scholarly journals Valorization of Indonesian Wood Wastes through Pyrolysis: A Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1407
Author(s):  
Agus Haryanto ◽  
Wahyu Hidayat ◽  
Udin Hasanudin ◽  
Dewi Agustina Iryani ◽  
Sangdo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Main Product ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Wood Waste ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Slow Pyrolysis ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Depth Study

The wood processing industry produces a significant amount of wood waste. Biomass valorization through pyrolysis has the potential to increase the added value of wood wastes. Pyrolysis is an important thermochemical process that can produce solid, liquid, and gas products. This paper aims to review the pyrolysis of wood wastes from Indonesia, including teak wood (Tectona grandis), meranti (Shorea sp.), sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nielsen), and rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis). The review is based on an in-depth study of reliable literatures, statistical data from government agencies, and direct field observations. The results showed that pyrolysis could be a suitable process to increase the added value of wood waste. Currently, slow pyrolysis is the most feasible for Indonesia, with the main product of charcoal. The efficiency of the slow pyrolysis process can be increased by harvesting also liquid and gaseous products. The use of the main product of pyrolysis in the form of charcoal needs to be developed and diversified. Charcoal is not only used for fuel purposes but also as a potential soil improvement agent.

scholarly journals Lignin Extraction from Waste Pine Sawdust Using a Biomass Derived Binary Solvent System

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1090
Author(s):  
Solange Magalhães ◽  
Alexandra Filipe ◽  
Elodie Melro ◽  
Catarina Fernandes ◽  
Carla Vitorino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Binary Solvent ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Fractionation Process ◽  
Pine Sawdust ◽  
Renewable Chemicals ◽  
Lignin Extraction

Lignocellulosic biomass fractionation is typically performed using methods that are somehow harsh to the environment, such as in the case of kraft pulping. In recent years, the development of new sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives has grown significantly. Among the developed systems, bio-based solvents emerge as promising alternatives for biomass processing. Therefore, in the present work, the bio-based and renewable chemicals, levulinic acid (LA) and formic acid (FA), were combined to fractionate lignocellulosic waste (i.e., maritime pine sawdust) and isolate lignin. Different parameters, such as LA:FA ratio, temperature, and extraction time, were optimized to boost the yield and purity of extracted lignin. The LA:FA ratio was found to be crucial regarding the superior lignin extraction from the waste biomass. Moreover, the increase in temperature and extraction time enhances the amount of extracted residue but compromises the lignin purity and reduces its molecular weight. The electron microscopy images revealed that biomass samples suffer significant structural and morphological changes, which further suggests the suitability of the newly developed bio-fractionation process. The same was concluded by the FTIR analysis, in which no remaining lignin was detected in the cellulose-rich fraction. Overall, the novel combination of bio-sourced FA and LA has shown to be a very promising system for lignin extraction with high purity from biomass waste, thus contributing to extend the opportunities of lignin manipulation and valorization into novel added-value biomaterials.

scholarly journals Variations in Essential Oil Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D. Don from Different Geographical Origins—A Critical Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11097
Author(s):  
Ana Lima ◽  
Filipe Arruda ◽  
Jorge Medeiros ◽  
José Baptista ◽  
João Madruga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cryptomeria Japonica ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Social Environmental

The scientific community is paying increasing attention to plant waste valorization, and also to “greener” practices in the agriculture, food and cosmetic sectors. In this context, unused forest biomass (e.g., leaves, seed cones, branches/twigs, bark and sapwood) of Cryptomeria japonica, a commercially important tree throughout Asia and the Azores Archipelago (Portugal), is currently waste/by-products of wood processing that can be converted into eco-friendly and high added-value products, such as essential oils (EOs), with social, environmental and economic impacts. Plant-derived EOs are complex mixtures of metabolites, mostly terpenes and terpenoids, with valuable bioactivities (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, antidepressant, antimicrobial, antiviral and pesticide), which can find applications in several industries, such as pharmaceutical, medical, aromatherapy, food, cosmetic, perfumery, household and agrochemical (e.g., biopesticides), with manifold approaches. The EOs components are also of value for taxonomic investigations. It is known that the variation in EOs chemical composition and, consequently, in their biological activities and commercial use, is due to different exogenous and endogenous factors that can lead to ecotypes or chemotypes in the same plant species. The present paper aims to provide an overview of the chemical composition, biological properties and proposals of valorization of C. japonica EO from several countries, and also to indicate gaps in the current knowledge.

Usaha Produksi Bibit Bawang Merah Melalui Peningkatan Ketahanan Tanaman Dari Serangan Hama Dan Infeksi Penyakit Di Desa Taman Ayu Lombok Barat

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
I Ketut Ngawit ◽  
Ahmad Zubaidi ◽  
Wayan Wangiyana ◽  
Ni Wayan Sri Suliartini
Keyword(s):  
Seed Tuber ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Ecological Farming ◽  
Onion Seed ◽  
Normal Seed

Due to the increasing use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, the prototype of the onion seed bulb known as the Ampenan Cultivar, its superiority has been declining from year to year. This phenomenon is characterized by the increasing size of the seed bulbs reaching 400-500 cloves kg-1 (while the size of normal seed tubers is 700-800 cloves kg-1), is less dense, has no breath, and grows less than 95%. Actions taken to overcome these problems are, training and direct field guidance through demonstration plots on efforts to increase the quantity and quality of onion seed tuber production by applying repeated clone selection techniques, optimal application of organic soil improvement materials and regulation of intercropping cropping patterns between shallots with peanut plants as an antidote to pest and disease infections. Based on the evaluation of all activities, the results obtained from the implementation of this program are: The target farmers attending the training and demonstration plot implementation were very enthusiastic. The appropriate technology that was introduced can be well received because it gives higher results and benefits compared to conventional businesses that have been undertaken so far. More benefits are gained by applying this integrated ecological farming model because, very little is needed for fertilizers and pesticides, weeding is easier, irrigation is efficient and farmers get additional products from peanut products. Besides being able to provide added value economically, agronomically the legume crop is very beneficial because it can protect plants from pest, weeds and diseases and restore soil fertility for sustainable farming.

scholarly journals Cascade Use of Wood in the Czech Republic

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 681
Author(s):  
Róbert Babuka ◽  
Andrea Sujová ◽  
Václav Kupčák
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Primary Processing ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Input Method

Research Highlights: One of the priorities of the European Commission is to build up an effective circular economy based on recycling and multiple use of materials. Wood biomass is a renewable raw material and can be used several times in a cascading sequence. Each country has a unique situation regarding the availability and utilization of wood sources. Background and Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze wood flow in the Czech Republic using the cascading principle of biomass use. The specific situation in the Czech Republic lies in a lack of valid and reliable input data from official statistics. Therefore, the reverse input method was applied. Materials and Methods: Input data analyses of roundwood sources and foreign trade were based on official statistical data. The calculation of raw wood volume consumption in primary processing was performed based on the data after our own correction and recalculation. It was then possible to build up a basic model of multi-stage cascade wood use. The input volume of roundwood was divided among all types of primary processing production using conversion factors. Results: Cascading use of wood (CUW) showed the level of efficiency of the resource. Official statistical input data and the reversed input data regarding raw wood volume entering wood processing revealed differences at a level of 27%. The overall CUW in the Czech Republic indicates a high rate of wood use in primary processing with low added value and in generating energy. Conclusions: The reverse input method reveals the real situation of wood consumption irrespective of the level of official statistical data. It is suitable to apply in an environment of incomplete or incorrect input data. CUW in Czechia showed an opportunity for increasing the efficiency of wood utilization. The structure of wood use needs to be optimized towards creating greater added value.

scholarly journals The Significance of IoT Technology in Improving Logistical Processes and Enhancing Competitiveness: A Case Study on the World’s and Slovakia’s Wood-Processing Enterprises

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7804
Author(s):  
Dominika Šulyová ◽  
Gabriel Koman
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Research Activities

The wood-processing industry currently does not sufficiently use modern technologies, unlike the automotive sector. The primary motive for writing this article was in cooperation with a Slovak wood processing company, which wanted to improve its logistics processes and increase competitiveness in the wood processing sector through the implementation of new technologies. The aim of this article was to identify the positives and limitations of the implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) technology into the wood processing industry, based on a secondary analysis of case studies and the best practice of American wood processing companies such as West Fraser Timber in Canada, and Weyerhaeuser in the USA. The selection of case studies was conditional on criteria of time relevance, size of the sawmills, and production volume in m3. These conditional criteria reflected the conditions for the introduction of similar concepts for wood-processing enterprises in Slovakia. The implementation of the IoT can reduce operating costs by up to 20%, increase added value for customers, and collect real-time data that can serve as the basis for support of management and decision-making at the operational, tactical, and strategic levels. In addition to the secondary analysis, methods of comparison of global wood processing companies, synthesis of knowledge, and summarization of positives and limitations of IoT implementation or deduction were used to reach our conclusions. The results were used as the basis for the design of a general model for the implementation of IoT technology for Slovak wood processing enterprises. This model may represent best practice for the selected locality and industry. The implications and verification of the designed model in practice will form part of other research activities, already underway in the form of a primary survey.

scholarly journals Bimetallic Pd-Au/SiO2 Catalysts for Reduction of Furfural in Water

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Modelska ◽  
Michal J. Binczarski ◽  
Zbigniew Kaminski ◽  
Stanislaw Karski ◽  
Beata Kolesinska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
High Activity ◽  
Main Product ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Tof Sims ◽  
Spent Grain ◽  
Brewery's Spent Grain ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Catalytic systems based on bimetallic Pd-Au particles deposited on SiO2 were prepared by ultrasonically assisted water impregnation and used in the hydrogenation of furfural obtained by the acidic hydrolysis of waste biomass (brewery’s spent grain) in aqueous phase. Pd-Au/SiO2 catalysts containing 50 g of Pd and 2–100 g of Au per 1 kg of catalyst were characterized by high activity in the studied process and, depending on the Pd/Au ratio, selectivity to 2-methyloxolan-2-ol. The modification of 5%Pd/SiO2 by Au leads to the formation of dispersed Au-Pd solid solution phases, which was confirmed by XRD, XPS, ToF-SIMS, SEM-EDS, and H2-TPR techniques. The effect of dilution of surface palladium by gold atoms is probably crucial for modification of the reaction mechanism and formation of 2-methyloxolan-2-ol as the main product.

scholarly journals Development of gasification process technology for the production of environmentally friendly and sustainable syngas in Wood Processing Industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 01012
Author(s):  
Nani Harihastuti ◽  
Rustiana yuliasni
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Wood Waste ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Gasification Process

One potential bioenergy that has not been explored to its full is the bioenergy potential of wood processing industry waste. The wood processing industry’s waste from saw mill wood is an alternative fuel substitute for IDO or MFO which has been widely used in the wood processing industry. The calorific value of saw mill wood waste is around 2,600 -3,400 kcal / kg, because there are many cellulose, sulfur, lignin, water biomass and so on. If the use is burned, it will directly give potential environmental impacts in the form of emission gas pollution in the form of Fly Ash, CO2, NOx and CxHy. This method is considered less efficient and gives less value. This study aims to obtain renewable energy sources by converting sawmill wood solid fuel wood processing industry into clean, sustainable and high-calorie gas fuel (syngas) as well as preventing air pollution. The method used is the development of gasification process technology in the burner vesel fluidized bed reactor with a controlled, low oxygen vertical perforated blade installation, resulting in Syngas. Through the gasification process, saw mill wood waste can be converted into gas that is more flammable with higher calorific value and environmentally friendly (clean energy). Syngas technology will be designed based on the principle of imperfect / oxygen-poor combustion at temperatures of 300 – 500°C, inside the closed vesel, so that the gas formed is CO, H2 and CxHx gas. The output is the development of gasification process technology that produces bioenergy syngas can be used in the substitution of boiler fuel for an environmentally friendly wood drying process.

scholarly journals Potensi Produksi Asap Cair, Arang dan Tar dari Limbah Industri Pengolahan Kayu

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
Alaik Z H Albaki ◽  
Ahmad S Purnama ◽  
Fajri Yulianto ◽  
Budy Rahmat ◽  
Vita Meylani
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
High Water ◽  
Wood Waste ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Test Characteristics ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Pyrolysis Tar ◽  
Two Factors

The practice of burning and stockpiling to reduce wood waste from the wood processing industry is not in line with the demands of clean production, environmentally friendly and sustainable industries. Pyrolysis technology can be used to produce bioenergy from wood waste. The temperature and the time of the pyrolysis process, the water content of materials, and the content of different yields between types of wood waste affect the bioenergy products produced. This study was aimed at determining the effect of wood waste form and condition on the quality and quantity of liquid smoke, tar, and charcoal. A Completely Randomized Design with two factors of treatments, i.e., waste forms and the drying process, was applied in this research. The results showed that the condition and shape of the material affect the volume of liquid smoke and the weight of the charcoal produced. The condition of the material without drying with high water content and the shape of the chunks produce more liquid smoke with an average yield of 191.14 mL and 186.37 mL, while the charcoal produced is higher in the condition of the material with drying and shaved form at 125.83 g and 115.62 g. The results of the test characteristics of grade 1 and 2 distillation liquid smoke meet the Japanese liquid smoke quality standards with phenol levels in the range of 26.66-35.94 mg GAE/mL sample and acidity levels of 16.91-58.9%. Keywords: Char; liquid smoke; pyrolysis; tar; wood waste.   ABSTRAK Praktik pembakaran dan penimbunan untuk mereduksi limbah kayu dari industri pengolahan kayu tidak selaras dengan tuntutan produksi bersih, ramah lingkungan dan industri berkelanjutan. Teknologi pirolisis dapat digunakan untuk memproduksi bioenergi dari limbah kayu dengan suhu dan waktu proses pirolisis, kadar air bahan serta kandungan rendemen yang berbeda antar jenis limbah kayu mempengaruhi produk bioenergi yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh bentuk dan kondisi limbah kayu terhadap kualitas dan kuantitas asap cair, ter dan arang. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap yang disusun secara faktorial dengan perlakuan bentuk limbah dan proses pengeringan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kondisi dan bentuk bahan mempengaruhi volume asap cair dan bobot arang yang dihasilkan. Kondisi bahan tanpa pengeringan dengan kadar air tinggi dan bentuk bongkah menghasilkan asap cair lebih banyak dengan hasil rata-rata 191,14 mL dan 186,37 mL, sedangkan arang yang dihasilkan lebih tinggi pada kondisi bahan dengan pengeringan dan bentuk serut yaitu 125,83 g dan 115,62 g. Hasil uji karakteristik asap cair distilasi grade 1 dan 2 memenuhi standar mutu asap cair Jepang dengan kadar fenol berada pada kisaran 26,66-35,94 mg GAE/mL sampel dan kadar keasaman 16,91-58,9 %. Kata kunci: Arang; asap cair; limbah kayu; pirolisis; ter.

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