scholarly journals Alterations in Energy Partitioning and Methane Emissions in Murciano-Granadina Goats Fed Orange Leaves and Rice Straw as a Replacement for Beet Pulp and Barley Straw

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Tamara Romero ◽  
José L. Palomares ◽  
Vicente J. Moya ◽  
Juan J. Loor ◽  
Carlos Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
By Products

Considering the huge quantities of crops by-products and pruning waste such as rice straw and citrus leaves produced annually worldwide, and their potential pollution capacity, recycling as feed for livestock is an alternative. The objective was to study these by-products effect on energy balance and methane emissions in 10 Murciano-Granadina goats at maintenance. The control diet (CTR) included barley straw and beet pulp while the experimental diet (ORG) consisted of rice straw and orange leaves. Differences were found for energy intake (248 kJ/kg of BW0.75 greater for CTR than ORG). The intake of metabolizable energy was 199 kJ/kg of BW0.75 lower in ORG than CTR, and the energy efficiency was higher with CTR (0.61) than ORG (0.48). Protein retained in the body was 9 g/goat greater with CTR than ORG, and fat retention in the body was approximately 108 g/goat greater with CTR than ORG. Despite more unfavorable energy balance in response to feeding ORG than CTR, the retention of body energy was always positive. Reductions in CH4 emissions were detected when goats were fed ORG diet (from 22.3 to 20.0 g/d). Overall results suggested that feeding orange leaves and rice straw was effective in reducing CH4 emissions without adversely affecting energy balance.

scholarly journals Nutritional and energetic value of rice by-products, with or without phytase, for growing pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1305-1310
Author(s):  
Julio Cezar Dadalt ◽  
Andréa Machado Leal Ribeiro ◽  
Alexandre de Mello Kessler ◽  
William Rui Wesendonck ◽  
Luciane Bockor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Defatted Rice Bran ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
By Products

The objective of this study was to evaluate nutritional and energetic value of rice by-products, with or without phytase, using growing pigs. Thirty-six male pigs were housed in individual metabolic cages. Total collection of feces and urine was carried out in two periods of ten days: five days for adaptation and five days for collection. A randomized blocks design was used, considering the sampling period as a block, with five treatments and seven replicates. Two control diets (with and without phytase - Phy) were used in the digestibility calculations, the latter in order to evaluate the enzyme influence on energy digestibility of the tested ingredients. The control diet was replaced by 30% of one of the ingredients: defatted rice bran (DRB) with and without Phy and dephytinised defatted rice bran (DDRB). The use of Phy in the control diet did not influence DRB+Phy energy digestibility. Relative to DRB+Phy, dephytinised defatted rice bran had higher contents of ME and digestible protein but lower digestible P and Ca. Phy supplementation increased Ca and P utilization of DRB and improved energy and protein digestibility. The DRB without Phy showed the lowest digestibility coefficients for all responses. Metabolizable energy, digestible protein, phosphorus and calcium of DRB, DRB+Phy and DDRB were respectively, 2140, 2288 and 2519kcal kg-1; 79.25, 92.41 and 107.10g kg-1; 1.62, 3.41, and 2.11g kg-1 and 2.80, 3.79 and 2.90g kg-1.

The effects of dietary nitrogen sources and levels on rumen fermentation, nutrient degradation and digestion and rumen microbial activity by wether sheep given a high level of molasses

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
N. W. Offer ◽  
D. J. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
True Protein

AbstractA 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with 3-week experimental periods was conducted with four wether sheep, each fitted with a permanent rumen cannula, to evaluate the effects of dietary protein sources and levels on fermentation and microbial activity in the rumen. Four complete diets were offered each containing (g/kg dry matter (DM)) molasses 248, grass silage 200 and barley straw 260. The control diet (C) also contained barley and soya-bean meal and the other three diets were supplemented with urea (CU), soya-bean meal (CS), and soya-bean meal and fish meal (CSF), respectively. This gave foods of similar concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME) and estimated fermentable ME (10·6 and 9·8 MJ/kg DM, respectively), but different levels (g/kg DM) of estimated effective rumen degraded dietary protein (ERDP) and digestible undegraded protein (DUP) (ERDP/DUP, 84/17, 109/17, 116/38 and 119/54 for diets C, CU, CS and CSF, respectively).No clinical symptoms of ill health in the animals due to the feeding of molasses were observed during the experiment. The average pH values of rumen liquors obtained at various sampling times post feeding for diets C, CU, CS and CSF were 6·40, 6·49, 6·62 and 6·47 (s.e.d. 0·06 P < 0·05) respectively and average ammonia-nitrogen concentrations were 63, 81, 90 and 113 mg/l (s.e.d. 14·9, P < 0·02) respectively. The average concentrations of total volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor were similar across the four treatments. The molar proportions of propionate and butyrate were higher for the diet C than for the other three diets (P < 0·05), while acetate was lower (P < 0·05). Supplementing with true protein (P < 0·05), but not with urea (P > 0·05), increased the molar proportions of isobutyrate and isovalerate. Whole tract apparent digestibilities of DM and organic matter did not differ significantly across the four treatments, but neutral-detergent fibre apparent digestibility (0·677, 0·672, 0·716 and 0·728 (s.e.d. 0·017) g/kg DM for diets C, CU, CS and CSF respectively) and the proportions of hay DM that disappeared in the rumen during 24 h incubation (0·223, 0·238, 0·284 and 0·271 (s.e.d. 0·019) g/kg DM) were significantly lower for diets C and CU than CS and CSF (P < 0·05). Urinary excretion of purine derivative nitrogen was similar across the four treatments. The results obtained from the present study indicate that there were no significant differences in the microbial crude protein synthesis in the rumen when a diet containing molasses was supplemented with urea or true protein. However, the supplementation of this control diet with true protein, but not with urea, did stimulate the degradation of hay DM in the rumen and the digestion of dietary fibre in the whole tract.

Food intake, growth and body composition in Australian Merino sheep selected for high and low weaning weight. 3. Energy balance

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
J. R. Parks
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Combustion Energy ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Mature Size

ABSTRACTUsing a simplified energy balance equation, changes in energetic efficiency and energy expenditure were examined as a function of stage of maturity in rams and ewes from flocks of Merino sheep selected for high (weight-plus) and low (weight-minus) weaning weight and from a randomly bred control flock.Specific combustion energy of the body (i.e. MJ/kg of body weight) was an increasing linear function of stage of maturity, which increased at a slightly faster rate in the weight-minus than in the weight-plus animals (15·1 v. 13·1 MJ/kg per unit of maturity), and at a faster rate in ewes than in rams (17·2 v. 11·3 MJ/kg per unit of maturity). At maturity, all strains had a similar mean specific combustion energy (18·3 MJ/kg), whereas the ewes were greater than the rams (20·1 v. 16·6 MJ/kg).Thermochemical efficiency (TCE, defined as the gain in body energy per unit of metabolizable energy intake) was a quadratic function of stage of maturity. In the early post-weaning period, the weight-plus had a greater TCE than the weight-minus animals and the maximum TCE occurred at an earlier stage of maturity in the weight-plus than in the weight-minus animals (0·40 v. 0·45 maturity). The ewes had a higher TCE than the rams at all stages of maturity, although the differences decreased as the animals matured. The maximum TCE occurred at a later stage of maturity in the ewes than in the rams (0·46 v. 0·38 maturity).After scaling for differences in mature size there was little difference between the strains in the rate of energy expenditure, with the exception that at the later stages of maturity the weight-minus animals had a slightly greater rate of energy expenditure. After scaling for differences in mature size, the rams had a greater rate of energy expenditure than the ewes from weaning to maturity.

scholarly journals The metabolizable energy value of Polydextrose® in a mixed diet fed to rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Cooley ◽  
G. Livesey
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Control Value

1. The digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) values of a commercial Polydextrose® product and the polymer that it contained were determined by metabolic energy balance in male Wistar rats and compared with values obtained by radiochemical balance using a radiochemical analogue. The energy values of the whole preparations and of the polymer fractions were estimated.2. In the energy-balance study of 6 d duration, 100 g maize starch/kg control diet were replaced by Polydextrose® to provide a test diet. Polydextrose® had no significant effects on food intake, body-weight gain, digestibility of nitrogen and N retention but significantly increased the water consumption to 143% of the control value (P < 0.05) and the water content of fresh faecal pellets from 548 (SE 10) to 646 (SE 15) g/kg wet weight (P < 0.01).3. By energy balance the DE in the Polydextrose® product and in the polymer that it contained were 13.5 and 12.8 (SE 1.9) kJ/g respectively. The corresponding ME values were 12.7 and 12.1 (SE 1.8) kJ/g respectively. These values were higher (P < 0.05) than the corresponding values obtained by the radiochemical balance procedure: DE 8.8 and 8.6 (SE 0.4) kJ/g polymer respectively and ME 8.0 and 7.8 (SE 0.5)kJ/g polymer respectively.4. These findings indicate relatively high energy values for Polydextrose® by comparison with previously published values and illustrate a potential difficulty when using energy values obtained by certain radiochemical methods to estimate the energy values of a mixed diet given to rats. Several alternative explanations of the discrepancies are advanced.

scholarly journals Levels of true digestible lisiane and metabolizable energy for growing pigs: effect on nitrogen and energy balance

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1655-1662
Author(s):  
Rafael Coutinho Finamor Chiaradia ◽  
Márcio Gilberto Zangeronimo ◽  
Elias Tadeu Fialho ◽  
José Augusto de Freitas Lima ◽  
Paulo Borges Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein ◽  
The Relationship

An experiment was conducted at the Department of Animal Husbandry of Universidade Federal de Lavras aiming to study the nitrogen and energy balance in diets with reduced crude protein rates (CP) and different levels of energy and lysine for growing pigs. 52 castrated pigs (initial weight = 36.13 ± 2.8 kg) of high genetic potential were used, housed individually in metabolism cages (experimental unit). The treatments consisted of 12 diets with three levels of metabolizable energy (ME) (3060, 3230 and 3400 kcal / kg) and four of true digestible lysine (TDL) (0.7, 0.9, 1.1 and 1, 3%) with 14% CP plus a control diet with 3230 kcal ME / kg, 1.03% TDL and 18% CP. We used a DBC in time 3x4 +1 factorial design with four replications to verify the absorbed nitrogen (AN), N retained (NR), the NR / NA (%),absorbed energy (AE), retained energy (RE) and the ratio RE /AE (%). In relation retained nitrogen / absorbed nitrogen was declining linear regression (P <0.05) when 3400 kcal / kg was used, where the lowest levels (0.7 and 0.9%) of TDL showed the best results. In the study of energy balance, for the variables retained energy and the relationship between energy there was no difference (P> 0.05) between the control treatment and other experimental diets. It is concluded that the levels 3230 kcal / kg and 1.03% of TDL can be used without affecting the utilization of nitrogen by growing pigs in diets with reduced crude protein content.

The effects of supplementing grazing dairy cows with straw-based mixtures of differing composition

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-586
Author(s):  
A. Hameleers ◽  
D. J. Immenga ◽  
D. J. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Beet Pulp

AbstractTwo groups of grazing lactating dairy cows (no. = 10) were offered straw/sugar-beet pulp mixtures of different straw and sugar-beet pulp content. The low straw mixture (LS) contained 310, 592, 65, 9 and 24 g/kg dry matter (DM) of barley straw, sugar-beet pulp, cane molasses, urea and minerals respectively. The high straw mixture (HS) contained 540, 359, 65, 12 and 24 g/kg DM of these ingredients. This resulted in metabolizable energy and DM degradability values of 10·4 and 8·4 MJ/kg DM and 0·48 and 0·42 for mixture LS and HS, respectively. In experiment 1, the mixtures were offered for 1 h after each milking while in experiment 2 the amount of LS available was restricted to the intake of the HS mixture. The animals continuously grazed a perennial ryegrass sward with sward height maintained at 7·5 and 6·9 cm respectively for experiment 1 and 2. Forage intakes in both experiments were measured using the n-alkane technique. In experiment 1, intakes of the forage supplement were 5·3 and 2·3 kg DM per day (s.e.d. = 0·51, P < 0·001), while herbage intake was 11·5 and 14·5 kg DM per day (s.e.d. = 0·77, P = 0·004), resulting in total forage intakes of 16·9 and 16·7 kg DM per day for treatments LS and HS respectively. No significant differences in terms of time spent grazing, ruminating and eating forage supplement were observed. No significant differences in terms of animal performance were observed. In experiment 2 intakes of the forage supplements were 2·8 kg DM per day for both treatments while herbage intake was 13·0 and 13·2 kg DM per day (s.e.d. = 110) resulting in total daily intakes of 15·8 and 16·0 kg DM (s.e.d. = 1·24) for treatment LS and HS, respectively. No significant differences in terms of grazing time, rumination time or animal performance were detected. It was concluded that under conditions when herbage was readily available, higher amounts of high energy/high degradability forage supplement were consumed than of low energy low degradability forage supplements. However, total dry matter intakes were equal. Intake from forage supplements seem to be affected by short-term fill effects in this situation.

scholarly journals Energy balance and liver respiratory activity in rats fed on an energy-dense diet

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Iossa ◽  
Maria P. Mollica ◽  
Lillà Lionetti ◽  
Antonio Barletta ◽  
Giovanna Liverini
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

In the present study energy balance and liver respiratory activity were studied in rats fed on either a control diet or an energy-dense diet. Liver respiration was assessed both without added substrates and after the addition of hexanoate, glycerol, or sorbitol. The effect of ouabain on hexanoate-supported respiration was also determined. Metabolizable energy intake and energy expenditure increased in rats fed on an energy dense diet, but body-weight gain, as well as lipid and protein content, remained unchanged. When net energy expenditure, obtained excluding the total cost of storage, was expressed as a percentage of metabolizable energy, significant differences were found between the two groups of rats. This finding supports the presence of regulatory mechanisms in rats fed on an energy-dense diet, which are useful to counteract development of obesity. In addition, a significant increase in liver respiratory activity was found in rats fed on an energy-dense diet, both in the basal state and in that stimulated by added substrates. Na/K-pump-dependent O2 consumption also increased in rats fed on an energy-dense diet. The results indicate that a greater production of metabolic heat by the liver can contribute to the increased energy expenditure found in rats fed on an energy-dense diet.

Effect of supplementary feeding with protein and energy on digestion and rumination behaviour of sheep consuming straw diets

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. O. MAWUENYEGAH ◽  
M. N. SHEM ◽  
L. WARLY ◽  
T. FUJIHARA
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chewing Rates ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Animal Farm ◽  
Time Eating ◽  
By Products

The effect of supplementation on the feeding and ruminating behaviour of sheep fed on low quality roughage was assessed at the Shimane University Animal Farm, Japan, in 1993. Four Japanese Corriedale wethers were used for four periods in a 4×4 Latin square design. The initial 10 days of each period were for adaptation by the sheep to their new environment and diets, followed by 5 and 7 days for rumination studies and digestibility trials, respectively. The four diets were: rice straw alone (RSA), rice straw+soyabean meal (RSS), barley straw+molasses meal (BSM) and barley straw+molasses meal+soyabean meal (BSS). Animals on the RSA and BSM diets spent less time eating (305 and 278 min/day respectively) and ate at a slower rate (1·8 g DM/min) than those on the RSS and BSS diets. Although there were no significant differences between treatments (P>0·01) in the number of rumination periods per day, animals on the RSA and BSM diets spent a longer time ruminating per 100 g NDF intake and exhibited slower chewing rates than those on the other diets. Cyclic rate and rumination indexes were both higher for RSA than for other treatment diets. The results show that sheep on the RSA and BSM diets spent less time eating and that those on RSA spent significantly (P<0·05) more time ruminating than those on supplemented diets. Animals on RSA and RSS generally regurgitated more boli but there was no significant difference (P>0·05) in chewing rates between the diets. However, generally, animals on RSA, in addition to regurgitating more boli, also had lower chewing rates, indicating more efficient rumination activity. The judicious use of small amounts of readily degradable nutrients, especially protein, will improve the rumination behaviour of sheep fed on low quality roughage diets, most probably through an improvement in microbial activity. This will result in a higher fibre digestion rate and an increase in the production of ruminal fermentation by-products, compensating for the loss in rumination efficiency.

Influence of ammonia treatment and supplementation on the intake, digestibility and weight gain of sheep and cattle on barley straw diets

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayona T. Silva ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Final Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Significant Gain ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Beet Pulp

ABSTRACTThree experiments of 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design were made with sheep or cattle given a basal diet of barley straw. Fish meal (FM) and unmolassed sugar-beet pulp (SBP) were given either separately or in combination as supplements to untreated (US) or ammonia-treated barley straw (AS) to form eight diets. The diets were given for 8 weeks in experiment 1 (24 sheep), 10 weeks in experiment 2 (24 steers) and 20 weeks in experiment 3 (32 steers and bulls). Urea was added to the shredded straw US and AS, to give a final concentration of 17 g nitrogen per kg dry matter (DM). n I experiments 1 and 3, both FM and SBP, given alone or in combination, significantly increased the DM and organic matter digestibility of urea-supplemented US, but not of AS. Ammonia treatment of straw given alone increased DM intake from 414 to 729 g/day in sheep and from 4·75 to 6·09 kg/day in cattle. All animals given US as the sole food lost body weight, but cattle gained weight when US was combined with either 50 g/kg FM or 15 g/kg SBP. It was necessary to combine the two supplements to achieve a significant gain in body weight of sheep. Although the diets based on AS promoted growth in all the animals, the body-weight gains achieved with US combined with 50 g/kg FM or 15 g/kg SBP were greater than those when AS was given as the sole food.

scholarly journals Effects of feeding a palatable ‘cafeteria’ diet on energy balance in young and adult lean (+/?) Zucker rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy J. Rothwell ◽  
Michael J. Stock
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Cafeteria Diet ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Food Composition Tables ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Adrenergic Antagonist

1. The effects of feeding a palatable and varied ‘cafeteria’ diet on energy balance were studied in young (5·5 week) and adult (5·5 month) lean male Zucker (+/?) rats.2. Estimates of metabolizable energy (ME) intake derived from food composition tables were almost identical to values obtained from bomb calorimetry of foods, urine and faeces, and ME intake was elevated by approximately 73% in all ‘cafeteria’ animals compared to stock-fed controls.3. ‘Cafeteria’ feeding had no effect on the body-weight of young rats but induced excess weight gains in the older animals and resulted in increased deposition of fat and energy in both groups. Energy expenditure, calculated from ME intake and body-energy gain, was elevated by 77 and 57% in young and adult cafeteria rats respectively. The energy cost of fat deposition could account for only a small proportion of this increased expenditure.4. The present results confirm previous findings in another strain of rat and show that the increased energy expenditure (i.e. diet-induced thermogenesis, DIT) which occurs in response to hyperphagia is not restricted to young animals but is also seen in older rats. Measurements of resting oxygen consumption after injections of noradrenaline or a β-adrenergic antagonist (propranolol), and changes in brown adipose tissue mass are consistent with the suggestion that the DIT of ‘cafeteria’-fed rats results from sympathetic activation of brown fat.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document