scholarly journals Migration of Oil Bodies in Embryo Cells during Acquisition of Desiccation Tolerance in Chemically Defoliated Corn (Zea mays L.) Seed Production Fields

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Ashley N. Dean ◽  
Katharina Wigg ◽  
Everton V. Zambiazzi ◽  
Erik J. Christian ◽  
Susana A. Goggi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Oil Bodies ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Seed Corn ◽  
Production Practice ◽  
Seed Harvest ◽  
Embryo Cells

Chemical defoliation of seed corn production fields accelerates seed maturation and desiccation and expedites seed harvest. Early seed harvest is important to minimize the risk of frost damage while in the field. This newly adopted seed production practice also allows seed companies to plan harvest and manage dryer space more efficiently. However, premature defoliation may interfere with the migration of oil bodies within embryo cells during desiccation and affect seed germination and vigor. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chemical defoliation on the migration patterns of oil bodies within embryo cells during desiccation. Chemically defoliated and non-defoliated plants from five commercial hybrid seed corn fields were sampled in 2014 and 2015. Whole ears with husks were harvested before and after defoliant application at 600 g H2O kg−1 fresh weight (fw), and weekly thereafter until seed reached approximately 300–350 g H2O kg−1 fw. Ten embryos extracted from center-row seeds were fixed to stop metabolic processes, then sliced, processed, and photographed using scanning transmission electron microscopy. The oil bodies within embryo cells followed normal migration patterns according to seed moisture content, regardless of defoliation treatment. Seed germination and vigor were verified and were not significantly affected by defoliation. Chemical defoliation is a viable production practice to accelerate seed corn desiccation and to manage harvest and seed dryer availability more efficiently without negatively affecting seed germination and vigor.

PERKECAMBAHAN BENIH JAGUNG (Zea mays L.) PADA BERBAGAI UMUR PANEN BENIH DAN KELEMBABAN MEDIA TANAM

EUGENIA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilma Victa Rikumahu ◽  
Jantje Pongoh ◽  
J. M. Paulus
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Corn Seed ◽  
Seed Corn ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Seed Harvest ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Dead Shoot

ABSTRACT Research has been implemented as of July 2012, in the  BPSB Laboratory  of North Sulawesi Province i.e.: 1) to test the seed lacking in vigour during the Random Complete Design with three treatments of the various harvest ages, i.e. U1 (90 dasy), U2 (100 days) and U3 (110 days) treatments repeated four times; 2) in the greenhouse to see the amount of the normal, sprouts abnormal, seeds, hard seed and dead, shoot root ratio by using the Random Completed Design with two factors, respectively are : factorial in complete factors of the first different age harvest U1 (90 days), U2 (100 days) and U3 (110 days), the second factor granting of the water with different capacity P1 (3600 ml), P2 (2700 ml), P3 (1800 ml) and P4 (900 ml). Data analysis were found by the various analysis, however if there are different results, it would continue on the Smallest Significant Test. The results showed that, Electric Power Conductivity (EPC) affected by the age of harvest seed corn. The highest EPC at the harvest ages of 90 days and the lowest at 100 days and 110 days. It would be shown that the great value of EPC, the smallest amount of germination. There is no interaction between the age of abnormal seeds, hard seed die, shoot root ratio and high sprouts, but single factor treatment of harvest age and media planting humidity were significantly effected toward sprout normal, abnormal seed, hard seed die, shoot root ratio and high sprouts. Keywords : corn seed, harvest ages, humidity ABSTRAK   Penelitian dilaksanakan sejak bulan Juli 2012, penelitian pertama di Laboratorium Balai Penelitian dan Sertifikasi Benih (BPSB) Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, untuk menguji vigor benih menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan tiga perlakuan umur panen yang berbeda: U1 (90 Hari), U2 (100 Hari) dan U3 (110 hari) perlakuan diulang empat kali. Penelitian kedua di Rumah Kaca untuk melihat jumlah kecambah normal, abnormal, benih keras,benih mati dan nisbah pupus akar  menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap disusun secara faktorial  dengan  2 faktor  masing-masing adalah : faktor pertama : Umur Panen yang berbeda, U1 (90 Hari), U2 (100 Hari) dan U3 (110 hari). faktor kedua pemberian air dengan kapasitas yang berbeda, P1 (3600 ml), P2 (2700 ml), P3 (1800 ml) dan P4 (900 ml). Data yang diperoleh menggunakan analisa ragam dan jika terdapat perbedaan perlakuan dilanjutkan dengan uji Beda Nyata Terkecil  (BNT). Hasil penelitian yang didapat adalah; Daya hantar listrik (DHL) dipengaruhi oleh umur panen benih jagung, DHL tertinggi pada umur panen 90 hari dan yang terendah umur panen 100 dan 110 hari. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa semakin besar nilai DHL semakin kecil jumlah perkecambahan. Tidak terdapat interaksi antara umur panen benih dan kelembaban media tanam terhadap jumlah kecambah normal, abnormal, benih keras, benih mati, nisbah pupus akar dan tinggi kecambah tetapi secara tunggal faktor perlakuan umur panen dan kelembaban media tanam berpengaruh nyata terhadap kecambah normal, abnormal, benih keras, benih mati, nisbah pupus akar dan tinggi kecambah. Kata kunci : benih jagung, umur panen, kelembaban

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of Cinnamomum migao seed germination in medicinal plants of Southwest China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Huang ◽  
Tian Tian ◽  
Jingzhong Chen ◽  
Deng Wang ◽  
Bingli Tong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Oil Bodies ◽  
Physiological Indexes

Abstract Background Cinnamomum migao is an endangered evergreen woody plant species endemic to China. Its fruit is used as a traditional medicine by the Miao nationality of China and has a high commercial value. However, its seed germination rate is extremely low under natural and artificial conditions. As the foundation of plant propagation, seed germination involves a series of physiological, cellular, and molecular changes; however, the molecular events and systematic changes occurring during C. migao seed germination remain unclear. Results In this study, combined with the changes in physiological indexes and transcription levels, we revealed the regulation characteristics of cell structures, storage substances, and antioxidant capacity during seed germination. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that abundant smooth and full oil bodies were present in the cotyledons of the seeds. With seed germination, oil bodies and other substances gradually degraded to supply energy; this was consistent with the content of storage substances. In parallel to electron microscopy and physiological analyses, transcriptome analysis showed that 80–90 % of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) appeared after seed imbibition, reflecting important development and physiological changes. The unigenes involved in material metabolism (glycerolipid metabolism, fatty acid degradation, and starch and sucrose metabolism) and energy supply pathways (pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis pathway, pyruvate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation) were differentially expressed in the four germination stages. Among these DEGs, a small number of genes in the energy supply pathway at the initial stage of germination maintained high level of expression to maintain seed vigor and germination ability. Genes involved in lipid metabolism were firstly activated at a large scale in the LK (seed coat fissure) stage, and then genes involved in carbohydrates (CHO) metabolism were activated, which had their own species specificity. Conclusions Our study revealed the transcriptional levels of genes and the sequence of their corresponding metabolic pathways during seed germination. The changes in cell structure and physiological indexes also confirmed these events. Our findings provide a foundation for determining the molecular mechanisms underlying seed germination.

INFLUENCE DES CULTIVARS ET DES STADES DE PRÉLÈVEMENT DE LA PREMIÈRE POUSSE SUR LA PRODUCTION DE SEMENCE DE TRÈFLE ROUGE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1071-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUCIUS BELZILE
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cultivar Group ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Clover Seed

For five years, the effect of cultivars and vegetative stage of cutting were measured on red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed production. The first group of cultivars included Hungaropoli, Ottawa and Lakeland harvested in 1981 and 1982. The second group included Arlington, Florex and Prosper I harvested in 1984, 1985 and 1987. The total annual seed yield differed within cultivars and the highest seed yield was obtained with Hungaropoly and Florex. In the first cultivar group, the tetraploid Hungaropoly obtained a kernel weight higher than the diploids Lakeland and Ottawa. In the second group of cultivars, all diploids, Arlington yielded the highest kernel weight. The percentage of seed germination of Hungaropoly was higher than Lakeland and Ottawa while for Florex it was slightly higher than Arlington and Prosper I. A prior vegetative cutting is essential for good seed yield. In the absence of vegetative cutting seed weight seemed improved. The stage of development at which vegetative cutting is done has little influence on percentage seed germination. These results have shown that despite the strong effect of climatic conditions on seed production, the choice of the optimum stage for vegetative cutting and a well adapted cultivar are important aspects in successful seed production.Key words: Red clover, seed production, cultivar, stage of cutting

scholarly journals Flowering, Fecundity, Seed Germination, and Seed Viability of Viburnum opulus L. Cultivars

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Janine R. Conklin ◽  
James C. Sellmer
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Invasive Potential ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Viburnum Opulus ◽  
Tetrazolium Test

Abstract Mature specimens of Viburnum opulus and cultivars ‘Leonard's Dwarf’ and ‘Roseum’ were assessed over 2 years for flower and seed production, seed germination, and seed viability as determined by a tetrazolium test to understand their invasive potential. ‘Aureum’, ‘Compactum’, ‘Losely's Compact’, ‘Nanum’, and ‘Xanthocarpum’ were also tested for germination and viability of seeds. Cultivars differed in flower and seed production, seed germination, and seed viability. ‘Roseum’ prolifically produced highly viable seed that germinated at moderate rates under greenhouse conditions (8,354, 100%, and 73%, respectively). Viburnum opulus and ‘Leonard's Dwarf’ produced fewer viable seed which showed moderate to low germination rates (609, 100%, and 53%; 712, 100%, and 5%, respectively). ‘Aureum’ and ‘Xanthocarpum’ seeds germinated at moderate rates (55 and 25%, respectively) and were highly viable (100%). ‘Compactum’, ‘Losely's Compact’, and ‘Nanum’ germinated at low rates or failed to germinate (0, 0, and 5%, respectively), yet seeds were moderately viable (37, 65, and 55%, respectively). Seeds of all cultivars germinated at low rates or failed to germinate at both outdoor sites (0 to 5%) which suggests these plants may be weakly invasive. Short-term studies on biological traits such as these provide only limited information to assess the invasive potential of cultivars.

Studies of seed production in two Austrodanthonia grass cultivars

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
N Application ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Early Harvest

Studies were conducted in 1993–94 on 2 native grass cultivars, Austrodanthonia richardsonii (Link) H.P.�Linder (syn. Danthonia richardsonii Cashmore) cv. Taranna and A. bipartita (Link) H.P. Linder (syn. D. linkii Kunth) cv. Bunderra, to quantify the important morphological factors affecting seed production (as measured by seed weight, g/plant). Experiments also examined the influence of nitrogen (N) application and investigated the effects of time and method of harvest on seed production and subsequent germination. For both cultivars, inflorescence and floret number accounted for the highest proportion of the variation in seed production per plant (R2 = 0.873 and 0.686 for Taranna and Bunderra, respectively). Although N applied (0, 25, and 50 kg/ha) at the late vegetative or early flowering stage, or split applications at both times, had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the seed production per plant of Taranna and Bunderra, further studies of N effects are required. In 1993 and 1994, time of inflorescence harvest and method of harvest had no significant effect on inflorescence number and seed production of Taranna and Bunderra and no significant effect on the subsequent germination of Bunderra seed. However, in 1993, harvesting at an early stage of flowering (10% of florets white and fluffy) reduced Taranna seed production by 17% compared with the mean and decreased (P < 0.05) seed germination by about 10%. In 1994, harvesting at early flowering (5% florets white and fluffy) reduced Taranna seed production by a mean of around 55% compared with harvesting at 50% maturity, and subsequent seed germination was also lower (P < 0.05) for the early harvest time. Application of 1 L/ha of paraquat (a.i. 200 g/L of paraquat dichloride) at mid-flowering to desiccate the crop in 1993 had no significant effect on the germination of Taranna and Bunderra caryopses. The implications of these data for commercial seed production are discussed.

Fusarium Species Associated with Tall Fescue Seed Production in Oregon

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia M. Ocamb ◽  
Stephen C. Alderman
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Fusarium Sp

Seed samples were collected from 15 commercial tall fescue seed production fields and examined for Fusarium spp. The percentage of seeds from which Fusarium spp. were recovered ranged from 0 to 32%, while disinfesting seeds with 3% hydrogen peroxide reduced the recovery of Fusarium to 7% or less. The predominant Fusarium spp. isolated from the tall fescue seeds included F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. pseudograminearum, and F. sambucinum. Greenhouse inoculations of tall fescue panicles with F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, and F. pseudograminearum resulted in higher seedborne rates of each respective Fusarium sp. than that recovered from noninoculated plants. Seeds recovered from panicles treated with F. avenaceum or F. pseudograminearum had significantly lower germination rates relative to panicles sprayed with water or a suspension of F. culmorum. Our work confirms that Fusarium spp. decrease seed germination and expands the pathogen list to include F. avenaceum and F. pseudograminearum. Accepted for publication 17 February 2004. Published 19 March 2004.

Adapting the APEX Model to Simulate Detasseling in Inbred Corn for Hybrid Seed Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1169-1179
Author(s):  
Manyowa Norman Meki ◽  
Jaehak Jeong ◽  
Thomas Gerik ◽  
June Wolfe ◽  
Louis Hassell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Permutation Test ◽  
T Test ◽  
Hybrid Seed ◽  
Hybrid Seed Production ◽  
N Content ◽  
P Values ◽  
Seed Corn ◽  
Apex Model

HighlightsThe APEX model was adapted to simulate detasseling in inbred corn for hybrid seed production.The adapted model satisfactorily predicted detasseling effects on LAI, grain yield, and N content.An inbred corn model could be applied to evaluate best management practices for inbred corns.Abstract. Hybrid seed corn production comprises approximately 10% of the entire corn acreage in the U.S. Because of seed corn’s high economic value, and to maximize yields, seed corn growers often over-irrigate or apply nitrogen (N) fertilizers equal to or in excess of those recommended for commercial hybrid corn. Detasseling female corn inbred lines during hybrid corn seed production is critical to ensure the purity of seeds. In addition to the removal of tassels, detasseling also results in the removal of several leaves, which may lead to reduced seed yields. The objective of this study was to adapt the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model to simulate the detasseling of female inbred corns in hybrid seed production. An APEX inbred corn model was developed to simulate the effects of detasseling and leaf removals on the development of inbred corn, leaf area index (LAI), grain yield, and grain N content. Growth characteristics of inbred corn were parameterized in APEX using data from a field study conducted in Nebraska. Overall, the APEX inbred corn model successfully predicted the effects of detasseling on LAI, grain yield, and grain N content under the conditions of the field experiment. There was a significant correlation between simulated and measured LAI (Pearson r = 0.86 and R2 = 0.74 at p = 0.05). The computed paired t-test and permutation test p-values indicated no significant differences between measured and simulated LAI. The mean simulation percent difference and percent bias (PBIAS) were respectively 4.2% and 4.7%, while measured and simulated LAI values had an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.14. The APEX model predicted grain yield with RMSE of 120 kg ha-1, mean simulation percent difference of 0.48%, and PBIAS of 0.26%. Like LAI, predicted grain yields exhibited significant correlation with field data (Pearson r = 0.99 and R2 = 0.97 at p = 0.05). Similarly, computed paired t-test and permutation test p-values indicated no significant differences between measured and simulated grain yields. Grain N content was predicted with RMSE of 6.75 kg N ha-1, mean simulation percent difference of 1.46%, and PBIAS of 2.45%. Predicted and measured grain N content values were correlated (Pearson r = 0.81 and R2 = 0.65 at p = 0.05), while the t-test and permutation test p-values indicated no significant differences between measured and predicted grain N content. Overall, detasseling effects were better predicted for grain yield than for LAI and grain N content as indicated by a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.92 compared to NSE values of 0.47 for LAI and 0.43 for grain N content. In conclusion, the hybrid seed corn industry could benefit from the application of inbred corn models that could allow growers to evaluate and identify optimal irrigation and N management practices for inbred corn, similar to the benefits that have been obtained with model simulation for commercial hybrid corn grain production systems. Keywords: APEX parameterization, Detasseling, Inbred corn, Leaf area index.

scholarly journals Allelopathic effect of two medicinal plants on seed germination, seedling growth and grain production of purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) weed

2018 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Seyed Nader MOUSAVIAN ◽  
Hamdollah ESKANDARI
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Artemisia Sieberi

<p>A laboratory factorial (2 × 5) experiment was carried out based on completely randomized block in four replications to evaluate the effect of plant species and concentration of their allelopathic extracts on seed germination and seedling growth of purslane weed (<em>Portulaca oleraceae</em> L.). The first factor studied was plant species (<em>Artemisia sieberi </em>and <em>Salvia syriaca</em>) and the second one the concentration percentage of plant ethanol extract (0.0, 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 %). The effect of <em>Artemisia </em>on<em> </em>germination reduction of purslane<em> </em>was stronger compared to <em>Salvia.</em> The results indicated that higher extract concentration led to decreased germination percentage, germination speed and seedling growth indices of purslane including leaf length, leaf number, leaf width, leaf dry mass, stem mass and stem length. The effect of <em>Artemisia </em>was higher than that of <em>Salvia</em>. In a complementary experiment, the effect plant residues of <em>Artemisia </em>and <em>Salvia </em>(0.0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g kg<sup>-1</sup> soil) were evaluated in a factorial experiment base on completely randomized block design with three replications. The results of field experiment showed that plant residues significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced capsule number per plant, seed number per capsule, seed production and shoot dry mass, while its effect on 1000-seed mass was not substantial. The effect of plant species and the interaction of plant species and their allelopathic extracts concentration had no major impact on the above-mentioned properties. The increase in plant residues in soil, led to the reduction of growth and seed production of purslane induced by plant number per unit area and capsule per plant. <em>Artemisia sieberi </em>Bess<em>. </em>and<em> Salvia syriaca </em>L.<em> </em>residues can be successfully used for non-chemical control of purslane weed.</p>

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Cinnamomum Migao Seed Germination in Medicinal Plants of Southwest China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
xiaolong Huang ◽  
Tian Tian ◽  
Jingzhong Chen ◽  
Deng Wang ◽  
Bingli Tong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Oil Bodies ◽  
Physiological Indexes

Abstract Background: Cinnamomum migao is an endangered evergreen woody plant species endemic to China. Its fruit is used as a traditional medicine by the Miao nationality of China and has a high commercial value. However, its seed germination rate is very low under natural and artificial conditions. As the foundation of plant propagation, seed germination involves a series of physiological, cellular, and molecular changes; however, the molecular events and systematic changes occurring during C. migao seed germination remain unclear.Results: In this study, combined with the changes in physiological indexes and transcription levels, we revealed the regulation characteristic of cell structures, storage substances, and antioxidant capacity during seed germination. Anatomical analysis revealed that abundant smooth and full oil bodies were present in the cotyledons of the seeds. With seed germination, the oil bodies and other substances gradually degraded to supply energy; this was consistent with the content of storage substances. In parallel to anatomical and physiological analyses, transcriptome analysis showed that 80%–90% of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) appeared after seed imbibition, reflecting important development and physiological changes. The unigenes involved in material metabolism (glycerolipid metabolism, fatty acid degradation, and starch and sucrose metabolism) and energy supply pathways (pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis pathway, pyruvate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation) were differentially expressed in the four germination stages. Among these DEGs, a small number of genes in the energy supply pathway at the initial stage of germination maintained high level of expression to maintain seed vigor and germination ability. Then, the genes involved in lipid metabolism were activated at a large scale, followed by the activation of the genes involved in CHO metabolism, which had its own species specificity. Conclusions: Our study revealed the transcriptional levels of genes during seed germination as well as determined the order of the metabolic pathways. The changes in cell structure and physiological indexes also confirmed these events. Our findings lay a foundation for determining the molecular mechanisms underlying seed germination.

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