Adaptation to Water and Salt Stresses of Solanum pimpinellifolium and Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme

Solanum pimpinellifolium and Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme represent a valuable tool for tomato breeding, particularly for tolerance to abiotic stresses. Water stress and salinity are major constraints to tomato’s cultivation, and for which limited genetic variability has been reported within the cultivated species. We evaluated four accessions of S. pimpinellifolium and four of S. l. var. cerasiforme for their adaptation to water deficit and salinity. The CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, substomatal CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, and leaf chlorophyll concentration were evaluated, as well as morphological and agronomic traits. The accessions showed a remarkable inter- and intra-species response variability to both stresses. Two S. pimpinellifolium accessions and one S. l. var. cerasiforme showed unaltered physiological parameters, thus indicating a good adaptation to water deficit. Two S. l. var. cerasiforme accessions showed an interesting performance under salt stress, one of which showing also good adaptation to water stress. In general, both stresses showed a negative impact on leaf size and fruit fresh weight, especially in the big-sized fruits. However, flowering, fruit setting and earliness remained unaltered or even improved when compared to control conditions. Stressed plants yielded fruits with higher ° Brix. Response to stresses seemed to be linked to origin environmental conditions, notwithstanding, variability was observed among accessions of the same region.

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Adaptation of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) to Water Deficit during Vegetative and Reproductive Phases Using Physiological and Agronomic Characters

International Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.1155/2021/9665312 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Vincent Ezin ◽

Artoche Gloria Christelle Tosse ◽

Ifagbémi Bienvenue Chabi ◽

Adam Ahanchede

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Vigna Unguiculata ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

International Institute ◽

Relative Water ◽

Cowpea Varieties ◽

Reproductive Phases ◽

Water Treatments

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an important commodity in West Africa. Its seeds are a valuable source of protein, vitamins, and income for humans. However, cowpea cultivation in Benin faces climatic constraints such as water stress caused by a prolonged absence of rain during the rainy season. Thus, this work aims at selecting cowpea varieties that can be cultivated in times of drought without compromising their yields and yield components. Twenty cowpea varieties were used, including 17 improved cultivars and 3 landraces. The experiment was conducted at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Benin and laid at a split-plot design with four replicates. Each genotype was exposed to three water treatments: fully irrigated control, vegetative stress (when plants were 23 days old, drought stress was imposed for 30 days), and reproductive stress (once the first flowers were observed, water stress was imposed for 30 days). The results showed that photochemical yield, chlorophyll content, and relative water content were reduced under water deficit at the vegetative and reproductive stages. But there were no significant differences in proline content among cowpea varieties. Agronomic traits such as number of days to flowering, number of pods, yield per plant, the weight of 100 seeds, and harvest time showed significant differences under water stress. Overall, the landraces and cultivars including Kpodjiguegue, KVX 61-1, and IT 06-K-242-3 were the most tolerant to drought stress at the vegetative and reproductive stages and could potentially be used in breeding programs to improve drought tolerance of cowpeas.

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A novel reflectance-based model for evaluating chlorophyll concentration of fresh and water-stressed leaves

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-10-17893-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 17893-17937

Author(s):

C. Lin ◽

S. C. Popescu ◽

S. C. Huang ◽

Y. C. Chen ◽

P. T. Chang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Mean Absolute Error ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Absolute Error ◽

Spectral Indices ◽

Absorption Bands ◽

Red Edge ◽

The Mean ◽

Estimation Models

Abstract. Water deficit can cause chlorophyll degradation which decreases foliar chlorophyll concentration (Chls). Few studies investigated the effectiveness of spectral indices under water stress conditions. Chlorophyll meters have been extensively used for a wide variety of leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen estimations. Since a chlorophyll meter works based on the sensing of leaves absorptance and transmittance, the reading of chlorophyll concentration will be affected by changes in transmittance as if there is a water deficit in leaves. The overall objective of this paper was to develop a novel and reliable reflectance-based model for estimating Chls of fresh and water stressed leaves using the reflectance at the absorption bands of chlorophyll a and b and the red edge spectrum. Three independent experiments were designed to collect data from three leaf sample sets for the construction and validation of Chls estimation models. First, a reflectance experiment was conducted to collect foliar Chls and reflectance of leaves with varying water stress using the ASD FieldSpec spectroradiometer. Second, a chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) experiment was carried out to collect foliar Chls and meter reading. These two datasets were separately used for developing reflectance-based or absorptance-based Chls estimation models using linear and nonlinear regression analysis. Suitable models were suggested mainly based on the coefficient of determination (R2). Finally, an experiment was conducted to collect the third dataset for the validation of Chls models using the root mean squared error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE). In all of the experiments, the observations (real values) of the foliar Chls were extracted from acetone solution and determined by using a Hitachi U-2000 spectrophotometer. The spectral indices in the form of reflectance ratio/difference/slope derived from the chlb absorption bands (ρ645 and ρ455) provided Chls estimates with RMSE around 0.40–0.55 mg g–1 for both fresh and water-stressed samples. We improved Chls prediction accuracy by incorporating the reflectance at red edge position (ρREP) in regression models. An effective chlorophyll indicator with the form of (ρ645–ρ455) / ρREP proved to be the most accurate and stable predictor for foliar Chls concentration. This model was derived with an R2 of 0.90 (P < 0.01) from the training samples and evaluated with RMSE 0.35 and 0.38 mg g–1 for the validation samples of fresh and water stressed leaves, respectively. The average prediction error was within 14% of the mean absolute error.

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Deciphering Plantago ovata Forsk Leaf Extract Mediated Distinct Germination, Growth and Physio-Biochemical Improvements under Water Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.) at Early Growth Stage

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11071404 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1404

Author(s):

Muhammad Nawaz ◽

Xiukang Wang ◽

Muhammad Hamzah Saleem ◽

Muhammad Hafeez Ullah Khan ◽

Javaria Afzal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Water Stress ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽

Seed Priming ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Water Deficit Stress ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽

Stress Environment

Use of Plantago ovata Forsk leaf (also known as blond plantain or isabgol) extract is a novel approach for ameliorating water stress in various agronomic crops such as maize (Zea mays L.). To examine the potential roles of P. ovata extract (0, 20 and 40%) in increasing seed germination, plant growth, photosynthetic measurements, stomatal properties, oxidative stress and antioxidant response, ions uptake and the relationship between studied parameters, we investigated the impacts of its short-term seed priming on Z. mays L. elite cultivar “Cimmyt-Pak” under a control environment and a water deficit stress environment (induced by PEG). It was evident that water deficit stress conditions induced a negative impact on plant growth, stomatal properties and ion uptake in different organs of Z. mays. The decrease in growth-related attributes might be due to overproduction of oxidative stress biomarkers, i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) initiation, and electrolyte leakage (%), which was also overcome by the enzymatic antioxidants, i.e., superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and non-enzymatic antioxidants, which increased under the water stress environment. However, seed priming with P. ovata extract positively increased germination rate and growth profile, and protected photosynthetic apparatus and stomatal properties by decreasing oxidative stress indicators and increasing activities of antioxidant compounds. Our results also depicted that the optimum concentration of P. ovata extract for Z. mays seedlings under water stress conditions was 20%, while a further increase in P. ovata extract (40%) induced a non-significant negative impact on growth and biomass of Z. mays seedling. In addition, the effect was more promising on Z. mays seedlings when grown under controlled conditions. Here, we concluded that the understanding of the role of seed priming with P. ovata extract in the increment of growth-related attributes, photosynthetic apparatus (Pn, Gs, Ts and Ci) and nutrient uptake (Ca2+, Fe2+, P and Mg2+) introduces new possibilities for their effective use in water deficit stress environments and shows a promising foundation for Z. mays tolerance against water deficit stress conditions.

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A global non-invasive methodology for the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions using imaging, physiological and molecular tools

Plant Methods ◽

10.1186/s13007-021-00771-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

M. Musse ◽

G. Hajjar ◽

N. Ali ◽

B. Billiot ◽

G. Joly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Tuber Growth ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Potato Plants ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Background Drought is a major consequence of global heating that has negative impacts on agriculture. Potato is a drought-sensitive crop; tuber growth and dry matter content may both be impacted. Moreover, water deficit can induce physiological disorders such as glassy tubers and internal rust spots. The response of potato plants to drought is complex and can be affected by cultivar type, climatic and soil conditions, and the point at which water stress occurs during growth. The characterization of adaptive responses in plants presents a major phenotyping challenge. There is therefore a demand for the development of non-invasive analytical techniques to improve phenotyping. Results This project aimed to take advantage of innovative approaches in MRI, phenotyping and molecular biology to evaluate the effects of water stress on potato plants during growth. Plants were cultivated in pots under different water conditions. A control group of plants were cultivated under optimal water uptake conditions. Other groups were cultivated under mild and severe water deficiency conditions (40 and 20% of field capacity, respectively) applied at different tuber growth phases (initiation, filling). Water stress was evaluated by monitoring soil water potential. Two fully-equipped imaging cabinets were set up to characterize plant morphology using high definition color cameras (top and side views) and to measure plant stress using RGB cameras. The response of potato plants to water stress depended on the intensity and duration of the stress. Three-dimensional morphological images of the underground organs of potato plants in pots were recorded using a 1.5 T MRI scanner. A significant difference in growth kinetics was observed at the early growth stages between the control and stressed plants. Quantitative PCR analysis was carried out at molecular level on the expression patterns of selected drought-responsive genes. Variations in stress levels were seen to modulate ABA and drought-responsive ABA-dependent and ABA-independent genes. Conclusions This methodology, when applied to the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions, provides a quantitative analysis of leaves and tubers properties at microstructural and molecular levels. The approaches thus developed could therefore be effective in the multi-scale characterization of plant response to water stress, from organ development to gene expression.

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Meta-QTL and ortho-MQTL analyses identified genomic regions controlling rice yield, yield-related traits and root architecture under water deficit conditions

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-86259-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bahman Khahani ◽

Elahe Tavakol ◽

Vahid Shariati ◽

Laura Rossini

Keyword(s):

Water Deficit ◽

Root Architecture ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Heading Date ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Genetic Dissection ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Average Confidence ◽

Stable Qtls ◽

Genomic Regions

AbstractMeta-QTL (MQTL) analysis is a robust approach for genetic dissection of complex quantitative traits. Rice varieties adapted to non-flooded cultivation are highly desirable in breeding programs due to the water deficit global problem. In order to identify stable QTLs for major agronomic traits under water deficit conditions, we performed a comprehensive MQTL analysis on 563 QTLs from 67 rice populations published from 2001 to 2019. Yield and yield-related traits including grain weight, heading date, plant height, tiller number as well as root architecture-related traits including root dry weight, root length, root number, root thickness, the ratio of deep rooting and plant water content under water deficit condition were investigated. A total of 61 stable MQTLs over different genetic backgrounds and environments were identified. The average confidence interval of MQTLs was considerably refined compared to the initial QTLs, resulted in the identification of some well-known functionally characterized genes and several putative novel CGs for investigated traits. Ortho-MQTL mining based on genomic collinearity between rice and maize allowed identification of five ortho-MQTLs between these two cereals. The results can help breeders to improve yield under water deficit conditions.

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Knockout of Auxin Response Factor SlARF4 Improves Tomato Resistance to Water Deficit

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22073347 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (7) ◽

pp. 3347

Author(s):

Mengyi Chen ◽

Xiaoyang Zhu ◽

Xiaojuan Liu ◽

Caiyu Wu ◽

Canye Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Vascular Bundle ◽

Plant Resistance ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Aba Signaling ◽

Auxin Response

Auxin response factors (ARFs) play important roles in various plant physiological processes; however, knowledge of the exact role of ARFs in plant responses to water deficit is limited. In this study, SlARF4, a member of the ARF family, was functionally characterized under water deficit. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining showed that water deficit and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment reduced the expression of SlARF4. SlARF4 was expressed in the vascular bundles and guard cells of tomato stomata. Loss of function of SlARF4 (arf4) by using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas 9 (CRISPR/Cas 9) technology enhanced plant resistance to water stress and rehydration ability. The arf4 mutant plants exhibited curly leaves and a thick stem. Malondialdehyde content was significantly lower in arf4 mutants than in wildtype plants under water stress; furthermore, arf4 mutants showed higher content of antioxidant substances, superoxide dismutase, actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), and catalase activities. Stomatal and vascular bundle morphology was changed in arf4 mutants. We identified 628 differentially expressed genes specifically expressed under water deficit in arf4 mutants; six of these genes, including ABA signaling pathway-related genes, were differentially expressed between the wildtype and arf4 mutants under water deficit and unlimited water supply. Auxin responsive element (AuxRE) elements were found in these genes’ promoters indicating that SlARF4 participates in ABA signaling pathways by regulating the expression of SlABI5/ABF and SCL3, thereby influencing stomatal morphology and vascular bundle development and ultimately improving plant resistance to water deficit.

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Molecular aspects of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) vascular wilt by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and antagonism by Trichoderma spp.

Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología Mexican Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.18781/r.mex.fit.2106-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Paula Andrea Castillo-Sanmiguel ◽

Laura Rocío Cortés-Sánchez ◽

Jovanna Acero-Godoy

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Solanum Lycopersicum ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Vascular Wilt ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Synthetic Chemicals ◽

Efficient Alternative ◽

Molecular Aspects ◽

The One

Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) are susceptible to the infection by diverse pathogens that cause devastating diseases such as vascular wilt, which causes great losses at the production level. The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is one of the etiologic agents of this disease and its control lies in the use of synthetic chemicals which generate a negative impact in both health and the environment; thus, it is necessary to implement biological control as a healthier and more efficient alternative. The fungus Trichoderma spp. is a favorable option to be employed as a biocontroller against this pathogen thanks to its antagonist mechanisms, determined by metabolic and genetic characteristics. On the one hand, for Fol it is indispensable the activation of signaling routes such as MAPK Fmk1, MAPK Mpk1 y HOG, while Trichoderma spp. uses effectors involved in the interaction with the plant such as proteins, enzymes and secondary metabolites that also strengthen its immune response against infection, determined by both Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP) and effectors. Therefore, this article makes a review about the mentioned characteristics and suggests a greater application of tools and molecular markers for the management of this disease.

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Single hyperspectral bands are highly sensitive to water stress in adult mandarin trees

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-12594 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pablo Berríos ◽

Abdelmalek Temnani ◽

Susana Zapata ◽

Manuel Forcén ◽

Sandra Martínez-Pedreño ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Phase Ii ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Status ◽

Irrigation Scheduling ◽

Plant Water Status ◽

Phase Iii ◽

Plant Water ◽

Severe Water Stress

Mandarin is one of the most important Citrus cultivated in Spain and the sustainability of the crop is subject to a constant pressure for water resources among the productive sectors and to a high climatic demand conditions and low rainfall (about 250 mm per year). The availability of irrigation water in the Murcia Region is generally close to 3,500 m3 per ha and year, so it is only possible to satisfy 50 - 60% of the late mandarin ETc, which requires about 5,500 m3 per ha. For this reason, it is necessary to provide tools to farmers in order to control the water applied in each phenological phase without promoting levels of severe water stress to the crop that negatively affect the sustainability of farms located in semi-arid conditions. Stem water potential (SWP) is a plant water status indicator very sensitive to water deficit, although its measurement is manual, discontinuous and on a small-scale. &#160;In this way, indicators measured on a larger scale are necessary to achieve integrating the water status of the crop throughout the farm. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity to water deficit of different hyperspectral single bands (HSB) and their relationship with the midday SWP in mandarin trees submitted to severe water stress in different phenological phases. Four different irrigation treatments were assessed: i) a control (CTL), irrigated at 100% of the ETc throughout the growing season to satisfy plant water requirements and three water stress treatments that were irrigated at 60% of ETc throughout the season &#8211; corresponding to the real irrigation water availability &#8211; except &#160;during: ii) the end of phase I and beginning of phase II (IS IIa), iii) the first half of phase II (IS IIb) and iv) phase III of fruit growth (IS III), which irrigation was withheld until values of -1.8 MPa of SWP or a water stress integral of 60 MPa day-1. When these threshold values were reached, the spectral reflectance values were measured between 350 and 2500 nm using a leaf level spectroradiometer to 20 mature and sunny leaves on 4 trees per treatment. Twenty-four HVI and HSB were calculated and a linear correlation was made between each of them with SWP, where the &#961;940 and &#961;1250 nm single bands reflectance presented r-Pearson values of -0.78** and -0.83***, respectively. Two linear regression curves fitting were made: SWP (MPa) = -11.05 &#8729; &#961;940 + 7.8014 (R2 =0.61) and SWP (MPa) = -13.043 &#8729; &#961;1250 + 8.9757 (R2 =0.69). These relationships were obtained with three different fruit diameters (35, 50 and 65 mm) and in a range between -0.7 and -1.6 MPa of SWP. Results obtained show the possibility of using these single bands in the detection of water stress in adult mandarin trees, and thus propose a sustainable and efficient irrigation scheduling by means of unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with sensors to carry out an automated control of the plant water status and with a suitable temporal and spatial scale to apply precision irrigation.

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The effect of water deficit on some physiological indices of Indian lettuce (Lactuca indica L.)

Journal of Science Natural Science ◽

10.18173/2354-1059.2021-0010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 80-86

Author(s):

Thin Pham Thi Thanh ◽

Bang Cao Phi ◽

Hai Nguyen Thi Thanh ◽

Khuynh Bui The ◽

Mai Nguyen Phuong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽

Water Stress ◽

Water Content ◽

Flowering Time ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Water Deficit Stress ◽

Flower Formation ◽

Lactuca Indica ◽

Wilting Rate

Indian Lettuce (Lactuca indica L.) is a valuable medicinal herb but there are still no many researches about this plant. In this work, the physiological responses of Indian lettuce plants under water deficit conditions (5, 8, and 11 days of water stress) were investigated. The Indian lettuce wilted after 5 days of water stress (66.66%), the wilting rate increased after 8 (93.33%) and 11 days (100%) of water stress. The longer duration of water deficit stress caused the slower recovery of plants after rewatering. The water deficit stress caused a decrease in chlorophyll fluorescence, non-associated water content as well as flower formation of Indian lettuce. But the water deficit stress increases the associated water content and the flowering time of this plant.

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INITIAL GROWTH OF Dipteryx alata PLANTS UNDER WATER DEFICIT

Revista Árvore ◽

10.1590/1806-90882018000100003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fabio Santos Matos ◽

Igor Alberto Silvestre Freitas ◽

Lidiane Villas Boas Dos Santos ◽

Daniel Guimarães Venâncio ◽

Patrícia Souza da Silveira

Keyword(s):

Water Deficit ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Water Deficit Stress ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Total Carotenoids ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Water Volumes ◽

Dipteryx Alata

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of water deficit stress on the growth of Dipteryx alata plants. The experiment was carried out on a bench in full sun at the Goiás State University experimental unit, in Ipameri town, Goiás. Dipteryx alata seeds were collected from native plants in that municipality and sown in four-liter pots containing a mixture of soil, sand and cattle manure at ratio 3:1:0.5, respectively. The experiment was set up following the completely randomized design with five treatments (plants irrigated for 25 days with water volumes corresponding to 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of daily evapotranspiration) and six replicates. Treatments were applied when the plants were 60 days old, and at 85 days the plants were assessed for the following parameters: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, foliar chlorophyll concentration (a+b ), total carotenoids, relative water content, transpiration, leaf, stem and root mass ratios, and total biomass. During early development, the Dipteryx alata plants were highly sensitive to water deficit, significantly slowing down vegetative growth. Accordingly, in order to remain alive, the plants drastically reduced transpiration as a result of high stomatal sensitivity.

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