Cottonseed Kernel Powder as a Natural Health Supplement: An Approach to Reduce the Gossypol Content and Maximize the Nutritional Benefits

Cottonseed is one of the important by-products of the cotton crop. Researchers claim that cottonseed with less than 0.45% of gossypol is quite good for human consumption and animal feeding because it is a rich source of protein, edible oil, and energy. Total and free gossypols are the influencing parameters that reduce the edible nature of the cottonseed. In the present work, multiple quadratic regression models have been prepared to predict the reduction in the free and total gossypol percent. This response surface method (RSM)-based approach was applied to investigate the combined effect between input parameters such as acetone level, time of extraction, liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), and the number of extraction cycles, whereas output responses are free and total gossypol reduction percentage. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been performed to determine the highly significant parameter. The optimum combination of input parameters was determined using the RSM-based desirability approach, and confirmatory experiments were performed to validate the combination. Results revealed that the number of extraction cycles and liquid-to-solid ratio significantly affects the reduction of free and total gossypol levels. The values of r-square were found above 0.9, which indicates that the developed models are suitable and reliable for predicting free and total gossypol reduction percentage.

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Chemical Composition and Thermogravimetric Behaviors of Glanded and Glandless Cottonseed Kernels

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules27010316 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 316

Author(s):

Zhongqi He ◽

Sunghyun Nam ◽

Hailin Zhang ◽

Ocen Modesto Olanya

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Gossypol Content ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Mineral Contents ◽

Cottonseed Kernel ◽

Heat Treated ◽

Similar Chemical ◽

Scanning Electron Microcopy ◽

Food Applications

Common “glanded” (Gd) cottonseeds contain the toxic compound gossypol that restricts human consumption of the derived products. The “glandless” (Gl) cottonseeds of a new cotton variety, in contrast, show a trace gossypol content, indicating the great potential of cottonseed for agro-food applications. This work comparatively evaluated the chemical composition and thermogravimetric behaviors of the two types of cottonseed kernels. In contrast to the high gossypol content (3.75 g kg−1) observed in Gd kernels, the gossypol level detected in Gl kernels was only 0.06 g kg−1, meeting the FDA’s criteria as human food. While the gossypol gland dots in Gd kernels were visually observed, scanning electron microcopy was not able to distinguish the microstructural difference between ground Gd and Gl samples. Chemical analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that Gl kernels and Gd kernels had similar chemical components and mineral contents, but the former was slightly higher in protein, starch, and phosphorus contents. Thermogravimetric (TG) processes of both kernels and their residues after hexane and ethanol extraction were based on three stages of drying, de-volatilization, and char formation. TG-FTIR analysis revealed apparent spectral differences between Gd and Gl samples, as well as between raw and extracted cottonseed kernel samples, indicating that some components in Gd kernels were more susceptible to thermal decomposition than Gl kernels. The TG and TG-FTIR observations suggested that the Gl kernels could be heat treated (e.g., frying and roasting) at an optimal temperature of 140–150 °C for food applications. On the other hand, optimal pyrolysis temperatures would be much higher (350–500 °C) for Gd cottonseed and its defatted residues for non-food bio-oil and biochar production. The findings from this research enhance the potential utilization of Gd and Gl cottonseed kernels for food applications.

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Prospects and Constraints of Transplanted Maize, Wheat, Sorghum and Pearl Millet: A Review

International Journal of Environment and Climate Change ◽

10.9734/ijecc/2020/v10i530198 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 24-43

Author(s):

Saikat Biswas

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Pearl Millet ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Cereal Crops ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Research Findings ◽

Plant Stand ◽

Nutritional Benefits ◽

Direct Sowing

Cereal crops such as maize, wheat, sorghum and pearl millet are important for human consumption due to their nutritional benefits. These cereals play pivotal roles to meet world’s food demand. However, maintenance of food security particularly in the circumstance of changing climate, constantly urges for modification of agro-techniques and one such modification is the incorporation of transplanting technique in these cereals as an alternative under a non-practicable situation of direct sowing. Transplanting is a method of transferring seedlings grown in nursery or others to the field. It has been already found to shorten the crop duration and improve germination, plant stand, seed and seedling quality parameters, growth, yield and economic profitability of these cereals. Besides, research findings are also available stating that transplanting helps these cereals to cope up with vagaries of weather and to exhibit greater radiation and water use efficiencies and suppression of weeds. Outcomes of transplanting are however dependent on various factors like methods of nursery raising, the variety used, mode of planting, age of seedlings etc. In spite of these prospects, transplanting technique is not so popular in these cereals due to poor dissemination, discouraging research findings, pest and disease problems, lack of suitable package of practices etc. Therefore, focuses are to be given in conducting more and more research trials to confirm its location and situation wise efficacy and also in developing and disseminating a suitable package of practices of transplanting accordingly.

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Central Composite Design and Desirability of RSM for Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Mixture of Animal Waste Fat Oil and used Cooking Oil

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.d1724.029420 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 1565-1571

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Animal Waste ◽

Sodium Hydroxide Concentration ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Input Parameters ◽

Desirability Approach ◽

Central Composite ◽

Waste Fat

In this work, central composite design(CCD) and desirability approach of Response surface methodology (RSM) has been used for optimization of biodiesel yield produced from mixture of animal waste fat oil and used cooking oil (AWO) in the ratio of 1:1through alkaline transesterification process. In this work, methanol quantity, reaction time and sodium hydroxide concentration are selected as input parameters and yield selected as response. The combined effect of methanol quantity, reaction time and sodium hydroxide concentration were investigated and optimized by using RSM. The second order model is generated to predict yield as a function of methanol quantity, reaction time and sodium hydroxide concentration. A statistical model predicted the maximum yield of 96.9779% at 35ml methanol quantity (% v/v of oil), 75 min. reaction time and 0.6g (% wt./v of oil) of sodium hydroxide. Experimentally, the maximum yield of 97% was obtained at the above optimized input parameters. The variation of 0.02% was observed between experimental and predicted values. In this work, an attempt has also made to use desirability approach of RSM to optimize the input parameters to predict maximum yield. Desirability approach predicts maximum yield (97.075%) at CH3OH (35.832% vol. /vol. of oil), NaOH (0.604 % wt./vol. of oil) and reaction time (79.054min.) was found for the AWO.

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Effectiveness of the toxin-degrading strain screening strategy: Deficiency and improvement in screening the gossypol-degrading microorganism Aspergillus niger

10.21203/rs.3.rs-152600/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chen Zhang ◽

Gangqin Shu ◽

Hui Wang ◽

Daojie Li ◽

Yuan Xü ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Free Gossypol ◽

Screening Method ◽

Screening Strategy ◽

Gossypol Content ◽

Control Group ◽

Total Gossypol ◽

Screening Strategies ◽

Free Gossypol Content ◽

Degrading Microorganism

Abstract The effectiveness of the classic screening strategy was verified, by duplicating and verifying the degradation of gossypol by the Aspergillus niger. It can reduce the free gossypol content through biosorption but has no effect on the total gossypol content and cannot effectively degrade gossypol. And the most interesting thing we found the strain can secrete agarase, utilise agar as carbon source. In this case, that will mislead researchers and lead them to make wrong judgments. That turns out the usual methods of previous screening strategies are not rigorous enough, the classic screening method has defect in screening toxin-degrading strain, so agar control group should be added. In this study, some suggestions are put forward to optimise the same type of experiments and broaden the idea of detoxification by microorganisms and provide reference for screening effective toxin-degrading microorganisms.

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Nutritional quality of the fresh and processed grey mullet (Mugilidae) products: a short review including data concerning fish from freshwater

Aquatic Living Resources ◽

10.1051/alr/2018026 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 2 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ines Ben Khemis ◽

Neila Hamza ◽

Saloua Sadok

Keyword(s):

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Economic Value ◽

Short Review ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Potential Health ◽

Health Authorities ◽

Grey Mullets ◽

Nutritional Benefits

This short review compiles the data concerning the quality of flesh, processed roe and smoked fillets of grey mullets (Mugilidae), including when available the data concerning the fish from freshwater and in particular those from Tunisian reservoirs. The biochemical and mineral composition of the fish, the nutritional benefits and the potential health risks related to the consumption of fish products are discussed with regard to human health, taking into consideration the nutritional recommendations and normative toxicological limits defined by leading health authorities. Flesh proximal compositions of fish from freshwater are relatively scarce, but the few available lipid data are within the very large proximal range (from less than 1% to more than 11%) reported for grey mullets in general. Most of the studies reveal the predominance of unsaturated fatty acids with a substantial proportion ω3 type not only for fish from marine environment but also for those from freshwater. Flesh constitutes a source of essential amino acids and mineral nutrients too. The mullets are generally reported to be safe for human consumption except the fish from heavily contaminated zones. Globally, it should be regarded as an interesting contribution to a healthy diet. The mullets are also greatly appreciated for the production of salted and dried roe as well as smoked fillets, which allow increasing their economic value while preserving products health beneficial attributes. Data concerning processing mullet's roe from freshwater are missing, but it may be supposed that these roes have acceptable texture, taste and flavour as they are highly sought by connoisseurs. It is recommended to perform studies on the qualities of freshwater mullet's roe and to look for labelling the origin for both the roes and the smoked fillets of mullet from Tunisian reservoirs dedicated to the production of drinking water as it would guarantee that the fish come from unpolluted environments.

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Trace elements in grey seals from the Gulf of St. Lawrence

10.1101/2021.08.30.458200 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gwyneth A. MacMillan ◽

Marc Amyot ◽

Pierre-Yves Daoust ◽

Mélanie Lemire

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Reference Values ◽

Toxic Elements ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Grey Seal ◽

Health Concerns ◽

Baseline Levels ◽

Young Of The Year ◽

Nutritional Benefits

ABSTRACTWe measured baseline levels of 19 trace element and mercury speciation for grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL), Québec, Canada. With interest growing in commercializing grey seal products for human consumption in this region, the goal of this study was to measure essential and non-essential trace elements in grey seals to evaluate health concerns and nutritional benefits. From 2015 to 2019, 120 grey seals were sampled by hunters and researchers at 4 sites in the GSL. Muscle, liver, heart and kidney samples were analyzed for 10 non-essential elements (Sb, As, Be, B, Cd, Pb, Hg, Ni, Tl, Sn) and 9 essential elements (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn). Both total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were analysed for a subset of samples. Many elements were undetected in liver (Sb, As, Be, B, Cr, Co, Pb, Ni, Tl, Sn) and muscle tissues (same, plus Cd, Mn, Mo). Results showed lower element concentrations in the muscle (Fe, Mg, Se) and livers (Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Mo, Se) of young-of-the-year harvested in the winter (< 6 weeks old) compared to older animals feeding at sea. For older seals (∼ 5 months to 29 years), we did not observe progressive age-dependent bioaccumulation. Sex-specific differences were not very pronounced, but a few elements were 30 - 70% higher in the muscle (THg, MeHg) and liver (Mn, Zn) of male seals. Comparison to Canadian dietary reference intakes shows that a weekly portion of liver from young-of-the-year (< 6 weeks old) is a good source of essential elements (Cu, Fe) and that muscle and liver from this age category does not exceed reference values for toxic elements (As, Cd, Pb, MeHg). Ongoing discussions with regional public health professionals will help to develop dietary recommendations for the consumption of older grey seals.HIGHLIGHTSWe measured baseline levels of 19 trace elements in grey seals harvested from the Gulf of St. Lawrence.We evaluated nutritional benefits and health concerns of human consumption of grey seal products.Once seals began feeding at sea (∼ 5 mo), many element concentrations increased, but did not bioaccumulate progressively with age afterwards.Some elements were more concentrated in the muscle (mercury) and livers (manganese, zinc) of male seals.Young seal (< 6 we) livers are a good dietary sources of copper and iron, while its muscle and liver were below reference values for toxic elements.GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Experimental investigation of machinability and geometrical behavior of Titanium Alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) using Abrasive Waterjet Circular cut using Response Surface Methodology-Desirability approach

10.21203/rs.3.rs-345332/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Umanath Karuppusamy ◽

Devika D ◽

Rashia Begum S

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Titanium Alloy ◽

Response Surface ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Abrasive Waterjet ◽

Optimum Level ◽

Machining Parameters ◽

Input Parameters ◽

Desirability Approach

Abstract In the current study, the research explored the effect of the process parameters on the Titanium Alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) to improve the machining, surface and geometric characteristics of the circular cut-off profile by determining the optimum parameters for the Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM). The input parameters considered are the Abrasive Flow Rate (AFR), Stand-off Distance (SoD), and Traverse Rate (TR). There are various input parameters to evaluate output parameters like Circularity, Cylindricity, and Surface Roughness (SR) of the circular cut profile. The experiments are conducted using Central Composite Design (CCD) in the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is carried out to define most influenced process parameters and percentage of contribution. The RSM is used to predict the mathematical models for formulating the objective function using experimental results. RSM desirability approach is included in the method for determining optimum levels and discerning impacts on response variables of machining parameters. Confirmation tests with an optimum level of machining parameters have been completed to determine the adequacy of the RSM. In addition to that, the cutting profiles are also analysed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The Atomic Force Microscope(AFM) is often used to verify the minimum Surface Roughness of the AWJM machined surface.

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SOME ANTI-NUTRITIONAL COMPONENTS IN NIGERIA COTTONSEED AND COTTONSEED MEALS

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v11i2.2539 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 110-116

Author(s):

S. A. Ikurior ◽

B. L. A. Fetuga

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Cotton Seed ◽

Gossypol Content ◽

Seed Cotton ◽

Total Gossypol ◽

Tannin Content ◽

Seed Type ◽

Nutritional Components ◽

Processing Factors

Cottonseed of three Nigerian commercial varieties of cotton, three locational composite seed cotton and cottonseed meals were investigated with respect to their content of gossypol (free and total), tannins, phytin and phytin phosphorus. Free and total gossypol ranged from 1.14 to 1.34% and 1.21 to 1.59%, respectively in cottonseed kernels, and 0.028 to 0.064% and 0.413 to 0.831%, respectively in cotton seed meals. Varietal and environmental factors appeared to influence the gossypol content of cottonseed while the variability in the meals was due to the effects of conditions under which the seed was processed. Tannins ranged from 26.25 to 38.50 mg/100g in the seed kernels and 3.13 to 6.75 mg/100g in the meals. From all indications varietalIocational and processing factors appeared to influence the tannin content of the seed and meals in a similar manner as they influenced the gossypol content. Phytin and phytin phosphorus did not vary appreciably between or within seed type, neither did processing of seed appear to affect their contents in the meals.

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Xylo-Oligosaccharides, Preparation and Application to Human and Animal Health: A Review

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.731930 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Yuxia Chen ◽

Yining Xie ◽

Kolapo M. Ajuwon ◽

Ruqing Zhong ◽

Tao Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Solubility ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Animal Health ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Current Application ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Food And Feed ◽

New Perspective ◽

Nutritional Benefits

Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are considered as functional oligosaccharides and have great prebiotic potential. XOS are the degraded products of xylan prepared via chemical, physical or enzymatic degradation. They are mainly composed of xylose units linked by β-1, 4 bonds. XOS not only exhibit some specific physicochemical properties such as excellent water solubility and high temperature resistance, but also have a variety of functional biological activities including anti-inflammation, antioxidative, antitumor, antimicrobial properties and so on. Numerous studies have revealed in the recent decades that XOS can be applied to many food and feed products and exert their nutritional benefits. XOS have also been demonstrated to reduce the occurrence of human health-related diseases, improve the growth and resistance to diseases of animals. These effects open a new perspective on XOS potential applications for human consumption and animal production. Herein, this review aims to provide a general overview of preparation methods for XOS, and will also discuss the current application of XOS to human and animal health field.

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Effects of enzymatic, sprouting and solvent methods on free and total gossypol reduction, oil content, flour yield and crude protein content

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.15740/has/ijas/17.2/371-376 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 371-376

Author(s):

Varsha Satankar ◽

Mohan Singh ◽

V. Mageshwaran ◽

Manoj Kumar

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Candida Tropicalis ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Oil Content ◽

Gossypol Content ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Total Gossypol ◽

Cottonseed Flour ◽

Food Industries ◽

Flour Yield

Use of cottonseed as protein source for food application and monogastric animals are restricted due to the presence of polyphenolic toxic content known as gossypol. Reduction of gossypol and improving crude protein content in cottonseed flour may increase its utility for feed and food industries. The present study aims to analyze the influence of three individual methods viz., sprouting method, enzymatic method and solvents method on free and total gossypol content, crude protein content, oil content and flour yield. Enzymatic treatments were performed using culture candida tropicalis, saccharomyces cerevisiae and combinations of both whereas for solvent treatments four different solvents namely acetone, ethanol, methanol and iso-propanol with their four different levels (70-100%) were applied. Results of this study revealed that 70% aqueous acetone showed maximum free gossypol reduction (97%), crude protein content (65.6%), oil content 31.3 % and 57% flour yield was observed. However, total gossypol reduction was only 51%. Other side, enzymatic treatment based on candida tropicalis found more effective in terms of total gossypol reduction (73%), however crude protein content was recorded only 39.4%.

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