Biofilm Producing Enterococcus Isolates from Vaginal Microbiota

Background: Enterococcus is an important cause of infection in the hospital as well as in the community. Methods: A prospective study was done in Medical College, Kolkata for a period of 2 years (from January 2018 to December 2019). After obtaining clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee, Enterococcus isolates from cases of vaginitis were included in the study. Identification of Enterococcus species was done by Gram stain and conventional biochemical tests along with automated identification by VITEK 2 Compact. These isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to different antibiotics by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by VITEK 2 Compact. Interpretation of susceptibility was done according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2017 guidelines. Biofilm detection for Enterococcus species was done. Results: During the period of 2 years, 39 isolates of Enterococcus spp. were obtained from vaginitis cases. Among these, 27 were Enterococcus faecalis and 12 Enterococcus faecium. All isolates were highly susceptible to vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid. Biofilm was detected in eight isolates of which five were strong biofilm producer and three moderate biofilm producers. Conclusion: Biofilm production is an important virulence factor in Enterococcus isolates from vaginitis.

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Comparison of the Effect Aqueous Extract and Nano-Sidr Synthetic of Leaves Ziziphus Spina-christi with Silver Nanoparticles the on Biofilm of Local Isolates of Staphylococcus. Spp

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i43b32542 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 178-190

Author(s):

Furqan Fadhil Najm ◽

Siham Jasim Alkaabi ◽

Quraish Abbas Kadhum

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

The Other ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Ag Nps ◽

Staphylococcus Lugdunensis ◽

Mannitol Salt Agar ◽

Staphylococcus Warneri ◽

Vitek 2 ◽

Staphylococcus Spp

Aims: This study aims to investigate the inhibitory susceptibility of extract Sidr leaf (Ziziphus spina-christi) aqueous, silver nanoparticles Ag NPs and Sidr nanoparticle "Nano-sidr" (Ziziphus spina-christi) against local isolates of Staphylococcus.SPP, and their inhibition effect on biofilm formation. Study Design: Initially diagnosed by The use of Mannitol salt agar medium, then 26 isolates were selected from them depending on the resistance to methicilln and Vancomycin that were conducted. Place and Duration of Study: The samples were collected from AL-Najaf AL-Ashraf and Baghdad hospitals. Methodology: These isolates were subjected to a VITEK-2 compact system "ID, AST", to ascertain the genus and type of Staphylococcus bacteria., morphological and biochemical tests were conducted on them to confirm them. Results: The result of the diagnosis showed 10 isolates belonging to Staphylococcus aureus, and a number of them were resistant to as MRSA-VRSA, and 7 were Staphylococcus haemolyticus and they were all resistant and known as MRSA-VRSA, and two isolates of Staphylococcus sciuri bacteria, one of them was resistant to VRSA and the other to MRSA-VRSA , two isolates of Staphylococcus warneri were both resistant to MRSA, two isolates of Staphylococcus lugdunensis were resistant to antibiotics, one of them was VRSA and the other was MRSA-VRSA, and one isolate of Staphylococcus lentus was also resistant to antibiotics MRSA-VRSA, and one isolate of Staphylococcus warneri was resistant to MRSA-VRSA, and one isolate of Staphylococcus lugdunensis was resistant to antibiotics. Conclusion: Isolation of Staphylococcus vitulinus. 11 different isolates were selected from them according to their resistance to antibiotics, and after selecting the most efficient one by examining the inhibitory activity by diffusion method. The results showed the ability of both types of nanoparticles. Plant extracts prevent the formation of biofilms

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Evaluation of prolonged febrile illness in elderly

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20194203 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 1513

Author(s):

Nirmal Chandra Sahu ◽

Prafulla Kumar Dash ◽

Arindam Maitra ◽

Samarendra Nath Das ◽

Saroj Kumar Tripathy

Keyword(s):

Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ◽

Febrile Illness ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Effective Management ◽

Elderly Age ◽

Medical College ◽

Institutional Ethics ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

Infectious Etiology

Background: Febrile illness in elderly patients in hospitals is a challenge to the physician for diagnosis and treatment due to high morbidity as well as mortality and it increases if the febrile illness is prolonged. So proper evaluation and effective management is necessary for a better outcome. Keeping in mind the scarcity of studies in elderly febrile illness in India this study was taken up.Method: A prospective study was designed in medical ICU of S.C.B Medical college and Hospital, Cuttack Odisha, India. 50 patients were included in this study from July 2007 to December 2008. Institutional Ethics Committee cleared the study.Results: In 50 elderly (Age>60 yrs) patients of prolonged febrile illness, 36 (72%) were male and 14 (28%) were female. All had fever for >21 days. Pallor was the commonest sign (62%). 30 patients had infectious etiology, 15 had malignancies. Tuberculosis was the commonest infection (28%) comprising of 46.66% of infectious etiology with Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) in 20% and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (ETB) in 26.66%. Malignancies accounted for 30% of cases with Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) in 33.33% being the commonest amongst the malignancies. On follow up of 50 patients 21 (42%) got cured.Conclusion: Febrile illness in elderly needs carefully evaluation as infections account for most of the cases and Tuberculosis in our part of India as a major cause in these patients is treatable. Malignancies remain the second most common cause where timely intervention goes a long way in reducing morbidity and mortality.

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Bacteriological Etiology of Flood Affected Diarrhoeal Patients Admitted in Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Antibiogram of the isolates

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.3329/bjmm.v2i1.21929 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 13-17

Author(s):

Abdur Rahman ◽

Aliya Rashid ◽

Shaheen Ara Begum ◽

Aktheruzzaman Chowdhury ◽

Shahin Ara Begum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Age Groups ◽

Medical College Hospital ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Aeromonas Species ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

College Hospital ◽

E Coli ◽

Medical College ◽

Almost All

Diarrhoea is a self-limiting disease caused by various enteropathogens and antimicrobial therapy is an important adjunct to fluid therapy in the management of the cases. We have studied the flood-affected diarrhoeal (post-flood diarrhoea) patients admitted in Dhaka Medical College Hospital during August to September, 2007. A total of ll4 faecal samples were collected from the patients of all age groups, and investigated for bacterial enteropathogens. Specimens were cultured in appropriate media and identification of the organisms showing growth was done by relevant biochemical tests. In addition, the isolates of Vbrio cholera wer confirmed using pollvalent antisera. Sensitivity of the isolated organisms was done by disc diffusion method. Among the isolated bacterial enteropathogens, majority was V. cholera (46, 40.3%). Other isolates included Escherichia coli (18, 23.0%), Aeromonas species (8,10.O%) and V parahaemolyticus (5, 7.0%). No pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 27 of the cases. No Salmonella or Shigella was detected in any case. Majority of the cases (24, 52.0%) infected with V cholerae were children having less than L0 years of age. Most of the isolates of V cholerae (77.7%) were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. Almost all of the V cholerae isolates (97.90 ) were resistant to Tetracycline, followed by Co-trimoxazloe (93,5%) and Nalidixic acid (59.2%). All of the E. coli isolates (100.0%) were sensitive to Ceftriaxone, followed by Ceftazidime (88.8%) and Ciprofloxacin (77.7oh). Thus it can be concluded that Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone can be considered as the drugs ofchoice for the treatment of post-flood diarrhoea along with proper rehydration therapy.Bangladesh J Med Microbiol2008; 02 (01):13-17DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v8i1.21929

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Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from different clinical sources in Kirkuk provency

Ibn AL- Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Science ◽

10.30526/2017.ihsciconf.1777 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 97

Author(s):

Hajir Ali Shareef ◽

Shara Najmalddin Abdullah

Keyword(s):

High Sensitivity ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Multiple Resistance ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Disc Diffusion Method ◽

Enterococcus Spp ◽

New Antibiotics ◽

Vitek 2 ◽

High Level

One of the most important problems confronts hospitals is the strains emergence of Enterococcus spp. with multiple resistance to antibiotics, which propel researchers to modify or produce new antibiotics or combination between two antibiotics so that to be more effective against Enterococcus . This study was aimed to susceptibility some of local Enterococcus spp. Isolates with of 21 antibiotic using disc diffusion method. The results showed absolute resistant 100% toward (Cephalexin , Gentamycin , Amikacin ,Erythromycin and Nalidixic acid), while showed a high sensitivity toward (Vancomycin and Impenem ) at percentage of 92.3% for each . Also highly inhibitory activity were observed by using penicillins antibiotics groups against most Enterococcus isolates . which contribute to that non of the isolates showed it is ability to produce beta – lactamase enzymes by iodometric tube method. Also susceptibility to some new and synergetic antibiotic like Gentamicin High level(synergy), Streptomycin High level (synergy), Linezolid, Tigecycline, Levofloxacin, Quinupristin /Dalfopristin was conducted by Vitek-2 system. the results showed the absolute sensitivity (100%) of isolates toward ( Linezolid and Tigecycline). All isolates showed multiple –resistant prescription to antibiotics , the number of antibiotics that every isolates resisted range between 6-12 antibiotic .

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Antibiogram of Urinary Enterococcus isolates from a tertiary care hospital

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871526520666200403140618 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

Author(s):

Nanditha Rajaram Bhat ◽

Shruthi Bhat Kodur Shivashankar ◽

Biranthabail Dhanashree

Keyword(s):

Tertiary Care ◽

Clinical Problem ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Serious Infections ◽

Enterococcus Spp ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Vancomycin Resistant ◽

High Level

Purpose: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the serious infections caused by enterococci. VancomycinResistant Enterococci (VRE), is a persevering clinical problem globally. This study aims to detect high-level aminoglycoside and vancomycin resistance in uropathogenic Enterococcus spp. Methodology: A total of 75 clinically relevant Enterococcus spp. grown from urine samples, were collected following convenience non-random sampling method. Identified by standard biochemical tests and susceptibility to antibiotics was studied by Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method. The MIC of vancomycin was detected by agar dilution test. Van A, and Van B genes in VREs were detected by PCR. Results: Among the 75 Enterococcal isolates, 43 (57.3%) were E.faecalis, 12 (16%) were E.faecium, six (8%) each were E.pseudoavium and E.casseliflavus, five (6.66%) were E.dispar and three (4%) were E.durans. E.faecalis (n=19) and E.faecium (n=3) were resistant to High Level Streptomycin (HLS). E.faecalis (n=21) and E.faecium (n=6) were resistant to High Level Gentamicin (HLG). Four (9.3%) E.faecalis were vancomycin-resistant, of which three were of Van A, and one was both Van A and Van B genotype. Conclusion: Isolation of high level aminoglycoside resistant (HLAR) Enterococci is a challenge for the treating physician because aminoglycoside cannot be used in combination with glycopeptide or ampicillin for such isolates. The occurrence of HLAR, Van A and Van B VRE genotypes is a cause of concern as they may transfer drug resistance genes to other bacterial isolates, thus leading to limited therapeutic options.

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Bacteriological Profile of Organisms Isolated from Patients with Conjunctivitis in Katihar, Bihar

Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences ◽

10.14260/jemds/2021/230 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (15) ◽

pp. 1079-1082

Author(s):

Priya Sinha ◽

Sangeeta Dey ◽

Aninda Sen ◽

Kahkashan Akhter ◽

Alok Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Bacterial Conjunctivitis ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

In Vitro Susceptibility ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Medical College

BACKGROUND Conjunctivitis is one of the most common nontraumatic eye complaints and is one of the most frequently reported diseases in the outpatient and emergency departments. Bacterial conjunctivitis has been reported as one of the most common type of infectious conjunctivitis after viral infections. It is also considered as the primary cause of acute conjunctivitis in children. This study was conducted to isolate and identify organisms causing bacterial conjunctivitis and to determine their in vitro susceptibility or resistance. METHODS This descriptive study was conducted in the Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology at Katihar Medical College from December 2018 to May 2020. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from 175 patients using structured questionnaire. External ocular specimens were collected using sterile swabs and inoculated on blood agar, MacConkey’s agar and chocolate agar. Presumptive isolates were further identified by a series of biochemical tests. All isolated organisms were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility against various antibiotics using the Kirby-Baur disk diffusion method. RESULTS A total of 175 samples were collected, out of which, 62.8 % (110 / 175) showed growth of bacteria. Maximum cases of bacterial conjunctivitis were seen in the age group 11 - 20 years. The male to female ratio was 2.7:1. Maximum frequency of bacterial conjunctivitis was observed from May to September. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria isolate 65.5 % (72 / 110) followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis 19.1 % (21 / 110). Most of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were found to be sensitive to moxifloxacin 98.6 % (71 / 72) and gentamicin 95.8 % (69 / 72). 25 % (18 / 72) of Staphylococcus aureus strains were found to be resistant to cefoxitin and were considered as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Maximum numbers of gram-negative strains were sensitive to moxifloxacin 100.0 % (9 / 9) followed by tobramycin 88.9 % (8 / 9). Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains showed maximum sensitivity to moxifloxacin 100.0 (8 / 8) followed by ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin 62.5 % (5 / 8). CONCLUSIONS This study provides an insight into the organisms isolated from cases of bacterial conjunctivitis in Katihar District of Bihar. Determining the susceptibility pattern of these pathogens to available antibiotics is crucial for effective management of bacterial conjunctivitis especially when treatment has to be given empirically. KEY WORDS Bacterial Conjunctivitis, Antibiogram

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Speciation of Enterococcus species: better way to deal with clinical infections at resource limited settings

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20200759 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 941

Author(s):

Kinjal P. Patel ◽

Summaiya Mulla

Keyword(s):

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Healthcare Facility ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Enterococcus Species ◽

Intrinsic Resistance ◽

Biochemical Reactions ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Resource Limited Settings ◽

Resource Limited

Background: Enterococcus species are well known for its intrinsic resistance pattern to several antibiotics. Hence, appropriate management and prevention is essential in any healthcare facility. Present study was conducted to establish an accessible biochemical tests to differentiate Enterococcus species at resource limited settings.Methods: Enterococci isolated from various clinical specimens were speciated using an array of biochemical reactions and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results were interpreted as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.Results: Out of 107 enterococcal isolates, 63(59%) were E. faecium, 40(37%) were E. fecalis, 2(2%) were E. hirae, 1(0.9%) was E. raffinosus and 1(0.9%) was E. gallinarum. E. faecium and E. fecalis showed 23% and 7% vancomycin resistance respectively, while E. gallinarum showed low level vancomycin resistance.Conclusions: Enterococcus speciation can be done using simple biochemical reactions and its susceptibility pattern enables to distinguish Van phenotypes too. Hence, it is helpful for management of infections in resource limited settings to a greater extent.

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Spa typing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical Specimens from Outpatients in Iraq

Polish Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.33073/pjm-2021-007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 79-85

Author(s):

KHAIRALLAH A.S. MOHAMMED ◽

ZAHRAA H. ABDULKAREEM ◽

AYOOB R. ALZAALAN ◽

AMEL K. YAQOOB

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Genetic Relatedness ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Vitek 2 ◽

Species Specific ◽

Spa Types

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is notorious as a hospital superbug and a problematic pathogen among communities. The incidence of MRSA has substantially increased over time in Iraq. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and spa types of MRSA isolates from outpatients or patients upon admission into hospitals. Various biochemical tests identified S. aureus isolates, and then this identification was confirmed by PCR using species-specific 16S rRNA primer pairs. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined against methicillin, oxacillin, and vancomycin using the disk diffusion method. Vancomycin MIC was detected by VITEK 2 compact system. All the identified isolates were screened for the presence of mecA and lukS-PV-lukF-PV genes; 36 of them were subjected to spa typing-based PCR. Out of 290 clinical samples, 65 (22.4%) were S. aureus, of which 62 (95.4%) strains were resistant to oxacillin and methicillin. Except for two isolates, all MRSA isolates were mecA positive. One of the three MSSA isolates was mecA positive. Five strains were resistant to vancomycin. Fourteen (21.5%) isolates were positive for the presence of lukS-PV-lukF-PV genes. Spa typing of 36 S. aureus isolates revealed eleven different spa types, t304 (30.3%), t307 (19.4%), t346 (8.3%), t044 (8.3%), t15595 (8.3%), t386 (5.5%), t5475 (5.5%), t17928 (2.8%), t14870 (2.8%), t021 (2.8%), and t024 (2.8%). These findings could be useful for assessing the genetic relatedness of strains in the region for epidemiological and monitoring purposes, which would be essential to limiting the spread of MRSA.

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A prospective study of arthroscopic evaluation of patients with chronic shoulder pain

International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics ◽

10.18203/issn.2455-4510.intjresorthop20173934 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

pp. 1015

Author(s):

Pramod Bhor ◽

Sachin Y. Kale ◽

Shikhar D. Singh ◽

Sanjay B. Dhar ◽

Abhinav Garg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shoulder Pain ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Diagnostic Modality ◽

Medical College ◽

Institutional Ethics ◽

Single Centre Study ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

Radiological Methods ◽

Chronic Shoulder Pain ◽

Made In

Background: Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal complaint that may be due either to intrinsic disorders of the shoulder or referred pain. In this study, we aimed to find out the sensitivity and specificity of the clinical and radiological methods in diagnosing the chronic shoulder problems and to compare clinical and radiological diagnosis with arthroscopic diagnosis.Methods: After obtaining approval of the institutional ethics committee, we enrolled patients who presented with chronic shoulder pain in the outpatient clinic of Department of Orthopedics, DY Patil Medical College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai from August 2003 till August 2005. We obtained historical data of each patient in detail and made clinical, radiological and arthroscopic diagnosis. The findings from each diagnostic modality were compared and analysed.Results: During the study period, 34 patients were enrolled in the study. Injury was traumatic in 32% of the patients and 50% of all patients were heavy workers by occupation. Half of all the patients had pain in shoulder for more than 6 months. Clinical diagnosis of biceps tendinitis was made in 44% of patients, but radiological and arthroscopic diagnosis of biceps tendinitis was made in 18% and 12% respectively. Impingement was diagnosed in 29% patients clinically, in 15% patients radiologically and in 21% patients arthroscopically. Rotator cuff injury was diagnosed in 26% patients clinically, in 41% patients radiologically and in 67% patients arthroscopically. Conclusions: Findings from this single centre study suggest that arthroscopy can diagnose and treat conditions causing chronic shoulder pain, which is cost effective as well.

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Rethinking Manure Application: Increase in Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Agricultural Soil Following Chicken Litter Application

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9050885 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 885

Author(s):

Dorcas Oladayo Fatoba ◽

Akebe Luther King Abia ◽

Daniel G. Amoako ◽

Sabiha Y. Essack

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Agricultural Soil ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Manure Application ◽

Unamended Soil ◽

Enterococcus Spp ◽

Chicken Litter ◽

Amended Soil

The current study investigated the impact of chicken litter application on the abundance of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. in agricultural soil. Soil samples were collected from five different strategic places on a sugarcane farm before and after manure application for four months. Chicken litter samples were also collected. Enterococci were enumerated using the Enterolert®/Quanti-Tray 2000® system and confirm and differentiated into species using real-time PCR. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method following the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. The overall mean bacterial count was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in manure-amended soil (3.87 × 107 MPN/g) than unamended soil (2.89 × 107 MPN/g). Eight hundred and thirty-five enterococci (680 from soil and 155 from litter) were isolated, with E. casseliflavus being the most prevalent species (469; 56.2%) and E. gallinarum being the least (16; 1.2%). Approximately 56% of all the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested, with the highest resistance observed against tetracycline (33%) and the lowest against chloramphenicol (0.1%); 17% of E. faecium were resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin. Additionally, 27.9% (130/466) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, with litter-amended soil harbouring more multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (67.7%; 88/130) than unamended soil (10.0%; 13/130). All isolates were susceptible to tigecycline, linezolid and gentamicin. About 7% of the isolates had a multiple antimicrobial resistance index > 0.2, indicative of high antibiotic exposure. Although organic fertilizers are regarded as eco-friendly compared to chemical fertilizers for improving soil fertility, the application of untreated animal manure could promote the accumulation of antibiotics and their residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the soil, creating an environmental reservoir of antimicrobial resistance, with potential human and environmental health risks.

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