scholarly journals Variability and Potential of Seaweeds as Ingredients of Ruminant Diets: An In Vitro Study

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana de la Moneda ◽  
Maria Dolores Carro ◽  
Martin R. Weisbjerg ◽  
Michael Y. Roleda ◽  
Vibeke Lind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Saccharina Latissima ◽  
Palmaria Palmata ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Laminaria Digitata ◽  
Alaria Esculenta ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Mastocarpus Stellatus

This study was designed to analyze the chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation of eight seaweed species (Brown: Alaria esculenta, Laminaria digitata, Pelvetia canaliculata, Saccharina latissima; Red: Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata and Porphyra sp.; Green: Cladophora rupestris) collected in Norway during spring and autumn. Moreover, the in vitro ruminal fermentation of seventeen diets composed of 1:1 oat hay:concentrate, without (control diet) or including seaweeds was studied. The ash and N contents were greater (p < 0.001) in seaweeds collected during spring than in autumn, but autumn-seaweeds had greater total extractable polyphenols. Nitrogen in red and green seaweeds was greater than 2.20 and in brown seaweeds, it was lower than 1.92 g/kg DM. Degradability after 24 h of fermentation was greater in spring seaweeds than in autumn, with Palmaria palmata showing the greatest value and Pelvetia canaliculata the lowest. Seaweeds differed in their fermentation pattern, and autumn Alaria esculenta, Laminaria digitata, Saccharina latissima and Palmaria palmata were similar to high-starch feeds. The inclusion of seaweeds in the concentrate of a diet up to 200 g/kg concentrate produced only subtle effects on in vitro ruminal fermentation.

scholarly journals Effect of mixture of herbal plants on ruminal fermentation, degradability and gas production

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e48549
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mahmoud Abd El Tawab ◽  
Mostafa Sayed Abdellatif Khattab ◽  
Fatma Ibrahim Hadhoud ◽  
Mahmoud Mohamed Shaaban
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Negative Effect

Reducing livestock negative environmental impacts get great interest in last years. So, present study was carried out to determine the effect of adding different levels of mixture of thyme and celery versus salinomycin on ruminal fermentation, gas production, dry, organic matter and fiber degradation. Four experimental treatments were used by in-vitro batch culture technique, as follow: 60% CFM, 40% clover hay (control), control diet + 2.5 gm thyme + 2.5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T1), control diet + 5 gm thyme + 5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T2), control diet + 10 gm thyme + 10 gm celery kg-1 DM (T3), control diet + 0.4 gm Salinomycin kg-1 DM (T4). Ruminal pH value was significantly increased (p < 0.05) with T4 compared with other treatments. While, the T4 recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05) for microbial protein, short chain fatty acids concentrations (SCFA), total gas production, dry matter and organic matter degradability (DMd and OMd) compared with other treatments. Fiber fraction degradability (NDFd and ADFd) appeared no significant variance (p > 0.05) between control and other treatments except for T1 that recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05). It is concluded that mixture of thyme plus celery could be alternate for ionophores in the ruminant diets to enhance ruminal fermentation, reducing gas production without any negative effect on nutrients degradability.

scholarly journals In vitro gas production kinetics and digestibility in ruminant diets with different levels of cashew nut shell liquid

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1669
Author(s):  
Tatiana García Díaz ◽  
Antonio Ferriani Branco ◽  
Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo ◽  
Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos ◽  
Silvana Teixeira Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Ammoniacal Nitrogen ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Production Kinetics ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) in ruminant diets on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), gas production kinetics, ruminal fermentation parameters, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration (NH3-N), and pH of the artificial rumen contents. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 5 x 4 + 1 design, with five concentrate levels (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 g kg-1 DM) and four CNSL levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 g kg-1 DM), as well as a control diet comprising only whole-plant corn silage, totaling 21 treatments. The inclusion of concentrate linearly increased IVDMD, while CNSL levels showed a quadratic effect, with the maximum estimated at 0.5 g kg-1 of CNSL. The total gas production, the disappearance of the substrate, the fraction of slow degradation (fraction VF2), and the respective degradation rate (fraction µ2) linearly increased with increasing levels of concentrate in the diet. Increasing concentrate levels resulted in a linear increase in the concentration of NH3-N and a reduction in the pH of the rumen liquid. Increasing CNSL levels decreased the concentration of NH3-N and increased the ruminal pH. The inclusion of 0.5 g CNSL kg-1 in the ruminant diets improved IVDMD, without altering the kinetic parameters of ruminal fermentation. The addition of CNSL to ruminant diets reduces ammoniacal nitrogen production and can avoid drastic reductions in ruminal pH, favoring better fermentation in the rumen.

scholarly journals Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acids reduces in vitro methane production

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-335
Author(s):  
E. Maleki ◽  
G.Y. Meng ◽  
M. Faseleh Jahromi ◽  
R. Jorfi ◽  
A. Khoddami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ch4 Production

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil (PSO) on gas and methane (CH4) production, ruminal fermentation and microbial populations under in vitro conditions. Three treatments consisting of a control diet containing 10 mg tallow (CON); the control diet with 5 mg PSO + 5 mg tallow (MPSO) and the control diet containing 10 mg PSO (HPSO) were compared. Ten mg of the experimental fat/oil samples were inserted into a gas-tight 100 mL plastic syringe containing 30 mL of an incubation inoculum and 250 mg of a basic substrate of a hay/concentrate (1/1, w/w) mixture. In vitro gas production was recorded over 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h of incubation. After 24 hours, incubation was stopped, and methane production, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and microbial counts were measured in the inoculant. Gas production at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h incubation, metabolizable energy and in vitro organic matter disappearance increased linearly and quadratically as level of PSO increased. Furthermore, the 10 mg PSO (HPSO) decreased CH4 production by 21.0% compared with the control (CON) group. There were no significant differences in total and individual VFA concentrations between different levels of PSO, except for butyric acid. After 24 h of incubation, methanogenesis decreased in the HPSO compared with the MPSO and CON treatments. In addition, total bacteria and protozoa counts increased with rising PSO levels, while population methanogenesis declined significantly. These results suggested that PSO could reduce methane emissions, which might be beneficial to nutrient utilization and growth in ruminants.

Screening of fibrolytic enzymes as additives for ruminant diets: relationship between enzyme activities and the in vitro degradation of enzyme-treated forages

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 210-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Colombatto ◽  
D.P. Morgavi ◽  
A.F. Furtado ◽  
K.A. Beauchemin
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
In Vitro Degradation ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Commercial Enzyme ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Feed Enzymes

Results in the literature concerning the efficacy of feed enzymes for ruminant diets have been mixed. Commercial preparations currently used are fermentation extracts containing several enzymic activities. It has been suggested that ruminal fermentation of grass and maize silages is enzyme-limited (Wallace et al., 2001). In order to design better enzyme additives, the enzyme activities likely to affect the animal responses should be identified. This study examined 23 commercial enzyme preparations for their biochemical properties and their ability to influence the in vitro degradation of alfalfa and maize silage.

scholarly journals Exploring the Potential of Icelandic Seaweeds Extracts Produced by Aqueous Pulsed Electric Fields-Assisted Extraction for Cosmetic Applications

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 662
Author(s):  
Natalia Castejón ◽  
Kristin Anna Thorarinsdottir ◽  
Ragnhildur Einarsdóttir ◽  
Kristberg Kristbergsson ◽  
Gudrún Marteinsdóttir
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Pulsed Electric Fields ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Palmaria Palmata ◽  
Alaria Esculenta

A growing concern for overall health is driving a global market of natural ingredients not only in the food industry but also in the cosmetic field. In this study, a screening on potential cosmetic applications of aqueous extracts from three Icelandic seaweeds produced by pulsed electric fields (PEF) was performed. Produced extracts by PEF from Ulva lactuca, Alaria esculenta and Palmaria palmata were compared with the traditional hot water extraction in terms of polyphenol, flavonoid and carbohydrate content. Moreover, antioxidant properties and enzymatic inhibitory activities were evaluated by using in vitro assays. PEF exhibited similar results to the traditional method, showing several advantages such as its non-thermal nature and shorter extraction time. Amongst the three Icelandic species, Alaria esculenta showed the highest content of phenolic (mean value 8869.7 µg GAE/g dw) and flavonoid (mean value 12,098.7 µg QE/g dw) compounds, also exhibiting the highest antioxidant capacities. Moreover, Alaria esculenta extracts exhibited excellent anti-enzymatic activities (76.9, 72.8, 93.0 and 100% for collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase and hyaluronidase, respectively) for their use in skin whitening and anti-aging products. Thus, our preliminary study suggests that Icelandic Alaria esculenta-based extracts produced by PEF could be used as potential ingredients for natural cosmetic and cosmeceutical formulations.

scholarly journals Nordic Seaweed and Diabetes Prevention: Exploratory Studies in KK-Ay Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasse E. Sørensen ◽  
Per B. Jeppesen ◽  
Christine B. Christiansen ◽  
Kjeld Hermansen ◽  
Søren Gregersen
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Saccharina Latissima ◽  
Palmaria Palmata ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Ay Mice

Background: The global epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a challenging health problem. Lifestyle changes, including nutrition therapy, areimportant for the prevention and management of T2D. Seaweeds contain several bioactive substances with potential health properties and may be a low-cost alternative functional food in the prevention of T2D. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the preventive effects of dried Nordic seaweed species on diabetes in an animal model of T2D. Method: Fiftymale KK-Ay mice were randomly assigned to one of four diets: control diet (chow) or diets supplemented with Alaria esculenta (AE), Saccharina latissima (SL), or Palmaria palmata (PP). The effect of the interventions on the progression of T2D was monitored over 10 weeks and evaluated by circulating glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, glucagon, and lipid levels. Results: The SL group had significantly lower bodyweight, lower HbA1c and insulin levels, as well as higher high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels after the 10-week intervention than the control group. At the end of the study, the control group had significantly higher HbA1c (p < 0.001) than all of the seaweed groups. Conclusion: All seaweed groups improved HbA1C compared to control and Saccharinalatissima seaweed had concomitantly beneficial effects on glycemic control and lipid levels in KK-Ay diabetic mice.

scholarly journals Identification of fatty acids in fractionated lipid extracts from Palmaria palmata, Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima by off-line SPE GC-MS

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 4251-4262
Author(s):  
Lena Foseid ◽  
Ingeborg Natvik ◽  
Hanne Devle ◽  
Dag Ekeberg
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Saccharina Latissima ◽  
Palmaria Palmata ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Alaria Esculenta ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Omega 6

AbstractThe fatty acid profiles of the three lipid fractions, neutral lipids (NL), free fatty acids and polar lipids (PL), from the macroalgae Palmaria palmata (wild), Alaria esculenta (cultivated) and Saccharina latissima (cultivated) were studied in light of dietary important fatty acids. Blade and stipe from the macroalgae were collected at the end of the growth season (May/June) at Frøya (Trøndelag, Norway). A total of 51 fatty acids were identified in the algae, including several fatty acids novel to one or more of the algae. The NL and PL fractions of P. palmata were the most promising from a health perspective, due to a high content of eicosapentaenoic acid (10.1 ± 0.5% and 6.6 ± 0.1%, respectively) and no trans-fatty acids. In addition, these fractions had very low omega-6/omega-3 ratios (< 0.1) and can therefore be beneficial for balancing the omega-6/omega-3 ratio in the diet. The NL fraction of A. esculenta had the highest content of monounsaturated- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (20.9 ± 1.4 and 21.8 ± 1.9% of alga, respectively), as well as the highest content of the two essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (5.3 ± 0.4% of alga) and alpha-linolenic acid (2.4 ± 0.2% of alga). Indices related to risk factors for coronary heart disease were most favourable in the NL fraction of S. latissima and the NL and PL fractions of A. esculenta.

Factors influencing hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) biodiversity and distribution in Arctic kelp forest

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (8) ◽  
pp. 1567-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Ronowicz ◽  
Maria Wlodarska-Kowalczuk ◽  
Piotr Kuklinski
Keyword(s):  
Kelp Forest ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Saccharina Latissima ◽  
Kelp Forests ◽  
Laminaria Digitata ◽  
Alaria Esculenta ◽  
Algal Host ◽  
A Site ◽  
West Spitsbergen

The biodiversity and distribution patterns of epiphytic hydroids were studied in kelp forests (composed of Laminaria digitata, Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta) located in an Arctic glaciated fiord (Hornsund, west Spitsbergen). In total, twenty-eight species were found colonizing algae, stones connected to holdfast, and overgrowing the surface of other animals associated with kelps. The characteristics of the algal host (e.g. algae species, age, rhizoid volume or biomass) did not show any effect upon hydroid species richness or species composition. High hydroid biodiversity was strongly dependent on microsubstrate heterogeneity. The highest biodiversity as well as frequency of hydroid occurrence were noted at a site located furthest from the glacier and characterized by the lowest sediment concentration and sedimentation rate. Sexual reproduction also seemed to be inhibited by glacier-derived disturbance. Of ten fertile species found at the ‘clearest’ site only two were fertile at sites under the strong influence of such perturbations. Potential physical drivers of species occurrence were linked to the activity of tidal glaciers, particularly to high loads of mineral sedimentation and iceberg scouring.

Preliminary study on the effects of ammonium nicotinate on in vitro ruminal fermentation as determined using rumen simulation technique (Rusitec)

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla R. Soliva ◽  
Carmen Kunz
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Low Protein

The objective of the present in vitro study was to investigate the effects of different dietary supplementation levels of ammonium nicotinate (NA-NH4), a precursor product when manufacturing nicotinic acid (NA), on ruminal fermentation traits. Four experimental runs were carried out incubating ruminal fluid from a donor cow by using rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). A low-protein (109 g/kg feed dry matter) basal diet, consisting of maize silage, hay and concentrate, served as the first control. Supplements were NA at 4.7 mg/day (second control), NA-NH4 at supplementation rates of 2.7, 5.4, 10.7 and 21.4 mg/day, or NH4-sulfate at 2.53 mg/day (the third control). All NA-containing treatments were supplemented with the same amount of sulfate as supplied with the third control treatment. None of the NA-supplements affected any of the fermentation traits significantly compared with the first control treatment, except for a decrease in total short-chain fatty acids at the highest supplementation rate of NA-NH4. No differences were found between the treatments containing the same amount of NA, i.e. the second control and the NA-NH4 treatment at 5.4 mg/day. Comparing the different NA-NH4 supplementation rates revealed that 5.4 mg/day of NA-NH4 resulted in a lower amount of nitrogen (N) recovered in ammonia than the highest NA-NH4 supplementation rate, and increased non-ammonia N. The findings confirmed the suitability of NA-NH4, instead of pure NA, as a feed supplement; however, increasing NA-NH4-supplementation above the typical rate for dairy cattle might negatively affect ruminal fermentation.

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