scholarly journals Damage Detection Using d15 Piezoelectric Sensors in a Laminate Beam Undergoing Three-Point Bending

Actuators ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussain Altammar ◽  
Anoop Dhingra ◽  
Nathan Salowitz
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Ultrasonic Inspection ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Transducers ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Shear Mode ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Damage Indices

A major inhibition to the widespread use of laminate structures is the inability of nondestructive testing techniques to effectively evaluate the bondline integrity. This work proposes and analyzes a bondline-integrity health monitoring approach utilizing shear-mode (d15) piezoelectric transducers. The d15 transducers were embedded in the bondlines of symmetric laminate structures to monitor and evaluate the bondline integrity using ultrasonic inspection. The d15 piezoelectric transducers made of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) enabled ultrasonic inspection of bonds by actuating and sensing antisymmetric waves in laminate structures. Design considerations, fabrication process, and experimental methods for testing a laminate specimen are presented. Designs included bondline-embedded d15 PZT piezoelectric transducers with surface-mounted transverse (d31) piezoelectric transducers for signal comparison. Defects in the bondline were created by a quasi-static three-point bending test, with results showing the ability of d15 piezoelectric transducers to detect bondline damage. Two damage indices based on Pearson correlation coefficient and normalized signal energy were implemented to evaluate the presence of damage and its severity. The experimental results demonstrate the ability of bondline-embedded d15 piezoelectric transducers to be used as actuators and sensors for ultrasonic health monitoring of bondline integrity. A comparison between surface-mounted d31 PZT and bondline-embedded d15 PZT sensors was also conducted. It was seen that signals sensed by bondline-embedded d15 PZTs showed higher distortion due to bondline defects compared with the sensed signals from the surface-mounted d31 PZT.

The Use of Correlation and Frequency Analysis for Detection of Deformation in 7050 Aluminum Beams

2015 ◽  
Vol 655 ◽  
pp. 263-266
Author(s):  
Fei Yi Liao ◽  
Shi Jun Li ◽  
Yuan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Lamb Waves ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Aluminum Beam

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is one of the most widely used ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials. Its piezoelectricity is widely used in the applications of structural health monitoring (SHM). Here, we use PZT ceramics as sensors to detect the deformation of structure using guided Lamb waves. In order to well analyze the multi-modes of Lamb waves and achieve detection of deformation in superposed wave peaks, correlation and Fourier transform were used to extract peaks in both time and frequency domain. In this paper, a 7050 aluminum beam and three-point bending test machine were utilized to test the changes of waves when different deformations were introduced. With the adjustment of correlation index, change of time delay and new peaks occurring in time domain demonstrated the change of deformations. In frequency domain, the change of central frequencies and magnitudes also demonstrated the change of deformations. The study shows the potential applications of PZT sensors in detection of deformation.

Mechanical and Piezoelectric Properties of PZT Nanofibers

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyou Xu ◽  
Yong Shi
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Piezoelectric Properties ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Electrospinning Process ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Piezoelectric Response ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Average Grain Size

This paper reports the measurement of the mechanical and piezoelectric properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PbZr52Ti48O3, PZT) nanofibers. Partially aligned PZT nanofibers were fabricated by sol-gel electrospinning process. The diameters of the fiber were tuned from 50 to 150 nm by changing the concentration of the sol-gel in the precursor. The fiber consists of nanocrystal grains with average grain size of 10 nm. The Young’s modulus of individual fiber was obtained by nanoscale three-point bending using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), which was 42.99GPa. Titanium strip was used as the substrate to collect the nanofibers for the three-point bending test to measure the piezoelectric response. The output voltages from the nanofibers under different strain were recorded by Labview, and the highest value of the output voltage was 0.17±0.005V. These results have shown that PZT nanofibers have great potential in nano sensor and actuator applications.

Characterization of Piezoelectric Response of PZT Nanofibers

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyou Xu ◽  
Vinod Challa ◽  
Yong Shi
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Electrospinning Process ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Piezoelectric Response ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Average Grain Size

This paper reports the characterization of piezoelectric response of the Lead Zirconate Titanate (PbZr52Ti48O3) PZT nanofibers by three-point bending test using dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). PZT nanofibers were fabricated by sol-gel electrospinning process. The diameters of the fiber obtained were from 50 to 150 nm. The fiber consists of nanocrystal grains with average grain size of 10 nm. Titanium strip was used as substrate to collect the nanofibers for the three-point bending test to demonstrate the piezoresponse. The output voltage from the nanofibers under 0.5% strain was 0.17±0.005V, which was recorded by Labview. These results have shown that PZT nanofibers have great potential for nano sensor and actuator applications.

scholarly journals Ultrasonic Sensing and Actuation in Laminate Structures Using Bondline-Embedded d35 Piezoelectric Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 3885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussain Altammar ◽  
Anoop Dhingra ◽  
Nathan Salowitz
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Piezoelectric Element ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Transducers ◽  
Shear Mode ◽  
Laminate Structure ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Multiple Wave ◽  
Ultrasonic Sensing

Ultrasonic systems employing embedded piezoelectric transducers have seen increased interest in recent years. The ability to sense, actuate, and analyze the wave propagation modes in engineering structures has been fundamental to the advancement of ultrasonic structural health monitoring (SHM). This paper presents a study into the sensing and actuation properties of shear-mode (d35) piezoelectric transducers made of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) that are internally embedded in the bondline of laminate structures. The manuscript presents analytical analysis, finite element simulation, and experimental validation building from an individual piezoelectric element to a full laminate structure. The validated model was then used to perform a parametric study into the effects of d35 PZT transducer size on the strength of actuation and sensing output signal. The selectivity of d35 PZT sensors was also investigated by generating multiple wave modes in the laminate structure and inspecting the output signals. The d35 PZT sensors were found to selectively detect only certain modes of the wave propagation providing a fundamental hardware filter that could be employed to simplify signal analysis and processing. The results of this study indicate that d35 PZTs embedded in the bondline have multiple properties that can potentially be employed for ultrasonic SHM.

Initial study of internally embedded shear-mode piezoelectric transducers for the detection of joint defects in laminate structures

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (15) ◽  
pp. 2314-2330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussain Altammar ◽  
Anoop Dhingra ◽  
Nathan Salowitz
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Transducers ◽  
Shear Mode ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Analysis Of Dispersion

There has been recent interest in embedding sensor networks into bondlines to create intelligent materials that can detect, report, and potentially respond to their state. This article presents an initial, large-scale investigation into embedding shear-mode (d15) lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric transducers into the bondline of laminate structures, near the centerline, for the ultrasonic detection of joint defects. The study included analysis of dispersion curves, multiphysics numerical simulations, and experimental results for an aluminum–epoxy–aluminum laminate structure. Analysis of the time of flight and displacement profiles confirmed that antisymmetric waves were generated and propagated through the structure. Simulations were performed for models containing disbonds, through-thickness cracks, and voids with experimental validation of a specimen containing a void to evaluate the effectiveness of d15 lead zirconate titanates embedded in a bondline as actuators and sensors for damage detection. The results were examined by looking at the cross-sectional deformation in simulations, and the signal changes were evaluated by calculating the root mean square deviation damage index and inspecting attenuation and phase shift in pristine and damaged structures. It was found that the d15 shear-mode lead zirconate titanates actuated and sensed antisymmetric waves that were sensitive to all types of damages considered.

Development of PZT fiber rosette to locate acoustic source

2021 ◽  
pp. 1045389X2199192
Author(s):  
Bao Chi Ha ◽  
Kevin Gilbert ◽  
Gang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Lamb Wave ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Acoustic Source ◽  
Mechanical Coupling ◽  
Monitoring Applications ◽  
Commercial Off The Shelf ◽  
Lamb Wave Propagation ◽  
Strain Direction

Because of their electro-mechanical coupling property, Lead-Zirconate-Titanate (PZT) materials have been widely used for ultrasonic wave sensing and actuation in structural health monitoring applications. In this paper, a PZT rosette concept is proposed to conduct Lamb wave-based damage detection in panel-like structures by exploring its best directional sensing capability. First, a directivity study was conducted to investigate sensing of flexural Lamb wave propagation using a PZT fiber having d33 effects. Then, commercial off-the-shelf PZT fibers were polarized in-house in order to construct the PZT rosette configuration, in which three PZT fibers are oriented at 0°, 45°, 90°, respectively. Since Lamb wave responses are directly related to measured PZT fiber voltage signals, a simple interrogation scheme was developed to calculate principal strain direction in order to locate an acoustic source. Comprehensive tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed PZT rosette using an aluminum plate. It is shown that the PZT rosette is able to sense Lamb wave responses and accurately locate an acoustic source. We expect to further evaluate the PZT rosette performance when damages are introduced.

Ultrasonic SHM Approach to Predict Delamination in a Laminated Beam Using d15 Piezoelectric Sensors

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Hussain Altammar ◽  
Nathan Salowitz
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Wave Mode ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Shear Mode ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Viable Approach ◽  
Laminated Structures

Abstract Ultrasonic structural health monitoring (SHM), employing embedded piezoelectric elements to actuate and sense ultrasonic waves, has greatly advanced in recent years. This paper presents a novel approach to address the prevailing challenges in the inspection of laminated structures for delamination using shear-mode (d15) piezoelectric transducers, composed of lead zirconate titanate (PZT). To experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a beam-like laminated specimen consisting of internally embedded d15 square PZTs was fabricated with simulated delamination at the interface of an adhesive joint. Evaluation of the results showed that the location of shear-mode actuators is a critical factor to detect delamination and to predict the propagation path of delamination. Delamination initiated close to actuators are more likely to be detected owing to their remarkable sensitivity of structural stiffness surrounding their region. The antisymmetric A0 wave mode generated by these actuators exhibit high interaction with damage, suggesting internally embedded d15 PZTs are a viable approach that can potentially advance the inspection tools of ultrasonic SHM.

Energy Harvesting From Pneumatic Tires Using Piezoelectric Transducers

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farbod Khameneifar ◽  
Siamak Arzanpour
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Electrical Circuit ◽  
Piezoelectric Transducers ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Mechanical Motion ◽  
The Road ◽  
Optimum Load

The concept of harvesting energy in our surrounding has recently drawn global attention. Harvesting the ambient energy of the deflected tire and convert it to electricity is discussed in this paper. An Elastic pneumatic tire deflects due to the load it carries. This deflection appears as a contact patch to the road surface. Initially, the concept of the tire deflection will be discussed. This deflection is then related to the wasted energy used for deflection. The dependency of this energy to some important parameters such as the tire air pressure, vehicle speed and tire geometry and forces are primarily discussed. To harvest the deflection energy different well established methods are exists. Due to the tire environment, piezoelectric transducers can serve as the best option. Those transducers are traditionally used to produce mechanical motion due to the applied electrical charges. This material is also capable of generating electrical charges by mechanical motion and deflections. For the tire energy harvesting application, the piezoelectric stacks can be mounted inside a tire structure such that electric charge is generated therein as the wheel assembly moves along a ground surface. For this application, lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) is selected. The PZT inside the tire is modeled as a cantilever beam vibration in its first mode of vibration. The frequency of vibration is calculated based on the car speed, tire size, and PZT stack length. A mathematical model for this energy harvesting application is derived. Based on this model, the optimum load of the electrical circuit is also found. Finally the amount of energy harvested from tire using PZT is calculated. Although this energy is not significantly high, it will be enough to provide power for wireless sensors applications.

scholarly journals A New Structural Health Monitoring Strategy Based on PZT Sensors and Convolutional Neural Network

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario de Oliveira ◽  
Andre Monteiro ◽  
Jozue Vieira Filho
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Electromechanical Impedance ◽  
Structural Health

Preliminaries convolutional neural network (CNN) applications have recently emerged in structural health monitoring (SHM) systems focusing mostly on vibration analysis. However, the SHM literature shows clearly that there is a lack of application regarding the combination of PZT-(lead zirconate titanate) based method and CNN. Likewise, applications using CNN along with the electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique applied to SHM systems are rare. To encourage this combination, an innovative SHM solution through the combination of the EMI-PZT and CNN is presented here. To accomplish this, the EMI signature is split into several parts followed by computing the Euclidean distances among them to form a RGB (red, green and blue) frame. As a result, we introduce a dataset formed from the EMI-PZT signals of 720 frames, encompassing a total of four types of structural conditions for each PZT. In a case study, the CNN-based method was experimentally evaluated using three PZTs glued onto an aluminum plate. The results reveal an effective pattern classification; yielding a 100% hit rate which outperforms other SHM approaches. Furthermore, the method needs only a small dataset for training the CNN, providing several advantages for industrial applications.

scholarly journals Green energy harvesting from human footsteps

2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 11015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Putri Berlian Abadi ◽  
Denny Darlis ◽  
Mas Sarwoko Suraatmadja
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Piezoelectric Transducers ◽  
Market Area ◽  
Shopping Centre

The need for a sustainable green energy is increasing, while the availability of energy itself is not comparable to the needs. One of the most rapid activities in human life is footstepping. The large amounts of kinetic energy in term of pressure force are generated in every footstep activities at the crosswalk space, lecture building, office, shopping centre or market area. As an alternative energy that still has not been exploited, these human steps can be used to power some low voltage loads. In this study, a tile constructed with some piezoelectric transducers are designed and implemented to generate electrical pulses and harvesting human feet step energies. The piezoelectric transducers used in this study is Lead Zirconate Titanate type. From the pizoelectric floor energy harvester system, a tile consists of 20 pieces parallel connected piezoelectric transducer can produce AC voltage up to 71.20 V. While the average generated voltage is 63.98 V. So the average power is 0.0604 watt/10 footsteps. We conclude that this piezoelectric generator can be generated more power when arranged with some tiles arrangement, so we can harvest this energy efficiently.

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