scholarly journals “If It Works in People, Why Not Animals?”: A Qualitative Investigation of Antibiotic Use in Smallholder Livestock Settings in Rural West Bengal, India

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1433
Author(s):  
Jean-Christophe Arnold ◽  
Dominic Day ◽  
Mathew Hennessey ◽  
Pablo Alarcon ◽  
Meenakshi Gautham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
One Health ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Veterinary Antibiotics ◽  
Rural Sites

Smallholder farms are the predominant livestock system in India. Animals are often kept in close contact with household members, and access to veterinary services is limited. However, limited research exists on how antibiotics are used in smallholder livestock in India. We investigated antibiotic supply, usage, and their drivers in smallholder livestock production systems, including crossover-use of human and veterinary antibiotics in two rural sites in West Bengal. Qualitative interviews were conducted with key informants (n = 9), livestock keepers (n = 37), and formal and informal antibiotic providers from veterinary and human health sectors (n = 26). Data were analysed thematically and interpreted following a One Health approach. Livestock keepers and providers used antibiotics predominantly for treating individual animals, and for disease prevention in poultry but not for growth promotion. All providers used (highest priority) critically important antimicrobials for human health and engaged in crossover-use of human antibiotic formulations in livestock. Inadequate access to veterinary drugs and services, and a perceived efficacy and ease of dosing of human antibiotics in animals drove crossover-use. Veterinary antibiotics were not used for human health due to their perceived adverse effects. Given the extent of usage of protected antibiotics and crossover-use, interventions at the community level should adopt a One Health approach that considers all antibiotic providers and livestock keepers and prioritizes the development of evidence-based guidelines to promote responsible use of antibiotics in animals.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial use in food animals and human health: time to implement ‘One Health’ approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Pokharel ◽  
Priyanka Shrestha ◽  
Bipin Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
One Health ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Food Animals ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

Abstract The use of antimicrobials in animals for growth promotion and infection prevention significantly contributes to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a growing public health threat. While the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU) have taken steps towards reducing and restricting the use of antimicrobials in animals, initiatives are insufficient in developing countries where the demands for food animals continue to rise over the years. The inter-sectoral acknowledgment of inextricable link between animal health, human health and the environment (One Health approach) is critical. Concerted and collaborative efforts among all the stakeholders are essential to deal with this complex problem of resistance.

scholarly journals A One Health approach to assessing occupational exposure to antimicrobial resistance in Thailand: The FarmResist project

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245250
Author(s):  
Duangdao Sudatip ◽  
Kittipong Chasiri ◽  
Anamika Kritiyakan ◽  
Wantanee Phanprasit ◽  
Chuanphot Thinphovong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
One Health ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase

This Southeast Asia-Europe research project will use a One Health approach to identify the major parameters responsible for the presence of animal-associated antimicrobial resistant bacteria in animal production facilities in Thailand and the risk of their transmission from animals to humans. We will focus on traditional, small, extensive pig and poultry farms where information on antibiotic use is scarce and animals live in close contact with humans. This cross-sectional study will be based on the epidemiological analysis of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) present in fecal samples from animals and humans. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) and Enterobacteriaceae resistant to colistin will be actively searched in the feces of farm animals (pigs and poultry), small wild rodents and farmers. Phenotypic (selective plating) and genotypic (multilocus seuquence typing and sequencing) methods will be used for the detection of AMR, the identification of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the characterization of strains carrying resistance genes. Questionnaires will be administered to investigate the effects of antibiotic use, farm characteristics and biosecurity measures on the occurrence of AMR in animals. Subsequently, the fecal carriage of AMR and ARGs in farmers will be compared to a control population with no occupational contacts with animals, thus enabling an estimation of the risk of transmission of AMR/ARGs from animals to farmers.

Efficiency of β-glucan utilisation in fish culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4A) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
Do Huu Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Fish Culture ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Sustainable Aquaculture ◽  
Major Benefit

In the last three decades aquaculture is a rapidly developing sector worldwide and antibiotics are used popularly as growth promoter. Antibiotic use was banned because research proved that antibiotic has caused many effects on environment and human health. Therefore, finding antibiotic alternatives is the first priority. The most prospect products today are probiotic and prebiotic. β-glucan is one of the immunostimulants which showed a variety of benefits to the health of many aquaculture species. In this paper only the results of β-glucan, a kind of prebiotic supplied in aquaculture, were summarized. The major benefit of β-glucan are to boost growth, to reduce mortality, to enhance tolerance or stress resistance to environmental or pathogen challenges. Although the applications of β-glucan are popular worldwide, its use in aquaculture in Vietnam is still limited. This paper provides an important reference for β-glucan utilisation which may help to develop a sustainable aquaculture in Vietnam.

scholarly journals One Health Approach: An Overview of Q Fever in Livestock, Wildlife and Humans in Asturias (Northwestern Spain)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1395
Author(s):  
Alberto Espí ◽  
Ana del Cerro ◽  
Álvaro Oleaga ◽  
Mercedes Rodríguez-Pérez ◽  
Ceferino M. López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Iberian Red Deer ◽  
Northwestern Spain

This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of C. burnetii in domestic ruminants, wild ungulates, as well as the current situation of Q fever in humans in a small region in northwestern Spain where a close contact at the wildlife–livestock–human interface exists, and information on C. burnetii infection is scarce. Seroprevalence of C. burnetii was 8.4% in sheep, 18.4% in cattle, and 24.4% in goats. Real-time PCR analysis of environmental samples collected in 25 livestock farms detected Coxiella DNA in dust and/or aerosols collected in 20 of them. Analysis of sera from 327 wild ungulates revealed lower seroprevalence than that found in domestic ruminants, with 8.4% of Iberian red deer, 7.3% chamois, 6.9% fallow deer, 5.5% European wild boar and 3.5% of roe deer harboring antibodies to C. burnetii. Exposure to the pathogen in humans was determined by IFAT analysis of 1312 blood samples collected from patients admitted at healthcare centers with Q fever compatible symptoms, such as fever and/or pneumonia. Results showed that 15.9% of the patients had IFAT titers ≥ 1/128 suggestive of probable acute infection. This study is an example of a One Health approach with medical and veterinary institutions involved in investigating zoonotic diseases.

scholarly journals Unsafe “crossover-use” of chloramphenicol in Uganda: importance of a One Health approach in antimicrobial resistance policy and regulatory action

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayley D. McCubbin ◽  
John W. Ramatowski ◽  
Esther Buregyeya ◽  
Eleanor Hutchinson ◽  
Harparkash Kaur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Low Income ◽  
One Health ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Regulatory Action ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Drug Shop ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Human Use

AbstractSince the introduction of antibiotics into mainstream health care, resistance to these drugs has become a widespread issue that continues to increase worldwide. Policy decisions to mitigate the development of antimicrobial resistance are hampered by the current lack of surveillance data on antibiotic product availability and use in low-income countries. This study collected data on the antibiotics stocked in human (42) and veterinary (21) drug shops in five sub-counties in Luwero district of Uganda. Focus group discussions with drug shop vendors were also employed to explore antibiotic use practices in the community. Focus group participants reported that farmers used human-intended antibiotics for their livestock, and community members obtain animal-intended antibiotics for their own personal human use. Specifically, chloramphenicol products licensed for human use were being administered to Ugandan poultry. Human consumption of chloramphenicol residues through local animal products represents a serious public health concern. By limiting the health sector scope of antimicrobial resistance research to either human or animal antibiotic use, results can falsely inform policy and intervention strategies. Therefore, a One Health approach is required to understand the wider impact of community antibiotic use and improve overall effectiveness of intervention policy and regulatory action.

scholarly journals One Health: Farmworker Perceptions of Antibiotic Resistance and Personal Protective Practices on Wisconsin Dairy Farms

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s448-s449
Author(s):  
Ali Konkel ◽  
Ashley Kates ◽  
Mary Jo Knobloch ◽  
Wisconsin ◽  
Nasia Safdar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Systems Engineering ◽  
One Health ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Individual Knowledge

Background: Antimicrobials are used on dairy farms for preventing disease and treating common infections such as mastitis. Objective: We aimed to understand farmworker practices that potentially contribute to transmission of antimicrobial resistance bacteria and their genes (ARG) among animals and farm workers, and to identify human behavioral interventions to reduce risk. Methods: Focus groups with farm workers were held at 8 dairy farms across Wisconsin selected to represent a range of antibiotic use in cattle. We explored the nature of potentially high-risk practices and farm-worker knowledge and experiences with antibiotic use and resistance. Farm workers were asked to describe common tasks, including hand hygiene and eating practices, and the policies guiding these practices. Focus groups were conducted in English and Spanish guided by the Systems Engineering in Patient Safety (SEIPS) framework, adapted for an agricultural context. Discussions were recorded, transcribed, and translated. A content analysis was conducted to identify themes. Dedoose version 8.0.35 software was used to organize the data. Results: In total, 10 focus groups were conducted on 8 farms. Knowledge of when to use antibiotics for human health varied; upset stomach, headache, and flu symptoms were suggested as appropriate uses. Few workers had personal experience with antibiotic resistance at home or on the farm. Some displayed knowledge of the role of antibiotic stewardship in preventing the spread of ARG (“I guess all dairy farmers have a responsibility not to overdo it”). Others associated the risk of spread with the consumption of raw milk or meat from cows receiving antibiotics. Knowledge of personal protective equipment was stronger among workers who commonly reported glove use. Some perceived glove use to be mandatory, and others chose to wear gloves in the perceived absence of written rules. Some workers reported changing gloves numerous times throughout the day, and others did so less frequently or “only when they rip.” In general, hand hygiene practices are guided by individual knowledge of established rules, beliefs about risk, and personal discretion. Conclusions: Knowledge about mechanisms of spread of ARGs varies among workers on Wisconsin dairy farms and reflects a combination of farm-level rules, experience, individual knowledge, and beliefs. Applying knowledge from the healthcare setting to reduce ARG spread into agriculture is crucial to the tenets of One Health. Programs to reduce ARG spread on dairy farms should focus on proper hand hygiene and PPE use at the level of knowledge, beliefs, and practices.Funding: Funding: was provided by the USDA-NIFA Food Safety Challenge (grant no. 2017-68003-26500).Disclosures: None

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