scholarly journals Immobilization of Pectinolytic Enzymes on Nylon 6/6 Carriers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4591
Author(s):  
Sana Ben-Othman ◽  
Toonika Rinken

Pectinolytic enzymes are an important tool for sustainable food production, with a wide range of applications in food processing technologies as well as the extraction of bioactive compounds from pectin-rich raw materials. In the present study, we immobilized commercial pectinase preparation onto pellet and thread shaped nylon 6/6 carriers and assessed its stability and reusability. Five commercial pectinase preparations were tested for different pectin de-polymerizing activities (pectinase, polygalacturonase, and pectin lyase activities). Thereafter, Pectinex® Ultra Tropical preparation, exhibiting the highest catalytic activities among the studied preparations (p < 0.0001), was immobilized on nylon 6/6 using dimethyl sulfate and glutaraldehyde. The immobilization yield was in accordance with the carrier surface area available for enzyme attachment, and it was 1.25 ± 0.10 U/g on threads, which was over 40 times higher than that on pellets. However, the inactivation of immobilized enzymes was not dependent on the shape of the carrier, indicating that the attachment of the enzymes on the surface of nylon 6/6 carriers was similar. The half-life of enzyme inactivation fast phase at 4 °C was 12.8 days. After 5 weeks, the unused threads retained 63% of their initial activity. Reusability study showed that after 20 successive cycles the remaining activity of the immobilized pectinase was 22%, indicating the good prospects of reusability of the immobilized enzyme preparations for industrial application.

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (11(112)) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Nataliia Husiatynska ◽  
Nataliia Hryhorenko ◽  
Olha Kalenyk ◽  
Mykola Husiatynskyi ◽  
Svitlana Teterina

The need to intensify the process of extracting sugar substances from sweet sorghum stalks in order to improve the quality and yield of the target product has been substantiated. Existing techniques of sugar substance extraction used in sweet sorghum processing technologies have been analyzed. The application of a combined technique for extracting sugary substances has been proposed implying the production of pressed and diffusion juice. The results of optimizing the press technique of juice extraction from sorghum stalks are given. The equations of material balance of products and sugars have been built, depending on such factors as the degree of pressing, the initial content of solids and sugars in the stalks. A procedure for calculating the yield of pressed juice, cake, and the content of total sugars has been devised, according to which the preliminary pressing of the stalks ensures the extraction of juice in the range of 25‒35 %, the yield of the pressed cake is 75‒65 % on average, with a sugar content exceeding 60 %. It has been experimentally established that the use of the anti-current process of extraction of sugar substances from the pressed cake ensures their complete extraction from raw materials. The rational parameters for this process have been defined. At a temperature of 66–70 °C and a duration of 20 minutes, it is possible to obtain an extract whose content of solids is 13.0 %, total sugars ‒ 11.10 %, and whose purity is 85.38 %. The research was carried out in order to intensify the extraction of sugar substances from sweet sorghum plant raw materials, to improve the technical level of the extraction process, and implement the devised method under industrial conditions. Further implementation of these results in the food industry could make it possible to establish the production of a wide range of sugar-containing products, both organically and as a natural substitute for sugar in food products.


2021 ◽  
pp. 30-41
Author(s):  
Николай Дмитриевич Лукин ◽  
Сергей Николаевич Серегин ◽  
Марина Владимировна Сидак ◽  
Георгий Владимирович Сысоев

Современные требования инновационной экономики к перерабатывающему сектору сельскохозяйственного сырья должны ориентироваться на безотходные ресурсосберегающие технологии переработки, экологизации производства и природосбережения, в этом и заключается философия технологии глубокой переработки. Только заложив в основу хозяйственной деятельности эти принципы работы, можно обеспечить полное использование всех имеющихся компонентов сельскохозяйственного сырья при минимальном получении вторичных ресурсов и отходов производства и обеспечить устойчивое развитие промышленности. Глубокая переработка зерна кукурузы и пшеницы в России является наиболее перспективным направлением, для этого создана развитая сырьевая база и построены современные заводы по переработке этих видов сырья с производством значительного ассортимента продукции. Разработка и внедрение в промышленность технологий глубокой переработки на основе диверсификации производства с получением широкой номенклатуры продукции является ключевым приоритетом развития крахмалопаточной промышленности России. Необходимость обеспечения развития глубокой переработки зерна обусловлена рядом факторов - это связано с удовлетворением внутреннего спроса на данную продукцию, снижением импортной зависимости от продуктов переработки зерна с высокой добавленной стоимостью, возможностью для выхода на международные рынки в рамках федерального проекта «Экспорт продукции АПК». Последнее десятилетие для крахмалопаточной промышленности было отмечено ростом производственных мощностей, модернизацией действующих предприятий, концентрацией производства, что расширило диверсификацию экономики промышленности и обеспечило хорошую динамику выработки основных видов продукции, повысило ее конкурентоспособность. Комплексное решение стоящих перед промышленностью задач и вывод ее на новый технологический уровень возможны только при разработке целевой программы развития, которая свяжет использование всех видов ресурсов на основе современных достижений научно-технического прогресса и новых форм организации производства. The modern requirements of the innovative economy for the processing sector of agricultural raw materials should focus on waste-free resource-saving technologies for processing, greening production and environmental conservation, this is the philosophy of deep processing technology. Only by laying the foundation for economic activity can these principles of work ensure the full use of all available components of agricultural raw materials with a minimum of secondary resources and production waste and ensure the sustainable development of industry. The deep processing of corn and wheat grains in Russia is the most promising area, for this purpose, a developed raw material base has been created and modern plants for the processing of these raw materials have been built with the production of a significant range of products. The development and introduction into the industry of deep processing technologies based on diversification of production to obtain a wide range of products is a key priority for the development of the Russian starch industry. The need to ensure the development of deep grain processing is due to a number of factors - this is due to the satisfaction of domestic demand for these products, a decrease in import dependence on high-value-added grain processing products, and the possibility of entering international markets under the federal project «Export of agro-industrial products». The last decade for the starch industry was marked by an increase in production capacities, modernization of existing enterprises, a concentration of production, which expanded the diversification of the economy of industry and ensured good dynamics of production of basic types of products, increased its competitiveness. It is possible to comprehensively solve the problems facing industry and bring it to a new technological structure only when developing a targeted development program that will link the use of all types of resources based on modern achievements in scientific and technological progress and new forms of production organization.


2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Salzhanova ZAURE ◽  
Ayazhanov KUANYSH ◽  
Gulzhan MUKASHEVA ◽  
Arynova ZHANNA ◽  
Gaukhar YESBOLGANOVA

These days, sustainability is a key issue for many private companies that address their sustainable corporate performance. The perspective is essential for their license to operate and forms the basis for business principles and practices. The lack of internationally accepted reporting standards on what, when and where to report makes it difficult to assess sustainability. The article examines different sustainable methods to forecast the development of food sector in Kazakhstan. The scenario approach is used as the most effective one that, in the authors’ opinion, allows taking into consideration a variety of tendencies in the sphere of production, distribution and consumption of food products. Kazakhstan has real opportunities to produce a wide range of food products in the volume, that ensure not only food security of the country, but also the possibility of expanding the export potential of Kazakhstan both at the expense of raw materials and the realization of food products on the world markets with high added value. Currently, however, the food potential of the country is being used inefficiently.


Author(s):  
C. J. Chan ◽  
K. R. Venkatachari ◽  
W. M. Kriven ◽  
J. F. Young

Dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4) is a major component of Portland cement. It has also been investigated as a potential transformation toughener alternative to zirconia. It has five polymorphs: α, α'H, α'L, β and γ. Of interest is the β-to-γ transformation on cooling at about 490°C. This transformation, accompanied by a 12% volume increase and a 4.6° unit cell shape change, is analogous to the tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation in zirconia. Due to the processing methods used, previous studies into the particle size effect were limited by a wide range of particle size distribution. In an attempt to obtain a more uniform size, a fast quench rate involving a laser-melting/roller-quenching technique was investigated.The laser-melting/roller-quenching experiment used precompacted bars of stoichiometric γ-Ca2SiO4 powder, which were synthesized from AR grade CaCO3 and SiO2xH2O. The raw materials were mixed by conventional ceramic processing techniques, and sintered at 1450°C. The dusted γ-Ca2SiO4 powder was uniaxially pressed into 0.4 cm x 0.4 cm x 4 cm bars under 34 MPa and cold isostatically pressed under 172 MPa. The γ-Ca2SiO4 bars were melted by a 10 KW-CO2 laser.


Food Industry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Sergey Urubkov ◽  
Svetlana Khovanskaya ◽  
Ekaterina Pyrieva ◽  
Olga Georgieva ◽  
Stanislav Smirnov

Diet therapy is one of the main approaches to the treatment of a wide range of diseases of the digestive system. The treatment effectiveness of celiac disease depends on how strictly the patient adheres to a gluten-free diet. It is often disrupted due to the limited range of recommended foods and dishes, especially for children who are particularly sensitive to dietary restrictions. In this case, the development of new types of specialized gluten-free products is relevant, allowing to expand the diet both in terms of nutritional value and taste diversity. This study concerns the recipe developments of dry gluten-free mixtures using rice and amaranth with the inclusion of fruit and vegetable and berry raw materials intended for the nutrition of children over three years old suffering from celiac disease. When developing the recipes, researchers used various combinations of rice and amaranth flour, as well as fruit and vegetable powders. The rice flour composition varied in the range from 15 to 75%; amaranth – from 15 to 45%; fruit and vegetable and berry powders – up to 10%. The finished product was gluten-free cookies, muffins, pancakes made of rice and amaranth. Organoleptic evaluation showed that the studied samples of gluten-free cookies have high quality characteristics, have a pleasant taste and aroma. According to the calculated data, specialized gluten-free dry mixtures intended for children over three years with celiac disease can serve as an important source of: vegetable carbohydrates – from 26.81 to 55.19 g / 100g of finished products; protein – from 4.06 to 11.82 g/100g of finished products; dietary fiber – from 3.82 to 6.36 g/100g of finished products; and energy – from 158.12 to 333.96 kcal/100g of finished products) The developed recipess of gluten-free products can help to provide children with an adequate amount of nutrients and energy.


Author(s):  
Е. M. Serba ◽  
М. B. Overchenko ◽  
L. V. Rimareva ◽  
N. I. Ignatova ◽  
А. E. Orekhova ◽  
...  

In the production of alcohol in the preparation of grain raw materials for fermentation, the main role is given to enzyme preparations of amylolytic action, which are key enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of starch. Amylolytic enzyme preparations with a different composition of enzymes and their level of activity, a mechanism of biocatalytic effect on starch, and a range of thermal and pH optimum are widely represented on the Russian market. The development of optimal conditions for the preparation of grain wort, the rational selection and dosage of concentrated enzyme preparations, the properties of which correspond to the parameters of the technological process, will ensure the effective preparation of starch for fermentation, and increase the profitability of alcohol production. The aim of this work was to study the influence of enzyme preparations of amylolytic action and the conditions of their use on the efficiency of the process of alcoholic fermentation and the yield of the final product, ethanol. The effect of various dosages of enzyme preparations of glucoamylase action, with a different ratio of the main enzyme glucoamylase and minor enzyme α-amylase, as well as methods for preparing wheat wort on the process of alcoholic fermentation, was studied. It was found that the enzyme preparation, the source of glucoamylase, in which α-amylase was present in a ratio of 15: 1 (in terms of activity level), turned out to be more effective in fermenting prepared wheat wort: its optimal dosage was 8 units. GLS / g starch. The presence of a sufficient amount of α-amylase in this preparation compensated for the dosage of thermostable α-amylase. The alcohol concentration in the mash was 10.2% vol., The alcohol yield was 67.9 cm3 / 100 g of starch. When glucoamylase with a lower ratio of the main and minor enzyme (75: 1) was used at the saccharification stage, an increase in the wort fermentation depth was observed with an increase in the concentration of glucoamylase to 9-10 units of GLS / g and α-amylase to 0.5 units. AC / g. It was also found that an increase in the duration of enzymatic-hydrolytic preparation of the wort had a positive effect on the fermentation process, the alcohol concentration in the mash increased to 10.2 vol.%. It was shown that the introduction of proteases into the wort helps to reduce the viscosity of grain wort, enriching it with assimilable yeast amino acids, which leads to an increase in the yield of alcohol. It has been confirmed that the synergy of the action of enzymes of amylolytic and proteolytic effects on polymers of grain raw materials allows to increase the efficiency of their conversion to ethanol. The conditions of enzymatic-hydrolytic processing of grain raw materials for fermentation are developed. The use of the digestion stage did not significantly affect the fermentation results of wheat wort.


2020 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Yu. Olefir ◽  
E. Sakanyan ◽  
I. Osipova ◽  
V. Dobrynin ◽  
M. Smirnova ◽  
...  

The entry of a wide range of biotechnological products into the pharmaceutical market calls for rein-forcement of the quality, efficacy and safety standards at the state level. The following general monographs have been elaborated for the first time to be included into the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition: "Viral safety" and "Reduction of the risk of transmitting animal spongiform encephalopathy via medicinal products". These general monographs were elaborated taking into account the requirements of foreign pharmacopoeias and the WHO recommendations. The present paper summarises the key aspects of the monographs.


2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ersin Karataş ◽  
Ahmet Tülek ◽  
Mehmet Mervan Çakar ◽  
Faruk Tamtürk ◽  
Fatih Aktaş ◽  
...  

Background: Polygalacturonases are a group of enzymes under pectinolytic enzymes related to enzymes that hydrolyse pectic substances. Polygalacturonases have been used in various industrial applications such as fruit juice clarification, retting of plant fibers, wastewater treatment drinks fermentation, and oil extraction. Objectives: The study was evaluated at the heterologous expression, purification, biochemical characterization, computational modeling, and performance in apple juice clarification of a new exo-polygalacturonase from Sporothrix schenckii 1099-18 (SsExo-PG) in Pichia pastoris. Methods: Recombinant DNA technology was used in this study. Two different pPIC9K plasmids were constructed with native signal sequence-ssexo-pg and alpha signal sequence-ssexo-pg separately. Protein expression and purification performed after plasmids transformed into the Pichia pastoris. Biochemical and structural analyses were performed by using pure SsExo-PG. Results: The purification of SsExo-PG was achieved using a Ni-NTA chromatography system. The enzyme was found to have a molecular mass of approximately 52 kDa. SsExo-PG presented as stable at a wide range of temperature and pH values, and to be more storage stable than other commercial pectinolytic enzyme mixtures. Structural analysis revealed that the catalytic residues of SsExo-PG are somewhat similar to other Exo-PGs. The KM and kcat values for the degradation of polygalacturonic acid (PGA) by the purified enzyme were found to be 0.5868 µM and 179 s-1, respectively. Cu2+ was found to enhance SsExo-PG activity while Ag2+ and Fe2+ almost completely inhibited enzyme activity. The enzyme reduced turbidity up to 80% thus enhanced the clarification of apple juice. SsExo-PG showed promising performance when compared with other commercial pectinolytic enzyme mixtures. Conclusion: The clarification potential of SsExo-PG was revealed by comparing it with commercial pectinolytic enzymes. The following parameters of the process of apple juice clarification processes showed that SsExo-PG is highly stable and has a novel performance.


Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.


Author(s):  
Heng Xia ◽  
Hong-Zi Tan ◽  
Hongyou Cui ◽  
Feng Song ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
...  

Hydrogenation of phenol is an important strategy to produce cyclohexane or cyclohexanol as both of them are raw materials for the synthesis of nylon-6 and nylon-66. Herein, we report a...


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