scholarly journals (In)Distinctive Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Common and Rare Ovarian Cancers

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5040
Author(s):  
Maja Sabol ◽  
Jean Calleja-Agius ◽  
Riccardo Di Di Fiore ◽  
Sherif Suleiman ◽  
Sureyya Ozcan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Ovarian Cancers ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Low Incidence

Rare ovarian cancers (ROCs) are OCs with an annual incidence of fewer than 6 cases per 100,000 women. They affect women of all ages, but due to their low incidence and the potential clinical inexperience in management, there can be a delay in diagnosis, leading to a poor prognosis. The underlying causes for these tumors are varied, but generally, the tumors arise due to alterations in gene/protein expression in cellular processes that regulate normal proliferation and its checkpoints. Dysregulation of the cellular processes that lead to cancer includes gene mutations, epimutations, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) regulation, posttranscriptional and posttranslational modifications. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) are defined as transcribed RNA molecules, more than 200 nucleotides in length which are not translated into proteins. They regulate gene expression through several mechanisms and therefore add another level of complexity to the regulatory mechanisms affecting tumor development. Since few studies have been performed on ROCs, in this review we summarize the mechanisms of action of lncRNA in OC, with an emphasis on ROCs.

scholarly journals RNA 2’-O-Methylation (Nm) Modification in Human Diseases

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilyana G. Dimitrova ◽  
Laure Teysset ◽  
Clément Carré
Keyword(s):  
Rna World ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Structure Stability ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Epigenetic Gene Regulation ◽  
Biological Defects

Nm (2’-O-methylation) is one of the most common modifications in the RNA world. It has the potential to influence the RNA molecules in multiple ways, such as structure, stability, and interactions, and to play a role in various cellular processes from epigenetic gene regulation, through translation to self versus non-self recognition. Yet, building scientific knowledge on the Nm matter has been hampered for a long time by the challenges in detecting and mapping this modification. Today, with the latest advancements in the area, more and more Nm sites are discovered on RNAs (tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, and small non-coding RNA) and linked to normal or pathological conditions. This review aims to synthesize the Nm-associated human diseases known to date and to tackle potential indirect links to some other biological defects.

scholarly journals MiR-155: An Important Regulator of Neuroinflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Valeria Domenica Zingale ◽  
Agnese Gugliandolo ◽  
Emanuela Mazzon
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mirnas Expression

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and that play an important role in many cellular processes, including modulation of inflammation. MiRNAs are present in high concentrations in the central nervous system (CNS) and are spatially and temporally expressed in a specific way. Therefore, an imbalance in the expression pattern of these small molecules can be involved in the development of neurological diseases. Generally, CNS responds to damage or disease through the activation of an inflammatory response, but many neurological disorders are characterized by uncontrolled neuroinflammation. Many studies support the involvement of miRNAs in the activation or inhibition of inflammatory signaling and in the promotion of uncontrolled neuroinflammation with pathological consequences. MiR-155 is a pro-inflammatory mediator of the CNS and plays an important regulatory role. The purpose of this review is to summarize how miR-155 is regulated and the pathological consequences of its deregulation during neuroinflammatory disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and other neuroinflammatory disorders. Modulation of miRNAs’ expression could be used as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of pathological neuroinflammation.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs: Their Role in Metabolism, Tumor Microenvironment, and Therapeutic Implications in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5604
Author(s):  
Shine-Gwo Shiah ◽  
Sung-Tau Chou ◽  
Jang-Yang Chang
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Non Coding Rna

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression by binding to target mRNAs. Deregulated miRNAs can act as either oncogenic miRNAs or tumor suppressor miRNAs in controlling proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metastasis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and immune responses, which are all involved in the carcinogenesis process of HNSCC. Recent findings have shown that metabolic reprogramming is an important hallmark of cancer, which is necessary for malignant transformation and tumor development. Some reprogrammed metabolisms are believed to be required for HNSCC against an unfavorable tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME is composed of various cell types embedded in the altered extracellular matrix, among which exosomes, secreted by cancer cells, are one of the most important factors. Tumor-derived exosomes reshape the tumor microenvironment and play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication during HNSCC development. Exosomes encapsulate many biomolecules, including miRNAs, circulate in body fluids, and can transmit intercellular regulatory messages to nearby and distant sites, which indicates that exosomal miRNAs have the potential to become non-invasive biomarkers. This review aims to clarify the functions of diverse miRNAs in HNSCC metabolic reprogramming and tumor-derived exosomes. In addition, it also emphasizes the potential role of miRNA as a biomarker in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of HNSCC cancer.

scholarly journals The role of microRNAs in angiogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Bujak ◽  
Patrycja Kopytko ◽  
Małgorzata Lubecka ◽  
Katarzyna Sokołowska ◽  
Maciej Tarnowski
Keyword(s):  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Antiangiogenic Factors ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Angiogenesis is the process that leads to the formation of new blood vessels. Under physiological conditions it occurs, inter alia, during corpus luteum formation and in some stages of the menstrual cycle. However, angiogenesis plays an essential role in many pathological conditions, particularly cancer. New blood vessel formation provides cancer cells with oxygen and essential nutrients, which stimulates tumor growth and facilitates its metastasis. Increasing evidence indicates that angiogenesis is regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), which are small non-coding RNA molecules of 19–25 nucleotides. The main function of miRNAs is post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, which controls many key biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Endothelial miRNAs, known as angiomiRs, are presumably involved in tumor development and angiogenesis through regulation of pro- and antiangiogenic factors. To date, the miRNAs that stimulate angiogenesis are: miR-9, miR-27a, miR-30d, miR0-130b, miR-139, miR-146a, miR-150, miR-155, miR-200c, miR-296 and miR-558. Conversely, miRNAs that inhibit angiogenesis are: miR-145, miR-519c, miR-22, miR-20a, miR-92, miR-7b, miR-221, miR-222, miR-328 and miR-101.

scholarly journals Differential expression of DLG1 as a common trait in different human diseases: an encouraging issue in molecular pathology

2019 ◽  
Vol 400 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Marziali ◽  
María Paula Dizanzo ◽  
Ana Laura Cavatorta ◽  
Daniela Gardiol
Keyword(s):  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Scaffolding Protein ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Cell Localization ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
And Migration

AbstractHuman disc large (DLG1) is a scaffolding protein that through the interaction with diverse cell partners participates in the control of key cellular processes such as polarity, proliferation and migration. Experimental data have mainly identified DLG1 as a tumor suppressor. An outstanding point for DLG1 protein is that altered DLG1 expression andDLG1gene mutations were observed in different pathologies, including cancer and neurological and immunological disorders. Evident changes in DLG1 abundance and/or cell localization were identified in a number of studies suggesting its participation in molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of such illnesses. In this review, we focus on some of the latest findings regarding DLG1 alterations in different diseases as well as its potential use as a biomarker for pathological progression. We further address the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms regulating DLG1 expression and the posttranslational modifications that may affect DLG1 cell localization and functions. Despite the advances in this field, there are still open questions about the precise molecular link between alterations in DLG1 expression and the development of each specific pathology. The complete understanding of this concern will give us new scenarios for the design of promising diagnosis and therapeutic tools.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs in Neuroinflammation: Implications in Disease Pathogenesis, Biomarker Discovery and Therapeutic Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slota ◽  
Booth
Keyword(s):  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Prion Diseases ◽  
Herpes Encephalitis ◽  
Inflammatory Signaling ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mirna Deregulation

The central nervous system can respond to threat via the induction of an inflammatory response. Under normal circumstances this response is tightly controlled, however uncontrolled neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurological disorders. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that are important for regulating many cellular processes. The ability of microRNAs to modulate inflammatory signaling is an area of ongoing research, which has gained much attention in recent years. MicroRNAs may either promote or restrict inflammatory signaling, and either exacerbate or ameliorate the pathological consequences of excessive neuroinflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize the mode of regulation for several important and well-studied microRNAs in the context of neuroinflammation, including miR-155, miR-146a, miR-124, miR-21 and let-7. Furthermore, the pathological consequences of miRNA deregulation during disorders that feature neuroinflammation are discussed, including Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Prion diseases, Japanese encephalitis, Herpes encephalitis, ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury. There has also been considerable interest in the use of altered microRNA signatures as biomarkers for these disorders. The ability to modulate microRNA expression may even serve as the basis for future therapeutic strategies to help treat pathological neuroinflammation.

scholarly journals Role of microRNAs in neuroendocrine neoplasms of the stomach

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
I. N. Peregorodiev ◽  
S. V. Vinokurova ◽  
V. Yu. Bohyan ◽  
V. V. Delektorskaya ◽  
O. A. Malikhova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Microrna Expression ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rna

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of rare epithelial tumors that arise from cells with a neuroendocrine phenotype. NENs are found in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas – 60 % of all localities. The incidence of gastric NENs is about 9 % of all neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and 0.3 % of all stomach tumors. Stomach neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are classified into three clinico-pathological types, based on etiology, pathogenesis and morphology. There are also separate neuroendocrine cancers: small- and large-cell. The prognosis and approach to treatment of various types of gastric NENs differs significantly. Modern methods of instrumental diagnostics, immunohistochemical methods of morphological research, along with light microscopy, do not always allow us to accurately assess the malignant potential of a tumor and individualize the treatment process. One of the promising directions in the study of NETs is to determine the molecular mechanism underlying their development, in particular the role of microRNAs. This direction can open a new vector of understanding the pathogenesis, determining the prognosis of the disease, as well as finding new application points for the drug treatment of NETs. MicroRNAs are a class of short non-coding RNA molecules (18–25 nucleotides). MicroRNAs can be involved in the regulation of all major cellular processes, including proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, signaling pathways, and apoptosis. A study of microRNA expression in tissues revealed tumor-specific microRNAs. In contrast to a number of other malignant tumors, microRNA expression in patients diagnosed with NENs is poorly understood. MicroRNA-222 and microRNA-202 are among the few microRNAs that have been demonstrated in the NETs of the stomach.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs: An Important Players in Breast Cancer Angiogenesis and Therapeutic Targets

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bashdar Mahmud Hussen ◽  
Sara Tharwat Abdullah ◽  
Mohammed Fatih Rasul ◽  
Abbas Salihi ◽  
Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Angiogenesis Process

The high incidence of breast cancer (BC) is linked to metastasis, facilitated by tumor angiogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that have an essential role in gene expression and are significantly linked to the tumor development and angiogenesis process in different types of cancer, including BC. There’s increasing evidence showed that various miRNAs play a significant role in disease processes; specifically, they are observed and over-expressed in a wide range of diseases linked to the angiogenesis process. However, more studies are required to reach the best findings and identify the link among miRNA expression, angiogenic pathways, and immune response-related genes to find new therapeutic targets. Here, we summarized the recent updates on miRNA signatures and their cellular targets in the development of breast tumor angiogenetic and discussed the strategies associated with miRNA-based therapeutic targets as anti-angiogenic response.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs and obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction: key paradigms in molecular therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karima Ait-Aissa ◽  
Quynh My Nguyen ◽  
Mohanad Gabani ◽  
Adam Kassan ◽  
Santosh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Sirtuin 1 ◽  
Molecular Therapy ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Endothelial Nitric Oxide

Abstract The endothelium plays a pivotal role in maintaining vascular health. Obesity is a global epidemic that has seen dramatic increases in both adult and pediatric populations. Obesity perturbs the integrity of normal endothelium, leading to endothelial dysfunction which predisposes the patient to cardiovascular diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules that play important roles in a variety of cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and stress response; their alteration contributes to the development of many pathologies including obesity. Mediators of obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction include altered endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), oxidative stress, autophagy machinery and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. All of these factors have been shown to be either directly or indirectly caused by gene regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive description of the therapeutic potential of miRNAs to treat obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction. This may lead to the identification of new targets for interventions that may prevent or delay the development of obesity-related cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals Role of microRNAs in the molecular diagnosis of cancer

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Giglio ◽  
Andrea Vecchione
Keyword(s):  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Diagnosis Of Cancer ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
Tumor Types ◽  
Cycle Regulation

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved, endogenous, small non-coding RNA molecules of about 22 nucleotides in length that function as posttranscriptional gene regulators. They are involved in numerous cellular processes including development, cell differentiation, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. There is increasing evidence to show that miRNAs are mutated or differentially expressed in many types of cancer and specific functions of the miRNAs are now becoming apparent. Here we discuss the current literature on potential usefulness of miRNAs as diagnostic markers, emphasizing the involvement of specific miRNAs in particular tumor types, highlighting their potential role in distinguishing benign from malignant tissues and/or the different subtypes of the same tumor and/or in diagnosis and classification of tumor of unknown origin.

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