scholarly journals Current Knowledge on the Multifactorial Regulation of Corpora Lutea Lifespan: The Rabbit Model

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Massimo Zerani ◽  
Angela Polisca ◽  
Cristiano Boiti ◽  
Margherita Maranesi
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Healthy Pregnancy ◽  
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Efficient Breeding

Our research group studied the biological regulatory mechanisms of the corpora lutea (CL), paying particular attention to the pseudopregnant rabbit model, which has the advantage that the relative luteal age following ovulation is induced by the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH). CL are temporary endocrine structures that secrete progesterone, which is essential for maintaining a healthy pregnancy. It is now clear that, besides the classical regulatory mechanism exerted by prostaglandin E2 (luteotropic) and prostaglandin F2 (luteolytic), a considerable number of other effectors assist in the regulation of CL. The aim of this paper is to summarize our current knowledge of the multifactorial mechanisms regulating CL lifespan in rabbits. Given the essential role of CL in reproductive success, a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms will provide us with valuable insights on various reproductive issues that hinder fertility in this and other mammalian species, allowing to overcome the challenges for new and more efficient breeding strategies.

scholarly journals The Potential Role of Seminal Plasma in the Fertilization Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Szczykutowicz ◽  
Anna Kałuża ◽  
Maria Kaźmierowska-Niemczuk ◽  
Mirosława Ferens-Sieczkowska
Keyword(s):  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Human Sperm ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Healthy Pregnancy ◽  
Male Gametes ◽  
And Function

For human infertility both male and female factors may be equally important. Searching for molecular biomarkers of male infertility, neglected for decades, and the attempts to explain regulatory mechanisms of fertilization become thus extremely important. Apart from examination of the structure and function of male gametes, also the possible importance of seminal plasma components should be considered. In this article we discuss data that indicate for the substantial significance of active seminal plasma components for conception and achievement of healthy pregnancy. Seminal plasma impact on the storage and cryopreservation of human and animal sperm and regulatory role of glycodelin on human sperm capacitation as well as hypothesized course of female immune response to allogenic sperm and conceptus has been discussed. The possible involvement of carbohydrates in molecular mechanism of fetoembryonic defense has been also mentioned.

scholarly journals MiRNAs in the Peri-Implantation Period: Contribution to Embryo–Maternal Communication in Pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika M. Kaczmarek ◽  
Joanna Najmula ◽  
Maria M. Guzewska ◽  
Emilia Przygrodzka
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Embryo Implantation ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Implantation Period

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a large family of noncoding RNAs, approximately 22 nucleotides long, which function as guide molecules in RNA silencing. Targeting most protein-coding transcripts, miRNAs are involved in nearly all developmental and pathophysiological processes in animals. To date, the regulatory roles of miRNAs in reproduction, such as fertilization, embryo development, implantation, and placenta formation, among others, have been demonstrated in numerous mammalian species, including domestic livestock such as pigs. Over the past years, it appeared that understanding the functions of miRNAs in mammalian reproduction can substantially improve our understanding of the biological challenges of successful reproductive performance. This review describes the current knowledge on miRNAs, specifically in relation to the peri-implantation period when the majority of embryonic mortality occurs in pigs. To present a broader picture of crucial peri-implantation events, we focus on the role of miRNA-processing machinery and miRNA–mRNA infarctions during the maternal recognition of pregnancy, leading to maintenance of the corpus luteum function and further embryo implantation. Furthermore, we summarize the current knowledge on cell-to-cell communication involving extracellular vesicles at the embryo–maternal interface in pigs. Finally, we discuss the potential of circulating miRNAs to serve as indicators of ongoing embryo–maternal crosstalk.

scholarly journals Comparative and Developmental Anatomy of Cardiac Lymphatics

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ratajska ◽  
G. Gula ◽  
A. Flaht-Zabost ◽  
E. Czarnowska ◽  
B. Ciszek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Coronary Circulation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Interventricular Septum ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Pulmonary Trunk ◽  
Developmental Anatomy ◽  
The Right

The role of the cardiac lymphatic system has been recently appreciated since lymphatic disturbances take part in various heart pathologies. This review presents the current knowledge about normal anatomy and structure of lymphatics and their prenatal development for a better understanding of the proper functioning of this system in relation to coronary circulation. Lymphatics of the heart consist of terminal capillaries of various diameters, capillary plexuses that drain continuously subendocardial, myocardial, and subepicardial areas, and draining (collecting) vessels that lead the lymph out of the heart. There are interspecies differences in the distribution of lymphatic capillaries, especially near the valves, as well as differences in the routes and number of draining vessels. In some species, subendocardial areas contain fewer lymphatic capillaries as compared to subepicardial parts of the heart. In all species there is at least one collector vessel draining lymph from the subepicardial plexuses and running along the anterior interventricular septum under the left auricle and further along the pulmonary trunk outside the heart and terminating in the right venous angle. The second collector assumes a different route in various species. In most mammalian species the collectors run along major branches of coronary arteries, have valves and a discontinuous layer of smooth muscle cells.

scholarly journals Regulation of peroxisomal trafficking and distribution

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Covill-Cooke ◽  
Viktoriya S. Toncheva ◽  
Josef T. Kittler
Keyword(s):  
Rho Gtpases ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Contact Sites ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Peroxisomes are organelles that perform a wide range of essential metabolic processes. To ensure that peroxisomes are optimally positioned in the cell, they must be transported by both long- and short-range trafficking events in response to cellular needs. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms by which the cytoskeleton and organelle contact sites alter peroxisomal distribution. Though the focus of the review is peroxisomal transport in mammalian cells, findings from flies and fungi are used for comparison and to inform the gaps in our understanding. Attention is given to the apparent overlap in regulatory mechanisms for mitochondrial and peroxisomal trafficking, along with the recently discovered role of the mitochondrial Rho-GTPases, Miro, in peroxisomal dynamics. Moreover, we outline and discuss the known pathological and pharmacological conditions that perturb peroxisomal positioning. We conclude by highlighting several gaps in our current knowledge and suggest future directions that require attention.

scholarly journals The emerging role of sorting nexins in cardiovascular diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Yang ◽  
Van Anthony M. Villar ◽  
Selim Rozyyev ◽  
Pedro A. Jose ◽  
Chunyu Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Protein Trafficking ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Endocytic Pathway ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Sorting Nexins ◽  
Endosomal Sorting ◽  
Sorting Nexin ◽  
Endosomal Signaling

AbstractThe sorting nexin (SNX) family consists of a diverse group of cytoplasmic- and membrane-associated phosphoinositide-binding proteins that play pivotal roles in the regulation of protein trafficking. This includes the entire endocytic pathway, such as endocytosis, endosomal sorting, and endosomal signaling. Dysfunctions of SNX pathway are involved in several forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moreover, SNX gene variants are associated with CVDs. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on SNX-mediated regulatory mechanisms and their roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of CVDs.

scholarly journals Role of Zinc in Female Reproduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T B Garner ◽  
J M Hester ◽  
A Carothers ◽  
Francisco J Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Oocyte Quality ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Healthy Pregnancy ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Female Germ Cell ◽  
Reproductive Processes

Abstract Zinc is a critical component in a number of conserved processes that regulate female germ cell growth, fertility, and pregnancy. During follicle development a sufficient intracellular concentration of zinc in the oocyte maintains meiotic arrest at prophase I until the germ cell is ready to undergo maturation. An adequate supply of zinc is necessary for the oocyte to form a fertilization-competent egg as dietary zinc deficiency (ZD) or chelation of zinc disrupts maturation and reduces oocyte quality. Following sperm fusion to the egg to initiate the acrosomal reaction, a quick release of zinc, known as the zinc spark, induces egg activation in addition to facilitating zona pellucida hardening and reducing sperm motility to prevent polyspermy. Symmetric division, proliferation, and differentiation of the pre-implantation embryo rely on zinc availability both during oocyte development and post-fertilization. Further, the fetal contribution to the placenta, fetal limb growth, and neural tube development are hindered in females challenged with ZD during pregnancy. In this review, we discuss the role of zinc in germ cell development, fertilization, and pregnancy with a focus on recent studies in mammalian females. We further detail the fundamental zinc-mediated reproductive processes that have only been explored in non-mammalian species and speculate on the role of zinc in similar mechanisms of female mammals. The evidence collected over the last decade highlights the necessity of zinc for normal fertility and healthy pregnancy outcomes which suggests zinc supplementation should be considered for reproductive age women at risk of ZD.

scholarly journals The Role of RNA Secondary Structure in Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7845
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Chełkowska-Pauszek ◽  
Jan Grzegorz Kosiński ◽  
Klementyna Marciniak ◽  
Marta Wysocka ◽  
Kamilla Bąkowska-Żywicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Structure ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Bacterial Transcription ◽  
Modulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
High Dynamics

Due to the high exposition to changing environmental conditions, bacteria have developed many mechanisms enabling immediate adjustments of gene expression. In many cases, the required speed and plasticity of the response are provided by RNA-dependent regulatory mechanisms. This is possible due to the very high dynamics and flexibility of an RNA structure, which provide the necessary sensitivity and specificity for efficient sensing and transduction of environmental signals. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge about known bacterial regulatory mechanisms which rely on RNA structure. To better understand the structure-driven modulation of gene expression, we describe the basic theory on RNA structure folding and dynamics. Next, we present examples of multiple mechanisms employed by RNA regulators in the control of bacterial transcription and translation.

scholarly journals RNA-Mediated Control in Listeria monocytogenes: Insights Into Regulatory Mechanisms and Roles in Metabolism and Virulence

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Krawczyk-Balska ◽  
Magdalena Ładziak ◽  
Michał Burmistrz ◽  
Katarzyna Ścibek ◽  
Birgitte H. Kallipolitis
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Host Proteins ◽  
Bacterial Physiology ◽  
Gene Regulatory Elements ◽  
Regulatory Functions

Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular pathogen that is well known for its adaptability to life in a broad spectrum of different niches. RNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms in L. monocytogenes play important roles in successful adaptation providing fast and versatile responses to a changing environment. Recent findings indicate that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate a variety of processes in this bacterium, such as environmental sensing, metabolism and virulence, as well as immune responses in eukaryotic cells. In this review, the current knowledge on RNA-mediated regulation in L. monocytogenes is presented, with special focus on the roles and mechanisms underlying modulation of metabolism and virulence. Collectively, these findings point to ncRNAs as important gene regulatory elements in L. monocytogenes, both outside and inside an infected host. However, the involvement of regulatory ncRNAs in bacterial physiology and virulence is still underestimated and probably will be better assessed in the coming years, especially in relation to discovering the regulatory functions of 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions and excludons, and by exploring the role of ncRNAs in interaction with both bacterial and host proteins.

scholarly journals Neuroinflammation in Sepsis: Molecular Pathways of Microglia Activation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Carolina Araújo Moraes ◽  
Camila Zaverucha-do-Valle ◽  
Renaud Fleurance ◽  
Tarek Sharshar ◽  
Fernando Augusto Bozza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Frequently underestimated, encephalopathy or delirium are common neurological manifestations associated with sepsis. Brain dysfunction occurs in up to 80% of cases and is directly associated with increased mortality and long-term neurocognitive consequences. Although the central nervous system (CNS) has been classically viewed as an immune-privileged system, neuroinflammation is emerging as a central mechanism of brain dysfunction in sepsis. Microglial cells are major players in this setting. Here, we aimed to discuss the current knowledge on how the brain is affected by peripheral immune activation in sepsis and the role of microglia in these processes. This review focused on the molecular pathways of microglial activity in sepsis, its regulatory mechanisms, and their interaction with other CNS cells, especially with neuronal cells and circuits.

ARID1 proteins: from transcriptional and post-translational regulation to carcinogenesis and potential therapeutics

Epigenomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Odnokoz ◽  
Cindy Wavelet-Vermuse ◽  
Shelby L Hophan ◽  
Serdar Bulun ◽  
Yong Wan
Keyword(s):  
Chromatin Remodeling ◽  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Human Cancers ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

The ARID1 proteins are mutually exclusive subunits of the BRG1/BRM-associated factor (BAF) complexes that play an important role in chromatin remodeling and regulate many fundamental cell functions. The role of ARID1s is well defined as a tumor-suppressive. The cancer cells evolve different mechanisms to downregulate ARID1s and inactivate their functions. ARID1s are frequently mutated in human cancer. The recent findings of ARID1A/B downregulation at transcriptional and translational levels along with their low levels in human cancers indicate the significance of regulatory mechanisms of ARID1s in cancers. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the regulation and alterations of ARID1 protein expression in human cancers and indicate the importance of regulators of ARID1s as a prognostic marker and in potential therapeutic strategies.

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