Mechanical Characteristics and Adhesion of Glass-Kevlar Hybrid Composites by Applying Different Ratios of Epoxy in Lamination

Hybrid composites have great potential for specific strength and specific stiffness, effective in aerospace industries, submarines, and light-weight automotives. The mechanical strength and adhesiveness of hybrid laminates can be enhanced by effective use of matrix materials in different ratios of epoxy resin and epoxy hardener. Gentle use of resin and hardener in the fabrication of hybrid composites can alter tensile modulus, the bonding strength between matrix and fabric. Spectacular progress has been achieved by the selection of appropriate amounts of resin and hardener in the hybridization of composite laminate. Hybridization was made by Kevlar inorganic/organic fabrics and glass fabrics stacked with epoxy matrix material. To achieve the combination of mechanical properties and bonding strength, transparent epoxy resin and hardener of commercial grades mixed in various ratios are incorporated as matrix material to fabricate laminate. Three different sheets, named A (3:2), B (4:1), and C (2:3), were embedded by the hand layup method to prepare a hybrid composite. Experimental tests, according to ASTM 3039, were performed to determine the tensile mechanical properties. Peel tests, according to ASTM 6862-11, were performed to investigate the interlaminar strength between Kevlar and glass layers. Shore A and Shore C hardness durometers were used to find out the hardness of the specimens at different spots using the ASTM D-2240 standard. Finally, physical testing, such as density and then water absorption, was carried out using the ASTM D-570 standard to check the swelling ratio of the different specimens. The results obtained highlight that the specimen of the glass/Kevlar hybrid embedded in the ratio 3:2 in lamination has the best mechanical properties (tensile strength and hardness) and the lowest swelling ratio, while the material system in the ratio 4:1 shows the best interlaminar properties and adhesion capabilities.

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Preparation and mechanical properties of Nanoclay-MWCNT/Epoxy hybrid nanocomposites

Journal of Applied Research in Technology & Engineering ◽

10.4995/jarte.2021.14239 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Sunil Kumar ◽

Arun Gupta

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Filler Content ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Tensile Modulus ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

Polymer Composite Material ◽

Hybrid Nanocomposites ◽

Content Increase ◽

Carbon Nano Tubes

<p>Among the various kinds of reinforcing element, Multi Wall Carbon Nano-tubes (MWCNT) and Nanoclay have found much more attention as a filler element to upgrade the mechanical properties of polymer composite material. In this paper, production of hybrid nanocomposites and the effect of MWCNT and nanoclay on mechanical properties of hybrid nanocomposites have been evaluated. In hybrid nanocomposites, MWCNT and nanoclay are embedded in epoxy resin. The processing of hybrid nanocomposite is always been a difficult task for researcher to prepare defects free samples. Here, the processing of Epoxy/Nanoclay-MWCNT hybrid composites has been done by using homogenizer and ultrasonic techniques for complete dispersion of nanoparticles into epoxy resin. The MWCNT and nanoclay were embedded into epoxy resin in different weight fractions and mixtures were used for tensile test and hardness specimen production. The tensile modulus and tensile strength values have been calculated via tensile tests. The test result shows that tensile modulus of samples increases as the filler content increase up to certain extent but then start decreasing. Also the elongation reduces as the filler content rises in the epoxy which shows the brittleness present in the samples. Rockwell hardness on B-scale was conducted on Nanocomposite samples and found that increasing the filler content excessively does not improve hardness as much.</p>

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Analysis of Mechanical and Wettability Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12122827 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 2827

Author(s):

Ayyappa Atmakuri ◽

Arvydas Palevicius ◽

Madhusudan Siddabathula ◽

Andrius Vilkauskas ◽

Giedrius Janusas

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Contact Angle ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Moisture Absorption ◽

Natural Fiber ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Matrix Material ◽

Research Work ◽

Fiber Composites ◽

Individual Fiber

Natural fibers have many advantages over synthetic fibers due to their lightness, low cost, biodegradability, and abundance in nature. The demand for natural fiber hybrid composites in various applications has increased recently, because of its promising mechanical properties. In this research work, the mechanical and wettability properties of reinforced natural fiber epoxy resin hybrid composites were investigated. The main aim of this research work is the fabrication of hybrid composites and exploit its importance over individual fiber composites. The composites were fabricated based on the rule of hybridization mixture (0.4 wf) of two fibers using sets of either hemp and flax or banana and pineapple, each set with 40 wt%, as well as four single fiber composites, 40 wt% each, as reinforcement and epoxy resin as matrix material. A total of two sets (hemp/flax and banana/pineapple) of hybrid composites were fabricated by using a hand layup technique. One set as 40H/0F, 25H/15F, 20H/20F, 15H/25F, 0H/40F, and the second one as 40B/0P, 25B/15P, 20B/20P, 15B/25P, 0B/40P weight fraction ratios. The fabricated composites were allowed for testing to examine its mechanical, wettability, and moisture properties. It has been observed that, in both cases, hybrid composites showed improved mechanical properties when compared to the individual fiber composites. The wettability test was carried out by using the contact angle measurement technique. All composites in both cases, hybrid or single showed contact angle less than 90°, which is associated with the composite hydrophilic surface properties. The moisture analysis stated that all the composites responded for moisture absorption up to 96 h and then remained constant in both cases. Hybrid composites absorbed less moisture than individual fiber composites.

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Effect of Secondary Carbon Nanofillers on the Electrical, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Conductive Hybrid Composites Based on Epoxy Resin and Graphite

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14154169 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (15) ◽

pp. 4169

Author(s):

Marcel Zambrzycki ◽

Krystian Sokolowski ◽

Maciej Gubernat ◽

Aneta Fraczek-Szczypta

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Specific Surface ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Surface Area ◽

Specific Surface Area ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Department Of Energy ◽

Carbon Nanofillers ◽

The Impact ◽

Secondary Carbon

In this work, we present a comparative study of the impact of secondary carbon nanofillers on the electrical and thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of hybrid conductive polymer composites (CPC) based on high loadings of synthetic graphite and epoxy resin. Two different carbon nanofillers were chosen for the investigation—low-cost multi-layered graphene nanoplatelets (GN) and carbon black (CB), which were aimed at improving the overall performance of composites. The samples were obtained by a simple, inexpensive, and effective compression molding technique, and were investigated by the means of, i.a., scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, electrical conductivity measurements, laser flash analysis, and thermogravimetry. The tests performed revealed that, due to the exceptional electronic transport properties of GN, its relatively low specific surface area, good aspect ratio, and nanometric sizes of particles, a notable improvement in the overall characteristics of the composites (best results for 4 wt % of GN; σ = 266.7 S cm−1; λ = 40.6 W mK−1; fl. strength = 40.1 MPa). In turn, the addition of CB resulted in a limited improvement in mechanical properties, and a deterioration in electrical and thermal properties, mainly due to the too high specific surface area of this nanofiller. The results obtained were compared with US Department of Energy recommendations regarding properties of materials for bipolar plates in fuel cells. As shown, the materials developed significantly exceed the recommended values of the majority of the most important parameters, indicating high potential application of the composites obtained.

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Assessing of Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Hybrid Composites

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.199 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 766-767 ◽

pp. 199-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kumar Jayachandran Nirmal ◽

D. Premkumar

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Natural Fiber ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Natural Fibres ◽

Fiber Reinforced Polymer ◽

Resin Matrix ◽

Reinforced Polymer ◽

Individual Type

An experimental analysis has been carried out to investigate the mechanical properties of composites reinforced by sisal, coir, and banana fibres into epoxy resin matrix. The natural fibres were extracted by retting and manual processes. The composites fabricated by epoxy resin and reinforcement in the hybrid combination of Sisal-Banana and Sisal-Coir with the volume fraction of fibres varying from 5% to 30%. It has been identified that the mechanical properties increase with the increase of volume fraction of fibres to a certain extent and then decreases. The hybridization of the reinforcement in the composite shows greater mechanical properties when compared to individual type of natural fibres reinforced. For all the composites tested, the tensile strength of the composite increased up to 25% of volume fraction of the fibres and further for the increase in the volume fraction of fibre the mechanical properties were decreased. As same as tensile properties, the flexural and impact strength also increased linearly up to 25% of volume fraction of fibres and further for the increase in the volume fraction of fibre the mechanical properties were slightly decreased. Key Words: Sisal, Banana, Coir, Epoxy, Hybrid composite.

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Effect of alkali treatment on mechanical properties of jute fiber-reinforced partially biodegradable green composites using epoxy resin matrix

Polymers and Polymer Composites ◽

10.1177/0967391119880046 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 388-397

Author(s):

Jai Inder Preet Singh ◽

Sehijpal Singh ◽

Vikas Dhawan

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Alkali Treatment ◽

Matrix Material ◽

Resin Matrix ◽

Infrared Analysis ◽

Test Results ◽

Green Composites ◽

Jute Fibers ◽

Naoh Solution

In this work, partially biodegradable green composites have been developed with the help of compression molding technique. Jute fibers were selected as a reinforcement and epoxy resin as matrix material. The influence of alkali treatment on various mechanical properties of jute/epoxy composites was investigated, with concentrations ranging from 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% NaOH solution. Various test results indicate that with an increase in concentration, tensile and flexural strength increases up to 5% concentration of NaOH, thereafter both the properties decrease, but impact strength increases up to 7% concentration and thereafter decreases. The results of mechanical characterizations were further validated through the study of morphology with scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The optimal concentration of 5% concentration for alkali treatment of fibers have been suggested.

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Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Sisal/Glass Fiber-Polypropylene Composites

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.486 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 47-50 ◽

pp. 486-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kasama Jarukumjorn ◽

Nitinat Suppakarn ◽

Jongrak Kluengsamrong

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Glass Fiber ◽

Natural Fiber ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Fiber Reinforced ◽

Polypropylene Composites ◽

Specific Strength ◽

Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites became more attractive due to their light weight, high specific strength, biodegradability. However, some limitations e.g. low modulus, poor moisture resistance were reported. The mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced composites can be improved by hybridization with synthetic fibers such as glass fiber. In this research, mechanical properties of short sisal-PP composites and short sisal/glass fiber hybrid composites were studied. Polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) was used as a compatibilizer to enhance the compatibility between the fibers and polypropylene. Effect of weight ratio of sisal and glass fiber at 30 % by weight on the mechanical properties of the composites was investigated. Morphology of fracture surface of each composite was also observed.

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Hybrid Composites Based on Polypropylene with Basalt/Hazelnut Shell Fillers: The Influence of Temperature, Thermal Aging, and Water Absorption on Mechanical Properties

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12010018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 18 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anna Kufel ◽

Stanisław Kuciel

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Thermal Aging ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽

Tensile Modulus ◽

Charpy Impact ◽

Creep Tests ◽

Influence Of Temperature

The aim of the research was to study the effects of adding natural fillers to a polypropylene (PP) matrix on mechanical and physical properties of hybrid composites. The 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight basalt fibers (BF) and ground hazelnut shells (HS) were added to the PP matrix. Composites were produced by making use of an injection molding method. Tensile strength, tensile modulus, strain at break, Charpy impact strength, and the coefficient of thermal expansion were determined. The influence of temperature, thermal aging, and water absorption on mechanical properties was also investigated. In addition, short-time creep tests were carried out. To characterize the morphology and the filler distribution within the matrix, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used. The results showed that the addition of the two types of filler enhanced mechanical properties. Furthermore, improvements in thermal stability were monitored. After water absorption, the changes in the tensile properties of the tested composites were moderate. However, thermal aging caused a decrease in tensile strength and tensile modulus.

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DEA and DSC study of cubic silsesquioxane epoxy resin nanocomposites

e-Polymers ◽

10.1515/epoly.2006.6.1.99 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Newton Luiz Dias Filho ◽

Hermes Adolfo de Aquino

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Activation Energy ◽

Fracture Toughness ◽

Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Loss Factor ◽

Tensile Modulus ◽

Dielectric Analysis ◽

Epoxy Nanocomposites ◽

Scanning Calorimetry

AbstractNon-isothermal dielectric analysis (DEA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques were used to study the epoxy nanocomposites prepared by reacting 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15-octa[dimethylsiloxypropylglycidylether] pentaciclo [9.5.1.13,9.15,15 .17,13] octasilsesquioxane (ODPG) with methylenedianiline (MDA). Loss factor (ε”) and activation energy were calculated by DEA. The relationships between the loss factor, the activation energy, the structure of the network, and the mechanical properties were investigated. Activation energies determined by DEA and DSC, heat of polymerization, fracture toughness and tensile modulus show the same profile for mechanical properties with respect to ODPG content.

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Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Carbon-Flax-Glass Hybrid Composites

International Journal of Vehicle Structures and Systems ◽

10.4273/ijvss.12.1.01 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

M. Dinesh ◽

R. Asokan ◽

S. Vignesh ◽

Chitikena Phani Kumar ◽

Rajulapati Ravichand

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Thermal Load ◽

Natural Fiber ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Natural Fibers ◽

Thermal Exposure ◽

Stacking Sequence ◽

Specific Strength ◽

Hybrid Laminates ◽

Fiber Materials

Over the years, application of composite materials has got wider. So there is a necessity for development of new materials to satisfy the environmental requirements. It is viable through the process of hybridization of natural fibers to synthetic fibers. This investigation is carried out to determine the tensile and flexural strength of hybrid composites with various fiber combinations and stacking sequence. Thus it is easy to identify the natural fiber hybrid combination with high mechanical properties under static and varying thermal load conditions. The various fiber materials are meticulously chosen and three conventional and six different hybrid laminates were fabricated with various stacking sequences of selected fibers using hand layup technique. The tensile and flexural properties are determined through mechanical testing and compared with conventional materials. The failure morphologies are captured and investigated with zoom optical cameras. On analyzing the results, it is observed that carbon-flax hybrid composites exhibit nearly equivalent specific strength at a reduced cost compared to the carbon/glass fiber hybrid composites and also the effect of the stacking sequence in mechanical properties is elucidated through this study. Varying thermal load analysis reveals that there is a considerable loss in mechanical properties due to thermal exposure.

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Investigating Mechanical Properties of Carbon Glass Jute Fiber based Composite

Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology ◽

10.51201/jusst/21/05346 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (06) ◽

pp. 923-931

Author(s):

Sami Hamid ◽

◽

Abhishek Thakur ◽

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Natural Fiber ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Fiber Composite ◽

Tensile Modulus ◽

Fiber Reinforced Polymer ◽

Fiber Reinforced ◽

Test Procedures ◽

Additional Material ◽

Reinforced Polymer

Hybrid composites are made by combining natural and synthetic fibers with an effective matrix, which usually means they’ve received additional strengthening, such as epoxy, to create the additional material properties you can’t obtain on their own. To attain the desirable tensile modulus, compressive modulus, and so on, a fiber composite needs to be added to the FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer). Polymer matrix composites are light and cost-effective to manufacture, but they still friendly to the environment and have viable applications, which is why they are often used in various commercial applications. Unidirectional fibers and bidirectionally reinforced with epoxy (SikaDur is a composite medium) carbon fibers are two-way reinforced with unidirectional (use unidirectional) Before we developed test procedures for preparing the test specimens, the testing lab implemented the layup method according to ASTM standards. Ten separate stacking sequences were tested and four different intensity sequences were used in testing the compressive structures according to ASTM D15. The results of the study indicate that hybridization helps natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites to increase their mechanical properties We would use natural fibers rather than synthetic ones since the natural ones make comparable strength when hybridized with synthetic ones.

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