Anthocyanins: From the Field to the Antioxidants in the Body

Anthocyanins are biologically active water-soluble plant pigments that are responsible for blue, purple, and red colors in various plant parts—especially in fruits and blooms. Anthocyanins have attracted attention as natural food colorants to be used in yogurts, juices, marmalades, and bakery products. Numerous studies have also indicated the beneficial health effects of anthocyanins and their metabolites on human or animal organisms, including free-radical scavenging and antioxidant activity. Thus, our aim was to review the current knowledge about anthocyanin occurrence in plants, their stability during processing, and also the bioavailability and protective effects related to the antioxidant activity of anthocyanins in human and animal brains, hearts, livers, and kidneys.

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Evaluation of Some Biological Applications of Pleurotus citrinopileatus and Boletus edulis Fruiting Bodies

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ◽

10.2174/1389201020666190904162403 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (15) ◽

pp. 1309-1320 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ahmed M. Younis ◽

Marwa M. Abdel-Aziz ◽

Mohamed Yosri

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Methanol Extracts ◽

Boletus Edulis ◽

Glucosidase Activity ◽

Hela Cell Lines ◽

Pleurotus Citrinopileatus

Background:: Mushrooms are deemed as a special delicacy in many countries. They are considered an important cuisine due to their bioactive ingredients and possible health benefits. Methods: Herein, we measured selected biological properties of methanol extracts of Pleurotus citrinopileatus and Boletus edulis fruiting bodies including; in vitro antimicrobial activity, anti-α- glucosidase activity, antioxidant activity, anti-lipase activity and cytotoxic activity against different cancer cells and normal cells. Results: B. edulis methanol extracts showed high antimicrobial and anti-α-glucosidase activity. In contrast, P. citrinopileatus methanol extracts showed superior antioxidant activity indicated by (1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) DPPH radical scavenging with half maximal inhibitory concentration of IC50 37.4 µg/ml, anti-lipase activities with IC50 65.2 µg/ml and high cytotoxicity activity against HepG2 and HeLa cell lines with IC50 22.8 and 36.7 µg/ml, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle was used to show apoptotic effects of methanol extracts against HepG2 and HeLa cells. Conclusion: P. citrinopileatus and B. edulis methanolic extracts appear to contain biologically active compounds that might be used to treat some common human diseases.

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Tea as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds in the Human Diet

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26051487 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 1487

Author(s):

Joanna Klepacka ◽

Elżbieta Tońska ◽

Ryszard Rafałowski ◽

Marta Czarnowska-Kujawska ◽

Barbara Opara

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Daily Intake ◽

The Body ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Tea Infusions ◽

Copper Manganese ◽

Health Promoting ◽

Average Consumption

Due to the different levels of bioactive compounds in tea reported in the literature, the aim of this study was to determine whether commercially available leaf teas could be an important source of phenolics and selected minerals (copper, manganese, iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium) and if the differences in the content of these components between various types of tea are significant. It was found that both the amount of these compounds in tea and the antioxidant activity of tea infusions were largely determined by the origin of tea leaves as well as the processing method, which can modify the content of the studied components up to several hundred-fold. The group of green teas was the best source of phenolic compounds (110.73 mg/100 mL) and magnesium (1885 µg/100 mL) and was also characterised by the highest antioxidant activity (59.02%). This type of tea is a great contributor to the daily intake of the studied components. The average consumption of green tea infusions, assumed to be 3–4 cups (1 L) a day, provides the body with health-promoting polyphenol levels significantly exceeding the recommended daily dose. Moreover, drinking one litre of an unfermented tea infusion provides more than three times the recommended daily intake of manganese. Tea infusions can be a fairly adequate, but only a supplementary, source of potassium, zinc, magnesium, and copper in the diet. Moreover, it could be concluded that the antioxidant activity of all the analysed types of tea infusions results not only from the high content of phenolic compounds and manganese but is also related to the presence of magnesium and potassium.

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Ethanol Extract of Maclura tricuspidata Fruit Protects SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage via Inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB Signaling

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22136946 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (13) ◽

pp. 6946

Author(s):

Weishun Tian ◽

Suyoung Heo ◽

Dae-Woon Kim ◽

In-Shik Kim ◽

Dongchoon Ahn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Free Radical ◽

Oxidative Damage ◽

Cell Damage ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Neuroprotective Effects

Free radical generation and oxidative stress push forward an immense influence on the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Maclura tricuspidata fruit (MT) contains many biologically active substances, including compounds with antioxidant properties. The current study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of MT fruit on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with MT, and cell damage was induced by H2O2. First, the chemical composition and free radical scavenging properties of MT were analyzed. MT attenuated oxidative stress-induced damage in cells based on the assessment of cell viability. The H2O2-induced toxicity caused by ROS production and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was ameliorated by MT pretreatment. MT also promoted an increase in the expression of genes encoding the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). MT pretreatment was associated with an increase in the expression of neuronal genes downregulated by H2O2. Mechanistically, MT dramatically suppressed H2O2-induced Bcl-2 downregulation, Bax upregulation, apoptotic factor caspase-3 activation, Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (JNK, ERK, and p38), and Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, thereby preventing H2O2-induced neurotoxicity. These results indicate that MT has protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in SH-SY5Y cells and can be used to prevent and protect against neurodegeneration.

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Mycochemical Screening and Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and Biochemical Composition of Fermentation Strain Snef1216 (Penicillium chrysogenum)

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2020/3073906 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aatika Sikandar ◽

Mengyue Zhang ◽

Yuanyuan Wang ◽

Xiaofeng Zhu ◽

Xiaoyu Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Free Radical ◽

Penicillium Chrysogenum ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Total Flavonoid ◽

Aluminium Chloride ◽

Total Flavonoid Content ◽

Flavonoid Content ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries

Antioxidants are the radical scavengers that inhibit peroxidation and other free-radical processes, which in return safeguard different organisms from various diseases attributed to radical reactions. Synthetic antioxidants inhibit free radicals, but they also have harmful side effects. However, mycochemicals of natural fungal origin are safe and best substitutes for harmful synthetic chemical antioxidants. The prime objectives of the study include appropriate qualitative and quantitative mycochemical screening, antioxidant potential, and chemical composition of Snef1216 (Penicillium chrysogenum). The study has used aluminium chloride colourimetric method, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent assay, and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) for analysis of total flavonoid content and phenol content and antioxidant activity, respectively. However, the presence of biologically active compounds was screened through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantitative analysis demonstrated the existence of flavonoids, glycosides, flavones, saponins, phenols, and catecholic tannins excluding alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and gallic tannins. The outcomes exposed total flavonoid content and phenolic content in P. chrysogenum were 85.31 ± 1.23 mg·QE/g and 135.77 ± 1.14 mg·GAE/g, respectively. Snef1216 (P. chrysogenum) displayed the highest free-radical scavenging activity with 63.86% inhibition of DPPH. The analysis confirms that Snef1216 (P. chrysogenum) is an alternative source of natural antioxidants. The obtained data have provided the foundation for its use in agricultural, environmental, and pharmaceutical industries.

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Antioxidant properties of Galium verum L. (Rubiaceae) extracts

Open Life Sciences ◽

10.2478/s11535-010-0022-4 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 331-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Neda Lakić ◽

Neda Mimica-Dukić ◽

Jelena Isak ◽

Biljana Božin

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Model Systems ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Dry Extract ◽

Scavenging Capacity ◽

Scavenger Activity ◽

Dried Extract

AbstractThe antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of Lady’s Bedstraw (Galium verum L., Rubiaceae) herb from two different localities in Serbia were evaluated. Antioxidant activity was assessed in four different model systems. Free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) was examined by measuring the scavenging activity of extracts on 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazil (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical (OH), as well as on hydrogen peroxide. In addition, the protective effects of lipid peroxidation (LP) in corn oil were evaluated by the TBA-assay using the Fe2+/ascorbate system of induction. The amount of dried extract, the content of total phenolics, flavonoids and chlorophylls was also determined. Extracts from both locations expressed very strong scavenger activity, reducing the DPPH⊙ (IC50=3.10 µg/mland 8.04 µg/ml) and OH radical formation (IC50=0.05 µg/ml and 0.54 µg/ml) and neutralising H2O2 (IC50=4.98 µg/ml and 3.80 µg/ml), in a dose dependant manner. Also, examined extracts showed notable inhibition of LP (IC50=11.69 µg/ml and 19.47 µg/ml). The observed differences in antioxidant activity could be partially explained by the levels of phenolics (2.44–4.65 mg and 4.57–5.16 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry extract), flavonoids (6.38–10.70 µg and 15.56–17.96 µg quercetin equivalents/g dry extract) and chlorophylls in the investigated Lady’s Bedstraw extracts.

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Effects of Gamma-Irradiation on the Antioxidant Potential of Traditional Bulgarian Teas

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1701200210 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 1934578X1701200

Author(s):

Michał Adam Janiak ◽

Adriana Slavova-Kazakova ◽

Magdalena Karamać ◽

Vessela Kancheva ◽

Anastasiya Terzieva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Gamma Irradiation ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Food Irradiation ◽

Antioxidant Potential ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Tannin Content ◽

Good Night

Food irradiation technologies are used to reduce the risk of food borne diseases by eliminating pathogenic microorganisms, prolonging shelf life and reducing storage losses by delaying ripening, germination or sprouting. However, application of irradiation in food technology can negatively influence the biologically active compounds in foods. In this research, the effect of gamma-irradiation on the antioxidant activity of Bulgarian teas was investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the total phenolic and tannin content and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of Bulgarian herbal teas before and after gamma-irradiation. Mursalski tea ( Sideritis scardica), Mashterka tea ( Thymus serpyllum), Good Night tea (tea mix), Staroplaninski tea (Balkan tea mix), Trakia tea (tea mix), and Mountain tea (Planinski tea mix) were selected for this study. Gamma-irradiation was applied at the absorbed dose of 5 kGy. Antioxidant activity of non-irradiated and irradiated teas was determined by measuring antiradical activity against DPPH• and ABTS•+ and the ability to reduce ferrous ions. The highest total phenolic content was found in Mursalski tea (268 mg/g), and the highest tannin content in Good Night tea (168 mg/g). FRAP, TEAC and DPPH assays revealed that the most active samples were Staroplaninski (2.78 mmol Fe (II)/g), Planinski (0.87 mmol Trolox/g) and Planinski (0.032 mg/mL), respectively. The radical scavenging activity of irradiated tea samples was maintained after gamma-irradiation. The most interesting extract from irradiated tea studied was Staroplaninski, which demonstrated a higher antioxidant potential in the irradiated sample compared with the non-irradiated sample.

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DNA Damage Protecting Activity and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Anthocyanins from Red Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Bran

Biotechnology Research International ◽

10.1155/2012/258787 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

P. Suganya Devi ◽

M. Saravana Kumar ◽

S. Mohan Das

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Natural Food ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Total Anthocyanin ◽

Methanol Extracts ◽

Sorghum Bran

There is increasing interest in natural food colorants like carotenoids and anthocyanins with functional properties. Red sorghum bran is known as a rich source for anthocyanins. The anthocyanin contents extracted from red sorghum bran were evaluated by biochemical analysis. Among the three solvent system used, the acidified methanol extract showed a highest anthocyanin content (4.7 mg/g of sorghum bran) followed by methanol (1.95 mg/g) and acetone (1 mg/g). Similarly, the highest total flavonoids (143 mg/g) and total phenolic contents (0.93 mg/g) were obtained in acidified methanol extracts than methanol and acetone extracts. To study the health benefits of anthocyanin from red sorghum bran, the total antioxidant activity was evaluated by biochemical and molecular methods. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in acidified methanol extracts of anthocyanin in dose-dependent manner. The antioxidant activity of the red sorghum bran was directly related to the total anthocyanin found in red sorghum bran.

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Cardioprotective Effects of Saponins from Rhizoma Panacis Majoris on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Scavenging Excessive Reactive Oxygen Species

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.934.165 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 934 ◽

pp. 165-172

Author(s):

Cai Hong Bai ◽

Hai Bo He ◽

Fan Cheng ◽

Jun Zhi Wang ◽

Xiao Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Myocardial Ischemia ◽

Infarct Size ◽

Apoptotic Cell ◽

Ischemia Reperfusion ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Cardioprotective Effects ◽

Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion

Saponins from Rhizoma Panacis Majoris (SRPM), the bioactive component inRhizoma Panacis Majoris, were reported to possess protective effects on myocardial injury, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study was performed to investigate the protective effects and possible mechanism of SRPM on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo. Cardioprotective effects of SPRM in I/R rats was evaluated by hemodynamic, infarct size, biochemical values, histopathological observations, antioxidative relative gene expressions; And the antioxidant activity of SPRM was studied using DPPH scavenging and β-carotene/linoleic acid tests. In the study, we found that SRPM possessed significant free radical-scavenging activity and considerable antioxidant activity, and significantly improved cardiac function, serum biochemical index and antioxidation level, decreased infarct size, reversed the down-regulated mRNA expressions of the SOD1, SOD2, SOD3 in I/R rats. The studies demonstrated that oxidative stress caused the overgeneration and accumulation of ROS, which was central of myocardial I/R injury. SPRM exerted beneficially cardioprotective effects on myocardial I/R injury, mainly scavenging oxidative stress-triggered overgeneration and accumulation of ROS, alleviating myocardial I/R injury and apoptotic cell death.

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A Method to Increase the Viability of Cyprinus Carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) Stocking of the Aquatories Under the Influence Advanced Biotechnologies

Aquaculture Studies ◽

10.4194/2618-6381-v21_4_01 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 139-148

Author(s):

Olena Honcharova ◽

Pavlo Kutishchev ◽

Yevgen Korzhov

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Chlorella Vulgaris ◽

Spirulina Platensis ◽

Control Diet ◽

Scientific Work ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

The Body ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Control Group ◽

Natural Food

This research investigated Spirulina Platensis, Chlorella vulgaris and Artemia salina as additional sources of protein and biologically active substances that affect the parameters of the carp body. Additional addition of carp to the diet in the ratio: Spirulina Platensis - 40%, Chlorella vulgaris - 30% and Artemia salina - 30% made an impact on the parameters of carp development. The components were cultured in a bioreactor built into a recirculating aquaculture system. The results showed that after additional feeding of carp with the indicated components, the body weight of one-year carp was higher than the control group by 8.9%, and safety by 3.4%. Body weight two year carp was greater in the experimental group than in the group where the fish ate the total diet. The difference was 12.1% in body weight and 2.9% in safety. These parameters were significantly lower in fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). This scientific work has demonstrated the additional use of natural food as a method for improving the blood composition of carp: an increase in hemoglobin by 15.5% (P<0.05), erythrocytes by 5.5% in comparison with the control group. Indicators of gas-discharge visualization of a biological object supplemented the obtained result.

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Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of different plant parts of Pellacalyx axillaris

Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences ◽

10.11113/mjfas.v15n3.1415 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 394-397

Author(s):

Najwa Ahmad Kuthi ◽

Norazah Basar

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Phytochemical Study ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Crude Extracts ◽

Radical Scavenging Assay

Pellacalyx axillaris or locally known as ‘membuloh’ is a mangrove species belonging to the Rhizophoraceae family. Till date, there has been only one phytochemical study found on this particular plant species and that without any documentation on its biological activities. Therefore, the present work aimed to reveal the phytoconstituents and the antioxidant activity of different crude extracts from different plant parts of P. axillaris. Experimentally, three organic solvents of different polarities i.e. n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol were used to prepare the crude extracts from the dried leaves, twigs and barks of P. axillaris. The preliminary phytochemical screening of this species indicated the presence of terpenoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinone glycosides and carbohydrates. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the species evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) suggested that the methanolic bark extract contained potential source of natural antioxidants. Further research into isolation of antioxidant compounds from this species is highly recommended.

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