Selected Parameters of Oat Straw as an Alternative Energy Raw Material

Straw is treated as agricultural waste, and it is available in almost every region of Poland. A total of 30 million tons of straw is produced per year, of which there is a surplus of approximately 13.5 million tons of undeveloped straw. For energy purposes, straw from cereals or rapeseed is most often used. When analyzing scientific publications, it was noticed that, in Poland, large amounts of oat straw are produced, and there is no alternative use for it. Hence, we conducted research to determine the energy value of oat straw. Raw material was obtained from an individual farm from 2018 to 2020. Selected energy parameters for straw burned alone (100%) or co-fired with coal were analyzed in the following weight proportions: 70/30, 80/20, and 90/10 coal/oat straw. It was shown that changing weather conditions, in particular years, had a modifying effect on some of the energy parameters of straw. The calorific value of straw was lower than that of coal, but its impact on environmental pollution turned out to be significantly lower. The difference in combustion heat between coal and straw was 11.74 MJ·kg−1. Investigations into pollutant concentrations were performed for cubes of compressed straw and hard coal. Mixtures of these fuels were not studied in this part of the work. The combustion of straw resulted in a reduction of harmful NO, NOX, and SO2 pollutants and an increase in CO compared to coal combustion. As for hydrogen content—it was the highest in carbon and the lowest in straw. In the case of analytical moisture, an inverse relationship was observed. In the case of both coal and straw, the ash content varied throughout the years of research. As the boiler power increased from 5 to 25 kW, the consumption of burned raw material increased significantly. The results indicate that the surplus of oat straw can be rationally used to obtain thermal energy, including co-combustion with coal. This will allow one to avoid burning straw in the fields, which causes great harm to the natural environment.

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High-Energy Solid Fuel Obtained from Carbonized Rice Starch

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13164096 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 4096

Author(s):

Beata Kurc ◽

Piotr Lijewski ◽

Łukasz Rymaniak ◽

Paweł Fuć ◽

Marita Pigłowska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid Fuel ◽

Calorific Value ◽

High Energy ◽

Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽

Rice Starch ◽

Hard Coal ◽

High Concentration ◽

Combustion Heat ◽

Technical Parameters ◽

Very High

The paper describes the investigations of the physicochemical properties of biocoal, a solid fuel obtained following the carbonization of rice starch. The production of biocoal (carbonization) was completed at the temperature of 600 °C in the nitrogen atmosphere. As a result of the carbonization, amorphous carbon with high monodispersity was obtained, devoided of oxygen elements and was a very well developed BET specific surface—360 m2 g−1. The investigations of the technical parameters have confirmed a very high concentration of energy. The calorific value of 53.21 MJ kg−1 and the combustion heat of 54.92 MJ kg−1 are significantly higher than those of starch before carbonization (18.72 MJ kg−1 and 19.43 MJ kg−1, respectively) and these values for typical biomass fuels. These values are also greater than those of hard coal. Other advantageous features of the obtained fuel are low ash (0.84%) and moisture content. These features predispose this fuel for the application as an alternative to conventional fuels.

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KARATERISTIK TANAH GAMBUT SEBAGAI ENERGI ALTERNATIF

Jukung (Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan) ◽

10.20527/jukung.v4i2.6583 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Abdul Ghofur ◽

Aqli Mursadin

Keyword(s):

Energy Source ◽

Specific Gravity ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Peat Soil ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Ash Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Alternative Energy Source ◽

Key Word

Berdasarkan ketersediaan sumber daya gambut yang besar di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, maka peluang untuk memanfaatkan potensi tanah gambut sebagai sumber energi alternatif sangat besar. Sumber energi yang didapat dari minyak, gas bumi, dan batubara sedikit demi sedikit berkurang, sehingga perlu dicarikan sumber energi alternatif. Peneliti Lahan Gambut dari Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rawa Pertanian (Balittra) Banjarbaru, Dr Muhammad Noor dalam berita Banjarmasin post tanggal 24 Nopember 2005 tentang “PLN Melirik Lahan Gambut” menjelaskan, dalam gambut memang terdapat energi yang dapat membangkitkan tenaga listrik, energi yang terdapat dalam gambut cukup tinggi yakni sekitar 5.000 kilo kalori per kilogram. Di Kalsel, keberadaannya setara dengan 65 miliar barel minyak bumi atau sebesar 10 juta barel per tahun energi yang dihasilkan. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut beberapa perumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana usaha untuk melakukan tanah gambut untuk menjadi sumber energi alternatif yang berkualitas dan mudah digunakan, bagimana karateristik tanah gambut sebagai sumber energi alternatif. Salah satu cara untuk mengoptimalkan potensi gambut adalah memanfaatkannya sebagai bahan baku dalam pembuatan briket yang dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan bakar altematif . Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah a) memanfaatkan ketersediaan sumber daya alam dengan menggunakan tanah gambut sebagai energi alternatif dan b ) mengetahui Nilai kalori, berat jenis, kadar air dan kadar abu di wilayah studi. Tanah gambut yang digunakan sebagai bahan baku untuk energi alternatif berasal dari Desa Gambut Kabupaten Banjar. Prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian dilakukan terhadap karateristik tanah gambut diwilayah studi sebagai sumber energi. Dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa untuk tanah gambut di Desa Gambut Kec. Gambut bisa untuk digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif dengan teknologi pembriketan. Dengan nilai Kadar Air 0,10%, Kadar Abu 72,65%, berat jenis 2,11 Gs dengan nilai kalori 579,2 cal/g bisa digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif. Key word : energi alternatif, nilai kalori, tanah gambut. Based on the availability of large peat resources in the province of South Kalimantan, the opportunity to utilize the potential of peat soil as an alternative energy source is very large. Energy sources derived from oil, natural gas, and coal gradually diminish, so alternative energy sources are needed. Peatland Researchers from the Agricultural Swamp Research Institute (Balittra) Banjarbaru, Dr. Muhammad Noor in the Banjarmasin post on November 24, 2005 on "PLN Looking at Peatlands" explained that in peat there is indeed energy that can generate electricity, energy contained in peat quite high at around 5,000 kilos of calories per kilogram. In South Kalimantan, its existence is equivalent to 65 billion barrels of oil or 10 million barrels per year of energy produced. Based on this background, several formulations of the problem in this study are how to make peat soils to be a quality alternative energy source that is easy to use, how the characteristics of peat soil as an alternative energy source. One way to optimize the potential of peat is to use it as a raw material in making briquettes that can be used as alternative fuels. The purpose of this study is a) utilizing the availability of natural resources by using peat soil as alternative energy and b) knowing the calorific value, specific gravity, moisture content and ash content in the study area. Peat soil used as raw material for alternative energy comes from the Gambut Village of Banjar Regency. The procedure for conducting research was carried out on the characteristics of peat soil in the study area as an energy source. From the results of this study indicate that for peat soil in the village of Gambut Kec. Peat can be used as an alternative fuel with briquette technology. With a value of 0.10% moisture content, ash content 72.65%, specific gravity of 2.11 Gs with a calorific value of 579.2 cal / g can be used as an alternative fuel. Key word: alternative energy, calorific value, peat soil.

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ENHANCEMENT OF THE CALORIFIC VALUE OF EM1707PTY FRUIT BUNCH (EFB) BY ADDING MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AS SOLID FUEL IN GASIFICATION PROCESS

IIUM Engineering Journal ◽

10.31436/iiumej.v22i2.1566 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 10-20

Author(s):

Amadou Dioulde Donghol Diallo ◽

Ma’an Fahmi Rashid Alkhatib ◽

Md Zahangir Alam ◽

Maizirwan Mel

Keyword(s):

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Clean Energy ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Raw Material ◽

Environmental Benefit ◽

Gasification Process

Empty fruit bunch (EFB), a biomass-based waste, was deemed a potential replacement for fossil fuel. It is renewable and carbon neutral. The efficient management of this potential energy will help to deal with the problem associated with fossil fuels. However, a key parameter for evaluating the quality of raw material (EFB) as a fuel in energy applications is the calorific value (CV). When this CV is low, then its potential utilization as feedstock will be restricted. To tackle this shortcoming, we propose to add municipal solid waste to enhance energetic value. Thus, two major issues will be solved: managing solid residues and contributing an alternative energy source. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of mixing EFB and municipal solid waste (MSW) to make clean energy that is conscious of the environment (climate change) and sustainable development. The selected MSW, comprising of plastics, textiles, foam, and cardboard, were mixed, with EFB at various ratios. Proximate analysis was used to determine moisture content, ash, volatiles, and fixed carbon, whilst elemental analysis, is used to determine CHNS/O for MSW, EFB and their various mixtures. The CV of each element was also measured. The research revealed a significant increase in the calorific value of EFB by mixing it with MSW according to MSW/EFB ratios: 0.25; 0.42; 0.66; 1.00 and 1.50 the corresponding calorific values in (MJ/kg) were 19.77; 21.22; 22.67; 27.04 and 28.47 respectively. While the calorific value of pure EFB was 16.86 MJ/kg, the mixing of EFB with MSW promoted the increase in the CV of EFB to an average of 23.83MJ/kg. Another potential environmental benefit of applying this likely fuel was the low chlorine (0.21 wt. % to 0.95 wt. %) and sulfur concentrations (0.041 wt. % to 0.078 wt.%). This potential fuel could be used as solid refuse fuel (SRF) or refuse-derived fuel (RDF) in a pyrolysis or gasification process with little to no environmental effects. ABSTRAK: Tandan buah kosong (EFB), sisa berasaskan biojisim, adalah berpotensi sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil. Ia boleh diperbaharui dan karbon neutral. Pengurusan berkesan pada potensi tenaga ini dapat membantu mengatasi masalah melibatkan bahan bakar fosil. Namun, kunci parameter bagi menilai kualiti bahan mentah (EFB) sebagai bahan bakar dalam aplikasi tenaga adalah nilai kalori (CV). Apabila CV rendah, potensi menjadi stok suapan adalah terhad. Sebagai penyelesaian, kajian ini mencadangkan sisa pepejal bandaran ditambah bagi meningkatkan nilai tenaga. Oleh itu, dua isu besar dapat diselesaikan: mengurus sisa pepejal dan menambah sumber tenaga alternatif. Kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji potensi campuran tandan buah kosong (EFB) dan sisa pepejal bandaran (MSW) bagi menghasilkan tenaga bersih dari sudut persekitaran (perubahan iklim) dan pembangunan lestari. Pemilihan MSW, terdiri daripada plastik, tekstil, gabus dan kadbod, dicampurlan dengan pelbagai nisbah EFB. Analisis proksimat telah digunakan bagi mendapatkan kandungan kelembapan, abu, ruapan, dan karbon tetap, manakala analisis asas telah digunakan bagi mendapatkan CHNS/O bersama MSW, EFB dan pelbagai campuran lain. Nilai kalori (CV) setiap elemen turut diukur. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan penambahan ketara dalam nilai kalori EFB dengan campuran bersama MSW berdasarkan nisbah MSW/EFB 0.25; 0.42; 0.66; 1.00 dan 1.50 nilai kalori sepadan (MJ/kg) adalah 19.77; 21.22; 22.67; 27.04 dan 28.47 masing-masing. Manakala nilai kalori EFB tulen adalah 16.86 MJ/kg, campuran EFB dan MSW menunjukkan kenaikan CV dengan EFB pada purata 23.83MJ/kg. Antara potensi semula jadi lain adalah dengan mencampurkan bahan bakar ini dengan kalori rendah (0.21 wt. % kepada 0.95 wt. %) dan kepekatan sulfur (0.041 wt. % kepada 0.078 wt.%). Bahan bakar ini berpotensi sebagai bahan bakar pepejal sampah (SRF) atau bahan bakar yang terhasil dari pepejal sampah (RDF) melalui proses pirolisis atau proses gasifikasi yang sedikit atau tiada kesan langsung terhadap persekitaran.

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Alpian, Yanciluk, dan Wahyu Supriyati

Agrienvi, Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian ◽

10.36873/aev.v13i02.1771 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (02) ◽

pp. 22-31

Author(s):

Agrienvi

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Economic Value ◽

Forest Products ◽

Raw Material ◽

Wood Pellets ◽

Industry Waste ◽

Simple Technology

Energy demand increase follow to population growth factors, high exploration costs, rising world oil prices andthe difficulty of finding sources of oil reserves. These factors cause the governments of several countries toimmediately produce alternative energy that is renewable and environmentally friendly. Wood pellets are analternative energy source. The availability of raw materials is very easy to obtain. Raw materials for wood pelletsfrom the exploitation waste such as logging residues, branches and twigs, wood industry waste such as scraps,sawdust and bark, agricultural waste such as straw and husks. Waste that is developed into a product will produce ahigher economic value. Making pellets from wood waste is an alternative energy material for meeting people's energyneeds. The opportunity to develop wood pellets as fuel is wide open because of the vast potential of forests inIndonesia and the large amount of waste from forest products, both from timber industry waste and exploitationwaste. Equipment, raw materials and the process of making pellets in a simple manner need to be socialized to thepublic so that they can be applied especially for the utilization of potential waste that can be used as raw material formaking pellets.Keywords : wood pellets, waste, simple technology, renewable energy

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Production of briquettes from Indonesia agricultural biomass waste by using pyrolysis process and comparing the characteristics

Eksergi ◽

10.31315/e.v0i0.4572 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Sri Wahyu Murni ◽

Tutik Muji Setyoningrum ◽

Muhamad Maulana Azimatun Nur

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Matter Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Pressing Pressure ◽

Pyrolysis Process ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Stem Wood

Indonesia biomass waste is a potential feedstock as a source of renewable energy since it can be converted into carcoal briquettes. However, the production of the briquettes using pyrolysis process using the agricultural waste was lacking. In this research, briquette was made from palm shells, corncob and soybean stem wood due to its high availability and have high cellulose content. The purpose of this research was to produce briquettes from three kind of raw materials by employing pyrolysis process and compared the characteristics. The briquette was made from different type of raw materials (palm shells, corncob and soybean stem) and the concentration of binder : 3-7 %. Pyrolysis was done at 500 °C, and 100 kg / cm2 of pressing pressure. Results showed that, the best charcoal briquette was achieved from palm shells by using 5% binder, which resulted 4,1% moisture content, 3.4% ash content, 15% volatile matter content, 77.5% carbon content, 7075 cal/g calorific value and 1.4 kg/cm2 compresive strength. It is found that the concentration of binder and raw material influenced the quality of the briquettes. In overall, the production of the briquettes by employing pyrolysis method could meet the standard.

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Studies on the Behavior of Epoxy Polymer Matrix Reinforced by Carbon Particles obtained from Pyrolysis of Mixed Waste Plastic: A Review

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ◽

10.22214/ijraset.2021.36566 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (VII) ◽

pp. 1465-1472

Author(s):

Deepa Agrahari

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Science Studies ◽

Low Cost ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Internal Surface ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Concentration ◽

Internal Surface Area ◽

Carbon Particles

Commercial Carbon black is produced by thermal cracking of natural gas but nowadays the prices of carbon black are going down at a very sharp rate. The low prices of carbon black resulted in the search for low cost raw material. Most of the researchers focused on inexpensive agricultural waste such as shells of coconut, palm or bamboo. Pyrolysis of plastics is providing an excellent opportunity to manufacture carbon and presents an effective way to recycle non degradable plastics. Carbon element has revolutionized entire material science studies as it provides well developed pore structure and a very high internal surface area. It finds application as adsorbent, catalyst or electrode. Researchers like carbon black particles as they can be reinforced into polymer matrices providing a huge opportunity to prepare composites. The properties of these carbon black reinforced composites hugely depend on their origin, processing conditions and chemical treatments. The addition of these carbon black fillers obtained from plastics into polymer composites results in the formation of different microstructures and thus providing different types of composites based on shape, particle sizes and source of origin. The high concentration of carbon fillers results in making highly hydrophobic composites and finds application in making pipelines for extreme weather conditions.

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PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH CANGKANG BIJI KARET DENGAN ADITIF TEMPURUNG KELAPA SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF MELALUI TEKNOLOGI PEMBRIKETAN

JTAM ROTARY ◽

10.20527/jtam_rotary.v1i1.1400 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

Randi Nasarudin ◽

Abdul Ghofur

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Matter Content ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Raw Material ◽

Coconut Shell ◽

Additional Material

The development of alternative energy sources that can replace fuel oil is very important to utilize natural resources optimally and environmentally. The shell produced from rubber plants is the main ingredient in this study, while the coconut shell is an additional material used to increase the calorific value of alternative fuels which is often referred to as Briquette. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of variations in raw material composition and variations in pressure on the quality of rubber shells and coconut shell waste briquettes according to SNI standards. The raw material for rubber shell and coconut shell is processed into charcoal using carbonization method with a variation of a mixture of 85%: 15%, 90%: 10% and 95%: 5% with 5% adhesive. Then mix the printed material with a pressure of 300 kg/cm2 and 100kg/cm2. The quality parameters of briquettes are based on SNI 01-6235-2000 standards with moisture content, ash content, volatille matter content, and lacquer value. The results of the study showed that the sample b1 with 85% injection: 15% print pressure 300kg/cm2. The briquette with the sample code b1 has a water content value of 5,10432%, ash content of 14,8604%, volatile matter content of 12,8002%, carbon value of 66,8225% and heating value of 6576.592501 cal/gr. But overall the briquettes have not met the standards of SNI 01-6235-2000 concerning the quality of wood charcoal briquettes. Because the ash content of the briquette exceeds the maximum limit that has been determined, namely a maximum of 8%. Keywords: Alternative Energy, Rubber Seed Shell, Coconut Shell, Pressure

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.36873/ae , Alpian, Yanciluk, dan Wahyu Supriyati

Agrienvi, Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian ◽

10.36873/aev.v13i02.725 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (02) ◽

pp. 22-30

Author(s):

Agrienvi

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Forest Products ◽

Raw Material ◽

Wood Pellets ◽

Oil Reserves ◽

Industry Waste ◽

Energy Needs ◽

Simple Technology

ABSTRACTEnergy demand increase follow to population growth factors, high exploration costs, rising world oil prices andthe difficulty of finding sources of oil reserves. These factors cause the governments of several countries to immediatelyproduce alternative energy that is renewable and environmentally friendly. Wood pellets are an alternative energysource. The availability of raw materials is very easy to obtain. Raw materials for wood pellets from the exploitationwaste such as logging residues, branches and twigs, wood industry waste such as scraps, sawdust and bark,agricultural waste such as straw and husks. Waste that is developed into a product will produce a higher economicvalue. Making pellets from wood waste is an alternative energy material for meeting people's energy needs. Theopportunity to develop wood pellets as fuel is wide open because of the vast potential of forests in Indonesia and thelarge amount of waste from forest products, both from timber industry waste and exploitation waste. Equipment, rawmaterials and the process of making pellets in a simple manner need to be socialized to the public so that they can beapplied especially for the utilization of potential waste that can be used as raw material for making pellets.Keywords : wood pellets, waste, simple technology, renewable energy

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Moisture Content Impact on Properties of Briquette Produced from Rice Husk Waste

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13063069 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 3069 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed ◽

Noorfidza Yub Harun ◽

Muhammad Roil Bilad ◽

Muhammad T. Afzal ◽

Ashak Mahmud Parvez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Surface Morphology ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Physical Density

An agricultural waste-based source of energy in the form of briquettes from rice husk has emerged as an alternative energy source. However, rice husk-based briquette has a low bulk density and moisture content, resulting in low durability. This study investigated the effect of initial moisture contents of 12%, 14%, and 16% of rice husk-based briquettes blended with 10 wt% of kraft lignin on their chemical and physical characteristics. The briquetting was done using a hand push manual die compressor. The briquette properties were evaluated by performing chemical (ultimate and proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis), physical (density, durability, compressive strength, and surface morphology) analyses. The durability values of all briquette samples were above 95%, meeting the standard with good compressive strength, surface morphology, and acceptable density range. The briquette made from the blend with 14% moisture content showed the highest calorific value of 17.688 MJ kg−1, thanks to its desirable morphology and good porosity range, which facilitates the transport of air for combustion. Overall, this study proved the approach of enhancing the quality of briquettes from rice husk by controlling the moisture content.

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KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET DARI SEKAM PADI DAN KETAMAN KAYU BERPEREKAT DAUN JAMBU METE

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v5i2.1529 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 15-20

Author(s):

Widya Gema Bestari ◽

Mutiara Mendopa ◽

Rosdanelli Hasibuan

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Compaction Pressure ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Raw Material ◽

Carbonization Process ◽

Alternative Energy Sources ◽

Cashew Nut ◽

Wood Shaving

Briquettes are biomass compaction technology as alternative energy sources with or without binder in different shape and size. The research is aimed to analyze the best carbonization process, compaction pressure and binder concentration for quality of briquettes. In this resarch, rice husk and wood shaving are used as raw materials carbonized at different process, named by carbonization process 1 and other carbonization process 2. Carbonization process 1 was done by carbonized each raw material and then mixed while carbonization process 2 was done by mixed raw materials then carbonized. Raw materials were blended with cashew nut leaves binder at concentration 10%, 12,5%, 15%, and 20% and then compacted at pressure 85 kg/cm2 and 105 kg/cm2. The best briquette was briquette that rice husk and wood shaving were carbonized by carbonization process 1 blended with 15% binder and compacted at 85 kg/cm2 and had calorific value 2045,8271 cal/g.

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