline alkaloids (IQ) exert beneficial antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects in livestock. Therefore, we hypothesized that supplementing sows’ diets with IQ during gestation would decrease farrowing stress, affecting the piglets’ development and performance. Sows were divided into: IQ1, supplemented with IQ from gestation day 80 (G80) to weaning; IQ2, supplemented from gestation day 110 (G110) to weaning, and a non-supplemented (NC) group. Sow body weight (BW), feed intake, back-fat thickness and back-muscle thickness were monitored. Cortisol, glucose and insulin were measured in sows’ blood collected 5 d before, during, and after 7 d farrowing. Protein, fat, IgA and IgG were analyzed in the colostrum and milk. Piglets were monitored for weight and diarrhea score, and for ileum histology and gene expression 5 d post-weaning. IQ-supplemented sows lost less BW during lactation. Glucose and insulin levels were lower in the IQ groups compared to NC-sows 5 d before farrowing and had higher levels of protein and IgG in their colostrum. No other differences were observed in sows, nor in the measured parameters in piglets. In conclusion, IQ supplementation affected sows’ metabolism, reducing body weight loss during lactation. Providing IQ to sows from their entrance into the maternity barn might be sufficient to induce these effects. IQ improved colostrum quality, increasing the protein and IgG content, improving passive immunity for piglets.

scholarly journals Influence of Glycyrrhiza glabra Extract on Growth, Gene Expression of Gut Integrity, and Campylobacter jejuni Colonization in Broiler Chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doaa Ibrahim ◽  
Alaa H. Sewid ◽  
Ahmed H. Arisha ◽  
Amir H. abd El-fattah ◽  
Adel M. Abdelaziz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Tight Junction Proteins ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Real Time Qpcr ◽  
Junction Proteins

Phytogenic feed additives have been gaining considerable interest due to their ability to improve gut health and thereby performance of broiler chickens. The impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) extract (GE) on expression of genes coding for tight junction proteins and gut protection and Campylobacter jejuni colonization in broilers has not been discussed until now. Thus, the current study assessed the effective dose of GE for maximum growth in broiler chickens, clear-cut molecular mechanisms related to integrity and health of intestine, and controlling C. jejuni colonization. Over a 35-day feeding period, a total of 500 Ross broiler chicks were allocated to five groups; the first group was fed a control diet without GE and the second group to the fifth group were fed a control diet with GE (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg of diet); each group comprised 100 chicks with 10 replicates (10 birds/replicate). Birds fed GE had an improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Furthermore, the highest body weight gain was observed in the group that received 1 g/kg of GE (P < 0.05). The expression of genes coding for tight junction proteins [occludin and junctional adhesion molecules (JAM)] was upregulated in all groups supplemented with GE. Moreover, birds fed 1 g/kg of GE exhibited the maximum gene expression of occludin and JAM [0.2 and 0.3 fold change, respectively (P < 0.05)]. In relation to enterocyte protective genes [glucagon-like peptide (GLP-2) and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP-6)], use of GE significantly upregulated expression of GLP-2 gene with 0.8 fold change in 2 g/kg of the GE supplemented group (P < 0.05) while the expression of FABP-6 gene was not affected by GE supplementation (P > 0.05). After challenge with C. jejuni, the expression of mucin (MUC-2) gene was upregulated and the inflammatory markers such as Toll-like receptors (TLR-4) and interleukin (IL-1β) were downregulated with increasing level of supplemented GE (P < 0.05). The mean log10 count of C. jejuni in cecal samples after 7 days post-infection by culture and real-time qPCR was decreased in groups fed GE in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). In addition, the highest reduction of C. jejuni count in cecal samples by culture and real-time qPCR was observed in the group fed 2 g/kg of GE (2.58 and 2.28 log10 CFU/g, respectively). Results from this study suggested that G. glabra extract (1 g/kg) improved growth performance of broiler chickens, as well as influenced the maintenance of intestinal integrity and reduced C. jejuni shedding from infected birds.

scholarly journals Liraglutide, a GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, Which Decreases Hypothalamic 5-HT2A Receptor Expression, Reduces Appetite and Body Weight Independently of Serotonin Synthesis in Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsunori Nonogaki ◽  
Takao Kaji
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Receptor Expression

A recent report suggested that brain-derived serotonin (5-HT) is critical for maintaining weight loss induced by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor activation in rats and that 5-HT2A receptors mediate the feeding suppression and weight loss induced by GLP-1 receptor activation. Here, we show that changes in daily food intake and body weight induced by intraperitoneal administration of liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, over 4 days did not differ between mice treated with the tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph) inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) for 3 days and mice without PCPA treatment. Treatment with PCPA did not affect hypothalamic 5-HT2A receptor expression. Despite the anorexic effect of liraglutide disappearing after the first day of treatment, the body weight loss induced by liraglutide persisted for 4 days in mice treated with or without PCPA. Intraperitoneal administration of liraglutide significantly decreased the gene expression of hypothalamic 5-HT2A receptors 1 h after injection. Moreover, the acute anorexic effects of liraglutide were blunted in mice treated with the high-affinity 5-HT2A agonist (4-bromo-3,6-dimethoxybenzocyclobuten-1-yl) methylamine hydrobromide 14 h or 24 h before liraglutide injection. These findings suggest that liraglutide reduces appetite and body weight independently of 5-HT synthesis in mice, whereas GLP-1 receptor activation downregulates the gene expression of hypothalamic 5-HT2A receptors.

scholarly journals Dietary supplementation of dried plum: a novel strategy to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Wasti ◽  
Nirvay Sah ◽  
Amit K. Singh ◽  
Chin N. Lee ◽  
Rajesh Jha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Final Body Weight

Abstract Background Heat stress is a significant problem in the poultry industry, causing a severe economic loss due to its detrimental effects on chickens’ health and performance. Dried plum (DP) is a good source of minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds. Studies have suggested that DP has several health benefits, such as maintaining the body’s redox system, immune status, and calcium hemostasis. Based on the health benefits of DP, we hypothesized that the dietary supplementation of DP would alleviate the detrimental effects of heat stress on broiler chickens. Results To test the hypothesis, day-old broiler chicks (n = 72) were randomly allocated to three treatment groups (n = 24/group): no heat stress (NHS), heat stress (HS), and heat stress with dried plum (HS + DP), and reared under standard conditions. The inclusion of 2.5% DP in the feed of the HS + DP group was made during the treatment period, while birds in other groups were provided with a standard finisher diet. After 21 days, birds in the HS and HS + DP groups were exposed to cyclic heat stress conditions (33 °C for 8 h during daytime) for 3 weeks, while those in the NHS group were reared under normal conditions (22–24 °C). Weekly body weight and feed intake were recorded to calculate the average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Heat stress significantly decreased the final body weight, ADG, ADFI, and increased FCR compared to the NHS group, whereas dietary supplementation of DP significantly improved these growth performance parameters compared to the HS group. Furthermore, supplementation of DP significantly increased the expression of heat shock protein-related genes (HSF1, HSF3, HSP70, and HSP90), antioxidant-related genes (SOD1, SOD2, GPX1, GPX3, PRDX1, and TXN), tight junction-related genes (CLDN1, and OCLN), and immune-related genes (IL4, MUC2) in the ileum as compared to the HS group. The microbiota analysis showed significant enrichment of Bacillales, Christensenellaceae, Bacillaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Anaerotruncus in heat-stressed birds supplemented with DP as compared to the HS group. Further, DP supplementation also significantly increased the concentration of acetate, propionate, and total VFA in the cecal digesta of the HS + DP group as compared to the HS group. Conclusion These findings suggest that DP supplementation effectively improved the growth performances and gut health parameters in the heat-stressed birds. Thus, dried plum can be a potential feed supplement to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens.

Abstract 12596: Manipulation of Gut Microbiota Influences Myocardial Mass in Mice

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takehiro Kamo
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Myocardial Mass ◽  
Antibiotic Cocktail

Introduction: Gut microbiota have developed a close relationship with human host during the co-evolutionary process for millions of years, and they play an essential role in the maintenance of host homeostasis. There is accumulating evidence that an imbalance in the gut microbial communities, referred to as dysbiosis, is associated with human pathologies including cardiovascular diseases. We and others have recently demonstrated that heart failure is associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of fecal samples from patients with heart failure. This finding suggests a potential significance of gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of heart failure. However, the link between the gut microbiota and the heart remains largely unclear. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that manipulation of gut microbiota influences the structure of the heart. Methods: To determine the effects of gut microbiota depletion, cardiac structure and gene expression were evaluated in mice following treatment with orally administered broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail. We subsequently explored the effects of administration of a single antibiotic agent on myocardial structure. Results: Antibiotic cocktail-treated mice showed a remarkable decrease in myocardial mass and cardiomyocyte size as compared with untreated mice (mean [±SD] ratio of heart weight to body weight, 3.87±0.25 mg/g in 44 antibiotic-treated mice vs. 4.38±0.21 mg/g in 45 untreated mice). The decrease in myocardial mass was associated with substantial changes in gene expression profiles in the heart, including the expression of genes encoding sarcomere proteins and extracellular matrix proteins. In addition, oral treatment with ampicillin alone led to a significant decrease in myocardial mass (mean [±SD] ratio of heart weight to body weight, 3.52±0.24 mg/g in 11 ampicillin-treated mice vs. 4.10±0.24 mg/g in 12 untreated mice). Conclusions: These results suggest that gut microbiota may modulate myocardial mass through the remote regulation of gene expression in the heart. Our study indicates an intimate relationship between the gut microbiota and the heart, and suggests the potential efficacy of manipulating gut microbiota in the prevention and treatment of heart failure.

scholarly journals Effects of feeding Bacillus subtilis to heat stressed broiler chickens with or without an antibiotic growth promoter

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibek Chandra Roy ◽  
Sachchidananda Das Chowdhury ◽  
SM Lutful Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Improved Performance

The effects of feeding probiotic (PB) with or without Lincomycin 2.2% (AGP) were investigated in broiler chickens during summer. Seven hundred Cobb-500 one day old straight run broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four dietary treatments each of five replications. Four diets were compared: control; control diet plus PB (Bacillus subtilis DSM17299) at a level of 50g/100kg; control plus (AGP) at a level of 15g/100kg and control plus a combination of PB and AGP (50gm/100kg and 15g/100kg respectively). Control birds were fed on a corn-soybean based starter mash that contained ME 3000 kcal/kg and CP 24.39% from 0-21 days of age and a corn-soybean based grower mash of ME 3100 kcal/kg and CP 20.43% during 22-35 days of age. The records were kept of feed intake (FI), body weight and mortality while weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survivability were calculated. Temperature and humidity were recorded four times daily except during extreme heat stress when measurements were made more frequently. One bird that was close to average of pen weight was taken from each replication at the end of the trial and the birds were sacrificed to determine carcass characteristics. Both performance and carcass yield data were statistically analyzed. Birds that received PB and a combination of PB +AGP treatments showed significant differences (P<0.01) from control with respect to body weight gain and FCR while feeding AGP alone although showed a decrease in feed intake. Abdominal fat was significantly (P<0.01) reduced in PB treated birds. Higher mortality was encountered in control group. Both PB alone and a combination of AGP treatments were able to show improved performance and reduced mortality, feeding PB alone may be practiced on the combined grounds of improved performance, efficiency in combating heat stress and to discourage the use of AGP in broiler diet.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(1): 80-88

Acute food deprivation and chronic food restriction differentially affect hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (5) ◽  
pp. R1030-R1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Bi ◽  
Benjamin M. Robinson ◽  
Timothy H. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Chronic Food Restriction

Although acute food deprivation and chronic food restriction both result in body weight loss, they produce different metabolic states. To evaluate how these two treatments affect hypothalamic peptide systems involved in energy homeostasis, we compared patterns of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related protein (AgRP), proopiomelanocotin (POMC), and leptin receptor gene expression in acutely food-deprived and chronically food-restricted rats. Both acute food deprivation and chronic food restriction reduced body weight and circulating leptin levels and resulted in increased arcuate NPY and decreased arcuate POMC gene expression. Arcuate AgRP mRNA levels were only elevated in acutely deprived rats. NPY gene expression was increased in the compact subregion of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) in response to chronic food restriction, but not in response to acute food deprivation. Leptin receptor expression was not affected by either treatment. Double in situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that, in contrast to the situation in the arcuate nucleus, NPY and leptin receptor mRNA-expressing neurons were not colocalized in the DMH. Together, these data suggest that arcuate and DMH NPY gene expression are differentially regulated. DMH NPY-expressing neurons do not appear to be under the direct control of leptin signaling.

scholarly journals Intermittent feeding programme and addition of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> based probiotics to the diet of growing broiler chickens: Influence on growth, hepatic enzymes and serum lipid metabolites profile

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 410-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Aliakbarpour ◽  
M. Chamani ◽  
G. Rahimi ◽  
A. A. Sadeghi ◽  
D. Qujeq
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Intermittent Feeding ◽  
Lipid Metabolites ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract. This study was conducted to examine the effects of Intermittent feeding programme (IFP) and Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic (BSP) addition in diet on liver malic enzyme and isocitrate dehydrogenase activity, lipid metabolism and performance in broiler chickens. Five hundred and four one-day old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated in four experimental treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4). Groups T1 (control diet) and T3 (Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic diet) were fed ad libitum, whereas groups T2 (control diet) and T4 (Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic diet) served as IFP from day 8 to the end of the experiment. The data on initial body weight, weekly feed consumption and body weight gain were recorded up to six weeks of age. Carcass composition, blood parameters and hepatic enzyme activity were measured at the end of the experiment. Although body weight gain was not significantly different among any of the treatments, the birds raised under IFP consumed significantly (P<0.05) lower feed (207 g) and utilized their feed more efficiently (1.78) than those of the control group fed ad libitum (1.84). Carcass weight as a percentage of live weight was not affected by probiotic supplementation on the diet, but IFP significantly reduced (P<0.05) broiler carcass weight. However, the liver malic and isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme activity was not significantly different between IFP and BSP groups. All serum lipid metabolites concentration decreased (P<0.05) with probiotic treatment. It may be concluded that dietary supplementation with BSP may influence the pathway of fat metabolism through promotion and/or suppression of serum lipid metabolites.

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