scholarly journals A Study in a Regional Hospital of a Mid-Sized Spanish City Indicates a Major Increase in Infection/Colonization by Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria, Coinciding with the COVID-19 Pandemic

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1127
Author(s):  
Estefanía Cano-Martín ◽  
Inés Portillo-Calderón ◽  
Patricia Pérez-Palacios ◽  
José María Navarro-Marí ◽  
María Amelia Fernández-Sierra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Major Advance ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Major Increase

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has proven difficult to control over the past few decades. The large group of multidrug-resistant bacteria includes carbapenemase-producing bacteria (CPB), for which limited therapeutic options and infection control measures are available. Furthermore, carbapenemases associate with high-risk clones that are defined by the sequence type (ST) to which each bacterium belongs. The objectives of this cross-sectional and retrospective study were to describe the CPB population isolated in a third-level hospital in Southern Spain between 2015 and 2020 and to establish the relationship between the ST and the epidemiological situation defined by the hospital. CPB were microbiologically studied in all rectal and pharyngeal swabs and clinical samples received between January 2015 and December 2020, characterizing isolates using MicroScan and mass spectrometry. Carbapenemases were detected by PCR and Sanger sequencing, and STs were assigned by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Isolates were genetically related by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using Xbal, Spel, or Apal enzymes. The episodes in which each CPB was isolated were recorded and classified as involved or non-involved in an outbreak. There were 320 episodes with CPB during the study period: 18 with K. pneumoniae, 14 with Klebisella oxytoca, 9 with Citrobacter freundii, 11 with Escherichia coli, 46 with Enterobacter cloacae, 70 with Acinetobacter baumannii, and 52 with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The carbapenemase groups detected were OXA, VIM, KPC, and NDM with various subgroups. Synchronous relationships were notified between episodes of K. pneumoniae and outbreaks for ST15, ST258, ST307, and ST45, but not for the other CPB. There was a major increase in infections with CPB over the years, most notably during 2020, coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study highlights the usefulness of gene sequencing techniques to control the spread of these microorganisms, especially in healthcare centers. These techniques offer faster results, and a reduction in their cost may make their real-time application more feasible. The combination of epidemiological data with real-time molecular sequencing techniques can provide a major advance in the transmission control of these CPB and in the management of infected patients. Real-time sequencing is essential to increase precision and thereby control outbreaks and target infection prevention measures in a more effective manner.

Hospital-acquired infection awareness and control practices among healthcare staff: an evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 296-302
Author(s):  
Pallavi Saraswat ◽  
Rajnarayan R Tiwari ◽  
Muralidhar Varma ◽  
Sameer Phadnis ◽  
Monica Sindhu
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infection ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Background/Aims Hospital-acquired infections pose a risk to the wellbeing of both patients and staff. They are largely preventable, particularly if hospital staff have adequate knowledge of and adherence to infection control policies. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, awareness and practice of hospital-acquired infection control measures among hospital staff. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 71 staff members in a tertiary healthcare facility in Karnataka, India. The researchers distributed a questionnaire containing 33 questions regarding knowledge of hospital-acquired infections, awareness of infection control policies and adherence to control practices. The results were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 16.0 and a Kruskal–Wallis test. Results Respondents' mean percentage score on the knowledge of hospital-acquired infections section was 72%. Their mean percentage scores on the awareness and practice of infection prevention measures sections were 82% and 77% respectively. Doctors and those with more years of experience typically scored higher. Conclusion The respondents had an acceptable level of knowledge, awareness and adherence to infection control practices. However, continued training is essential in the prevention of hospital-acquired infections. The majority of the respondents stated that they were willing to undertake training in this area, and this opportunity should be provided in order to improve infection control quality.

Accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect Schistosoma mansoni – infected individuals from an endemic area with low parasite loads

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (10) ◽  
pp. 1140-1148
Author(s):  
Fernanda do Carmo Magalhães ◽  
Samira Diniz Resende ◽  
Carolina Senra ◽  
Carlos Graeff-Teixeira ◽  
Martin Johannes Enk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intestinal Schistosomiasis ◽  
Polymerase Chain

AbstractDue to the efforts to control schistosomiasis transmission in tropical countries, a large proportion of individuals from endemic areas present low parasite loads, which hinders diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis by the Kato-Katz (KK) method. Therefore, the development of more sensitive diagnostic methods is essential for efficient control measures. The aim was to evaluate the accuracy of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect Schistosoma mansoni DNA in fecal samples of individuals with low parasite loads. A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted in a rural community (n = 257) in Brazil. POC-CCA® was performed in urine and feces were used for RT-PCR. In addition, fecal exams were completed by 18 KK slides, saline gradient and Helmintex techniques. The combined results of the three parasitological tests detected schistosome eggs in 118 participants (45.9%) and composed the consolidated reference standard (CRS). By RT-PCR, 117 out of 215 tested samples were positive, showing 91.4% sensitivity, 80.2% specificity and good concordance with the CRS (kappa = 0.71). RT-PCR identified 86.9% of the individuals eliminating less than 12 eggs/g of feces, demonstrating much better performance than POC-CCA® (50.8%). Our results showed that RT-PCR is a valuable alternative for the diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis in individuals with very low parasite loads.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Producing and Carbapenems Resistance Isolates from Hands of Health Care Workers in a Health Care Setting of Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Binita Koirala Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum

Background: Hands of healthcare workers (HCWs) could be colonized by potential drug resistant bacteria like Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producers (ESBLs) and Carbapenems-resistant (CR) isolates and could become vectors of nosocomial pathogens in healthcare facilities that are associated with an increase of morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ESBLs and CR isolates from hands of HCWs with their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study that included a total of 150 hand swabs collected from March, 2018 to September, 2018 in Gandaki Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done using standard microbiological procedures. Results: Among the total isolates of 219 obtained from growth positive samples 92/219(42.01%) were Gram negative bacteria (GNB) and the most common were Klebsiella spp 32(34.78%) followed by Escherichia coli 17(18.48%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa12 (13.04%), Acenetobacter spp 11(11.96%), Proteus spp 9(9.78%), Citrobacter spp 7(7.61%) and Enterobacter spp 4(4.35%). The prevalence of ESBLs, CR and ESBLs with Co-resistant to Carbapenems were 19.56%,14.13% and 9.78%, respectively. The most effective drugs for isolates were Nitrofurantoin followed by Amikacin, Tetracycline and Gentamycin. Distribution pattern of the ESBLs and CR isolates among doctors, nurses, laboratory technicians, helpers and basic science faculties were not significant (p>0.05). Conclusions: This report revealed the emerging and moderately high prevalence of ESBLs, CR and ESBLs with Co-resistant to Carbapenems GNB with their antibiotic susceptibility patterns found on hands of HCWs in Nepal. Thus, this study could be helpful in developing proper guidelines on hand hygiene and implementation of infection control measures including contact precautions against the spread of infections by such pathogens in healthcare settings.  

scholarly journals Knowledge on HIV Prevention Measures Among Male Learners in Secondary Schools in Oshana Region, Namibia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Peneyambeko Ipawa Shikulo ◽  
Louise Pretorius ◽  
Ndapeua Shifiona ◽  
Daniel Opotamutale Ashipala
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
And Control

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has continued to pose significant social, economic and developmental challenges worldwide.The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge on HIV prevention among male learners in secondary schools in Oshana Region. The objectives of the study were to: assess and describe the knowledge of male learners in Secondary Schools in Oshana Region about HIV preventive measures. A quantitative, cross sectional design, based on the self-report of the participants, was utilized to achieve the aim of the study. Findings of this study showed that 95.4% had knowledge that HIV can be prevented by consistent and correct use of a condom during sexual intercourse. It has become evident that much still need to be done to make HIV prevention among youth more effective.It is hereby recommended that the Ministry of Education takes the lead to educate the learners on HIV preventive and control measures.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection of blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaSHV Genes in Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia Coli from Clinical Samples

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh Kumar Chaudhary ◽  
Indrani Jadhav ◽  
Megha Raj Banjara
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Microbiology Laboratory ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Extended Spectrum

Abstract BackgroundExtended spectrum β-lactamases are the group of beta-lactamase enzymes which confer resistance to the oxyimino-cephalosporins and monobactams. Emergence of ESBL producing genes which possess a serious threat for the treatment of infections both in community and hospitals since it is found to be increasing trends of multidrug resistance. This study was focused to find out the ESBLs producing genes.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 2 years (September 2018 to April 2020) at microbiology laboratory of Nepal Mediciti Hospital. Clinical samples were processed in microbiology laboratory and culture isolates were indetified and characterized by standard microbiological techniques. following standard procedures.Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Extended spectrum beta-lactamases were phenotypically confirmed by combined disc method.ESBL producing genes i.e. blaTEM,blaCTX-M and blaSHV were confirmed by PCR.ResultsOf the 1449 total E.coli isolates, 323/1449(22.29%) isolates were multi -drug resistance.Among total MDR Escherichia coli isolates, 215/323(66.56%) isolates were ESBL producers. The maximum number of ESBL Escherichia coli was isolated from urine 194(90.23%), followed by sputum 12(5.58%), swab 5 (2.32%), pus 2 (0.93%) and blood 2 (0.93%).Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of ESBL E.coli producers showed highest sensitivity towards tigecycline (100%) followed by polymyxin b, colistin and meropenem.Out of 215 phenotypically confirmed ESBL E.coli,only 186(86.51%) isolates were found to positive by PCR.The last 29(13.49%) were negative for any of the resistant genes.Among the ESBL genotypes,most common was blaTEM 118(63.4%) followed by blaCTX-M 68(36.6%).ConclusionThe emergence of MDR and ESBL producing E.coli isolates with high antibiotic resistant rates to commonly used antibiotics and increased predominance of major gene types blaTEM is a serious concern to the clinicians as well as microbiologist. This study forwarded a real massage to all the clinicians for the emergence of XDR and PDR resistant bacteria and preservation of antibiotics for their proper use in near future, if past experience with MDR and ESBLs is any indicator.

scholarly journals The high resistance of bacteria to clindamycin and cefepime: a call to revisit antibiotics reserved for use at tertiary hospitals in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wigilya P. Mikomangwa ◽  
George M. Bwire ◽  
Manase Kilonzi ◽  
Hamu Mlyuka ◽  
Ritah Mutagonda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance poses burden to the community and health care services. Efforts are being made at local, national and global level to combat the rise of antibiotic resistance including antibiotic stewardship. Surveillance to antibiotic resistance is of importance to aid in planning and implementing infection prevention and control measures. The study was conducted to assess the resistance pattern to cefepime, clindamycin and meropenem, which are reserved antibiotics for use at tertiary hospitals in Tanzania Methods A Hospital-based antibiotic resistance surveillance was conducted between July and November 2019 using 201 consecutively selected clinical isolates at Muhimbili National Hospital and Bugando Medical Center, Tanzania. All organisms isolated were identified based on colony morphology, Gram staining and relevant biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on Muller-Hinton agar using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Antibiotic susceptibility on the selected antibiotic discs (cefepime, clindamycin and meropenem) was performed according to the protocol by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Results A total of 201 clinical samples were tested in this study. Urine (39.8%, n=80) and blood (35.3%, n=71) accounted for most of the collected samples followed by pus (16.9%, n=34). The overall bacterial resistance to clindamycin, cefipime and meropenem was 70.1%, 72.4% and 8.5% respectively. Most (88.9%) of Enterococcus spp were resistant to clindamycin. About 68.4% Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to clindamycin whereby 56.3%, 75.6%, 93.8% and 100% of the tested Escherichia coli , Klebsiella spp , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae respectively, were cefepime resistant. About 8.5% of isolated Klebsiella spp were resistant and 6.4% had intermediate susceptibility to meropenem. Also, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant by 31.2% and 25% had intermediate susceptibility to meropenem. All Acinetobacter baumannii and Proteus spp (both 100.0%, n=4) were susceptible to meropenem. Conclusion The overall bacterial resistance to clindamycin and cefepime is high and low in meropenem. Henceforth, culture and susceptibility results should be used to guide the use of these antibiotics. Antibiotics with low resistance rate should be introduced to the reserve category and continuous antibiotic surveillance is warranted.

scholarly journals Infection Control Measures in Dental Clinics during Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (D) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Rawa Kamal Abdelrahim ◽  
Husham Abu Elgasim Abdoun ◽  
Pradeep Koppolu ◽  
Lingam Amara Swapna
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Dental Clinics ◽  
Number Of Patients

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 is an infectious respiratory disease causing different symptoms ranging from mild to more complicated cases. In dental clinics, there is a potential risk of cross-infection between dental health worker and patients. Therefore, new infection prevention measures have been recommended to minimize spread of COVID-19 in dental clinics. AIM: The aim of this study is to get an insight into the infection control measures followed by dentists and modification done in personal protective equipment (PPE) to combat spread of infection during COVID-19 in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional data using online Google survey. The sample included dentists working in either private or government from different regions in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Chi-square test was used to investigate the association between categorical variables (p < 0.05) RESULTS: Seventy dentists included in the study of which 40% are working in Riyadh. Dental clinics are undertaken respiratory triage and reduce number of patients in waiting area (91% and 98%, respectively). Increased usage of PPE (head cap, face shield, and N95 mask) during the pandemic was observed in the study sample (p = 0.001). Working hours and number of patients were reduced during COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Evidence shows that majority of dentists working in KSA are following recommended measures to minimize the spread of COVID-19. Some dentists modified their PPE during the pandemic. However, further research is required to investigate adherence to infection control measures by dentists.

scholarly journals 2464. Partnerships in the Field: Using Real-time Sequencing to Enhance Epidemiologic Investigation and Response to a Norovirus Outbreak

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S853-S853
Author(s):  
Handy K Lori ◽  
Erin H Graf ◽  
Linda Brostowski ◽  
Lindsay Cunnigham ◽  
Caitlin Dougherty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Epidemiologic Methods ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Epidemiologic Surveillance ◽  
Infectious Gastroenteritis ◽  
Prevention Interventions ◽  
Stool Samples

Abstract Background Norovirus is a common cause of infectious gastroenteritis and frequently leads to hospital-based outbreaks of gastrointestinal (GI) illness. We utilized hospital-wide surveillance to detect outbreaks of GI illness among patients and healthcare workers (HCW). Real-time norovirus sequencing was applied to establish conclusive links between patient cases. Methods Patient cases of healthcare-associated GI illness were detected through house-wide microbiologic surveillance. HCW cases were defined as acute episodes of vomiting and/or diarrhea that began within 48 hours of the last shift. Outbreak procedures were implemented on a unit when 3 or more cases were identified within 48 hours. Traditional epidemiologic methods were used, including an epidemic curve and line listing, while instituting local control measures. De-identified clinical stool samples positive for norovirus from any hospital unit during the defined outbreak time period were analyzed. Sanger sequencing was performed using primer sets targeting the norovirus VP1 capsid and polymerase regions. Capillary electrophoresis was implemented on a 3500 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) and analysis was performed via MEGA7. Results Epidemiologic surveillance identified a norovirus outbreak involving 11 patients on a single unit. Sequencing was performed on 20 norovirus positive stool samples, of which 13 shared 100% identity across both the VP1 and polymerase regions. Of these 13, 10 specimens were from patients epidemiologically linked to the outbreak; 3 specimens were from patients located on 2 geographically separate floors, not epidemiologically linked to the outbreak. Identification of cases outside of the outbreak unit prompted additional hospital-wide infection prevention interventions, including increased education and messaging, changes in hand hygiene practice, and prohibition of shared food for staff. Conclusion Real-time sequencing confirmed epidemiologically linked cases of norovirus during an outbreak and identified additional transmission events not detected by conventional epidemiologic methods. Partnership between hospital epidemiology and the laboratory identified the need for hospital-wide infection prevention measures to halt ongoing transmission. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Detection of NDM and OXA-48 Resistant Genes in Acinetobacter Baumannii Isolated FromIntensive Care Units’ Patients Clinical Samples in Khartoum State

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghaida EL-Makki Ali El-Makki ◽  
Abdelhakam H. Ali ◽  
Babbiker Mohammed Taher Gorish ◽  
Lemya Abdelgadier Kaddam
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Low Prevalence

Abstract Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen with intrinsic and acquired resistance to many antibiotics causing high rates of morbidity and mortality. This study was aimed to detect MDR Acinetobacter baumannii and its resistant genes (blaNDM, blaOXA48) from clinical isolates in Khartoum state. Method: A cross sectional hospital-based study was done during the period fromApril to July 2019. A total of 50 clinical isolates were obtained from samples of patients in intensive care units (ICUs) for the purpose of molecular confirming of A. baumannii and detecting NDM and OXA-48 resistance genes by usingconventional PCR. Results: Out of 50 isolates investigated PCR was confirmed 47 (94%) as A. baumannii isolates , while 3(6%) isolates were appeared to be other species. Moreover,the 47 A. baumannii isolates were examined for the presences of resistant genes and the result showed that NDM gene was detected in 2 isolates (4.3%) and OXA-48 gene was detected in only one isolate (2.1%). Conclusion: There is low prevalence of NDM and OXA-48 Resistant Genes among ICUs A. baumannii isolates. However, continuous regional antimicrobial resistance surveillance and improved infection control measures are required in Khartoum hospitals ICUs to prevent further dissemination.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Different Clinical Specimens

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Monirul Hoque ◽  
Mushtaq Ahmad ◽  
Suman Khisa ◽  
Md Nizam Uddin ◽  
Rezina Jesmine
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Cross Sectional

Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major clinical microbiological problem affecting the hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients throughout the world. The susceptibility patterns of P. aeruginosa vary geographically and with clinical presentation. Pseudomonas can rapidly develop resistance especially when single drug is employed due to frequent mutation and its own innate mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.Objectives: This cross sectional study was carried out to determine in-vitro resistance pattern of Pseudomonas isolates to common antimicrobial agents by disc diffusion method. Various clinical samples were collected from Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Dhaka.Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) from 01 March 2012 to 31 August 2012. Identification and antibiogram were performed for Pseudomonas isolates following standard microbiological laboratory procedure.Results: A total of 198 P. aeruginosa were isolated from the various specimens. The highest number (76) of P. aeruginosa were isolated from wound swab/pus (38.38%), followed by urine (56, 28.28%), bronchial wash (23, 11.62%). In present study, maximum number of P. aeruginosa are resistant to penicillin (98.98%) followed by cephalosporins (89.85%), aminoglycosides (80.04%), carbapenems (76.08%). The most sensitive antibiotic was combination of piperacillin and tazobactam (only 3.37% resistant) followed by ciprofloxacin (54.04%) and azithromycin (59.18%).Conclusion: To prevent the spread of the resistant bacteria, it is critically important to have strict antibiotic policies. The surveillance programmes for multidrug resistant organisms and infection control procedures need to be implemented properly. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of P. aeruginosa needs to be continuously monitored in specialized clinical units and the results readily made available to the clinicians so as to minimize the resistance.Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.11(1) 2015: 45-49

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