Three-Year Longitudinal Study: Prevalence of Salmonella Enterica in Chicken Meat is Higher in Supermarkets than Wet Markets from Mexico

Worldwide, chicken meat is considered one of the main sources of Salmonella enterica in humans. To protect consumers from this foodborne pathogen, international health authorities recommend the establishment of continuous Salmonella surveillance programs in meat. However, these programs are scarce in many world regions; thus, the goal of the present study was to perform a longitudinal surveillance of S. enterica in chicken meat in Mexico. A total of 1160 samples were collected and analyzed monthly from 2016 to 2018 in ten chicken meat retailers (supermarkets and wet markets) located in central Mexico. The isolation and identification of S. enterica was carried out using conventional and molecular methods. Overall, S. enterica was recovered from 18.1% (210/1160) of the chicken meat samples. Remarkably, during the three years of evaluation, S. enterica was more prevalent (p < 0.0001) in supermarkets (27.2%, 158/580) than in wet markets (9.0%, 52/580). The study was 3.8 times more likely (odds ratio = 3.8, p < 0.0001) to recover S. enterica from supermarkets than wet markets. Additionally, a higher prevalence (p < 0.05) of this pathogen was observed during the spring, summer, autumn, and winter in supermarkets compared with wet markets. Moreover, the recovery rate of S. enterica from supermarkets showed a gradual increase from 20.78% to 42% (p < 0.0001) from 2016 to 2018. Interestingly, no correlation (p > 0.05) was observed between the S. enterica recovery rate in chicken meat and reported cases of Salmonella infections in humans. Higher levels of S. enterica in chicken meat retailed in supermarkets are not unusual; this phenomenon has also been reported in some European and Asian countries. Together, these results uncover an important health threat that needs to be urgently addressed by poultry meat producers and retailers.

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Helicobacter pullorum Isolated from Fresh Chicken Meat: Antibiotic Resistance and Genomic Traits of an Emerging Foodborne Pathogen

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02394-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 81 (23) ◽

pp. 8155-8163 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Vítor Borges ◽

Andrea Santos ◽

Cristina Belo Correia ◽

Margarida Saraiva ◽

Armelle Ménard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Membrane Filter ◽

Acquired Resistance ◽

Foodborne Pathogen ◽

Meat Products ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Filter Method ◽

Type Vi Secretion System ◽

Genetic Traits ◽

Content Type ◽

Meat Samples

ABSTRACTMeat and meat products are important sources of human intestinal infections. We report the isolation ofHelicobacter pullorumstrains from chicken meat. Bacteria were isolated from 4 of the 17 analyzed fresh chicken meat samples, using a membrane filter method. MIC determination revealed that the four strains showed acquired resistance to ciprofloxacin; one was also resistant to erythromycin, and another one was resistant to tetracycline. Whole-genome sequencing of the four strains and comparative genomics revealed important genetic traits within theH. pullorumspecies, such as 18 highly polymorphic genes (including a putative new cytotoxin gene), plasmids, prophages, and a complete type VI secretion system (T6SS). The T6SS was found in three out of the four isolates, suggesting that it may play a role inH. pullorumpathogenicity and diversity. This study suggests that the emerging pathogenH. pullorumcan be transmitted to humans by chicken meat consumption/contact and constitutes an important contribution toward a better knowledge of the genetic diversity within theH. pullorumspecies. In addition, some genetic traits found in the four strains provide relevant clues to how this species may promote adaptation and virulence.

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Machine Learning Applied to Near-Infrared Spectra for Chicken Meat Classification

Journal of Spectroscopy ◽

10.1155/2018/8949741 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sylvio Barbon ◽

Ana Paula Ayub da Costa Barbon ◽

Rafael Gomes Mantovani ◽

Douglas Fernandes Barbin

Keyword(s):

Near Infrared ◽

Prediction Models ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Spectral Information ◽

Support Vector ◽

Near Infrared Spectra ◽

Meat Samples

Identification of chicken quality parameters is often inconsistent, time-consuming, and laborious. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been used as a powerful tool for food quality assessment. However, the near-infrared (NIR) spectra comprise a large number of redundant information. Determining wavelengths relevance and selecting subsets for classification and prediction models are mandatory for the development of multispectral systems. A combination of both attribute and wavelength selection for NIR spectral information of chicken meat samples was investigated. Decision Trees and Decision Table predictors exploit these optimal wavelengths for classification tasks according to different quality grades of poultry meat. The proposed methodology was conducted with a support vector machine algorithm (SVM) to compare the precision of the proposed model. Experiments were performed on NIR spectral information (1050 wavelengths), colour (CIEL∗a∗b∗, chroma, and hue), water holding capacity (WHC), and pH of each sample analyzed. Results show that the best method was the REPTree based on 12 wavelengths, allowing for classification of poultry samples according to quality grades with 77.2% precision. The selected wavelengths could lead to potential simple multispectral acquisition devices.

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Citrobacter braakii Yield False-Positive Identification as Salmonella, a Note of Caution

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10092177 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 2177

Author(s):

Joanna Pławińska-Czarnak ◽

Karolina Wódz ◽

Magdalena Kizerwetter-Świda ◽

Tomasz Nowak ◽

Janusz Bogdan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

False Positive ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Meat Products ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

False Positive Identification ◽

Food Of Animal Origin ◽

Meat Samples

Background: Globally, Salmonella enterica is one of the leading causes of foodborne illness in humans. Food of animal origin is obligatorily tested for the presence of this pathogen. Unfortunately, in meat and meat products, this is often hampered by the presence of background microbiota, which may present as false-positive Salmonella. Methods: For the identification of Salmonella spp. from meat samples of beef, pork, and poultry, the authorized detection method is PN-EN ISO 6579-1:2017-04 with the White–Kauffmann–Le Minor scheme, two biochemical tests: API 20E and VITEK II, and a real-time PCR-based technique. Results: Out of 42 presumptive strains of Salmonella, 83.3% Salmonella enterica spp. enterica, 14.3% Citrobacter braakii, and 12.4% Proteus mirabilis were detected from 180 meat samples. Conclusions: Presumptive strains of Salmonella should be identified based on genotypic properties such as DNA-based methods. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. from miscellaneous meat sorts: beef, pork, and poultry.

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Low Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in Foods from Italy

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-70.6.1507 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 1507-1512 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

L. LATORRE ◽

A. PARISI ◽

R. FRACCALVIERI ◽

G. NORMANNO ◽

M. C. NARDELLA LA PORTA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Listeria Monocytogenes ◽

Foodborne Pathogen ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Smoked Salmon ◽

Hygienic Measures ◽

Seafood Products ◽

Common Serotypes ◽

Meat Samples ◽

Low Prevalence

Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that causes gastrointestinal disorders, and, especially in immunocompromised people, serious extraintestinal diseases, such as septicemia and meningitis, as well as abortion in pregnant women. Many foods, from both plant and animal origin, have been involved in listeriosis outbreaks. This article reports the results of a 12-year survey (1993 through 2004) on the presence of L. monocytogenes in several kinds of food marketed in Italy. Of 5,788 analyzed samples, 121 (2.1%) were contaminated with L. monocytogenes. The highest prevalence was found in smoked salmon (10.6%) and in poultry meat samples (8.5%) and the lowest in red meat (0.3%). L. monocytogenes was not found in 154 samples of fresh seafood products. Fifty-two isolates were also serotyped by the agglutination method. The most common serotypes detected in the 52 strains tested were 1/2a (36.5%), followed by 1/2c (32.8%), 1/2b (13.5%), 4b (11.5%), 3a (3.8%), and 3b (1.9%). The results of the present study showed low levels of L. monocytogenes in the analyzed samples. A total of 61.5% of the 52 L. monocytogenes strains analyzed belonged to serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b, namely the serovars that are most commonly involved in extraintestinal human listeriosis outbreaks. In the ready-to-eat samples, these three serotypes were 40.0% (1/2a), 17.1% (1/2b), and 14.3% (4b). This finding highlights the need to implement strict hygienic measures during the production, distribution, and sale of foods to reduce the risk of foodborne listeriosis in humans to an acceptable level.

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623. Antimicrobial Resistance in Non-Typhoidal Salmonella from Retail Poultry Meat by Antibiotic Usage-related Production Claims—Pennsylvania, 2008–2017

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz360.691 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. S289-S289

Author(s):

Xin Yin ◽

Nkuchia M M’ikanatha ◽

Lisa Dettinger ◽

Melinda Johnston ◽

William Eckroth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Usage ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Health Concern ◽

Whole Genome Sequencing Data ◽

Sequencing Data ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Salmonella Infections ◽

Drug Classes ◽

Meat Samples

Abstract Background Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) nontyphoidal Salmonella infections are a public health concern. Injudicious use of antimicrobials fuels emergence of resistance. The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) tracks AMR in Salmonella from humans, animals and foods. There is limited evidence regarding antimicrobial use in food animals and AMR bacteria in retail meat. Methods We reviewed antimicrobial susceptibility and whole-genome sequencing data from 320 Salmonella isolated from poultry meat in Pennsylvania as part of NARMS activities. Salmonella strains were isolated from 3,481 samples purchased from randomly selected retail outlets during 2008–2017. Antibiotic usage claims on meat packages were used to compare AMR Salmonella from conventional and antibiotic-free/organic (Abx-free) samples. Genetic mechanisms for AMR were investigated in a subset of isolates. Results The prevalence of Salmonella in conventional poultry meat 10.2% (280/2,733) was significantly higher than the prevalence in poultry meat labeled as Abx-free (5.3%, 40/748; P < 0.0001). Salmonella from conventional poultry meat was more likely to be resistant to 3 or more drugs (55.0%, 154/280) compared with poultry meat labeled as Abx-free (27.5%, 11/40; P = 0.0011). Salmonella from conventional poultry exhibited significantly higher resistance to 4 drug classes including β-lactams (P = 0.006) (figure). One hundred isolates from conventional poultry meat and 8 isolates from antibiotic-free/organic samples harbored a gene conferring resistance to the β-lactam class; 24.3% (68/280) of isolates from conventional and 7.5% (3/40) of isolates from Abx-free samples (P = 0.0145) contained the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene blaCMY-2. Conclusion Meat samples from conventionally-raised poultry were more likely to be contaminated with AMR Salmonella strains and have genes that reduce the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs recommended for treatment of severe infections. Contamination of poultry with AMR Salmonella strains is concerning as is the presence of genes that decrease the power of critical antibiotics such as β-lactams. These findings highlight the importance of judicious use of antibiotics in food-producing animals. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Prevalence and Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Salmonella Carrying Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase in Frozen Chicken Meat in Bangladesh

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/jfp-20-172 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 83 (12) ◽

pp. 2107-2121

Author(s):

MST. SONIA PARVIN ◽

MD. MEHEDI HASAN ◽

MD. YAMIN ALI ◽

EMDADUL HAQUE CHOWDHURY ◽

MD. TANVIR RAHMAN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Foodborne Pathogen ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Disk Diffusion Test ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Meat Samples

ABSTRACT Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen that causes public health problems globally, and the increase of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella has intensified the problem. Chicken meat is an important reservoir and disseminator of Salmonella to humans. This study aimed at estimating the burden of Salmonella carrying extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and their antimicrobial resistance pattern in 113 domestic frozen chicken meat samples purchased from supershops available in five divisional megacities of Bangladesh. The study also focused on the determination of β-lactamase–, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance–encoding genes. All samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella using selective media and PCR assay. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by disk diffusion test, and ESBL screening was performed by double-disk synergy tests. Resistance genes were detected using multiplex PCR. Of samples, 65.5% were positive for Salmonella spp., and, of these, 58.1% isolates were ESBL producers. All the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR): 40.5% were resistant to both three to five and six to eight antimicrobial classes; 17.6% were resistant to 9 to 11 classes, and 1.4% isolates to 12 to 15 classes. The highest rates of resistance were observed against oxytetracycline (100%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (89.2%), tetracycline (86.5%), nalidixic acid (83.8%), amoxicillin (74.3%), and pefloxacin (70.3%). Notably, 48.6% of isolates demonstrated resistance to imipenem. One (1.4%) isolate was possibly extensively drug resistant. All the isolates were positive for the blaTEM gene, 2.7% were positive for blaCTX-M-1, and 20.3% for blaNDM-1. The prevalence of qnrA and qnrS genes was 4.1 and 6.8%, respectively. This study shows that ESBL-producing Salmonella are widespread in frozen chicken meat in Bangladesh, which puts greater responsibility on food processors and policy makers to ensure food safety. HIGHLIGHTS

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The Measurement of Cadmium, Zinc and Silver in Chicken Meat in Isfahan Province, Iran

Iranian Jornal of Toxicology ◽

10.32598/ijt.15.2.434.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 121-126

Author(s):

Majid Gholami-Ahangaran ◽

◽

Asiye Ahmadi-Dastgerdi ◽

Shahrzad Azizi ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Meat Products ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Public Markets ◽

Isfahan Province ◽

Permissible Limits ◽

The Mean ◽

Meat Samples ◽

Cadmium Zinc

Background: One of the concerns of consumers of animal protein sources is the residues of heavy metals in meat. The accumulation of these elements in meat and the consumption by humans can cause acute and chronic disorders in the function of vital organs. Methods: For the estimation of cadmium, zinc and silver in the poultry meat products, 100 samples of chicken breasts, thighs, hearts and livers were collected from meat markets in Isfahan Province. The tissues were digested and passed through filter paper, and the cadmium, zinc and silver contents were measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The mean contents of cadmium in the chicken thigh, breast, liver and heart samples were 0.055±0.021, 0.048±0.023, 0.074±0.031, and 0.012±0.004 mg/kg, respectively. The mean contents of zinc in the chicken thigh, breast, liver and heart samples were 17.19±8.10, 15.70±5.75, 22.10±10.87, and 19.70±10.38 mg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of cadmium and zinc were below the international permissible limits in all samples. The mean concentrations of silver in some chicken thigh, breast, liver and heart samples were 0.0080±0.0044, 0.0048±0.0013, 0.012±0.009 and 0.0036±0.006, respectively. Of note, silver was not detected in most chicken samples. Conclusion: This study did not find cadmium, zinc and silver in the chicken meat samples above the international permissible limits. However, frequent monitoring for heavy metals in poultry meat sold in public markets is warranted to prevent their transmission to the human food chain.

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Retail chicken meats as potential sources of Clostridioides difficile in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.13624 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (07) ◽

pp. 972-978

Author(s):

Ahmed Elsayed Taha Attia

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Human Infection ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Clostridioides Difficile ◽

Potential Sources ◽

Toxigenic Strains ◽

Antibiotics Sensitivity ◽

Meat Samples

Introduction: Presence of Clostridioides difficile in stool of food birds and animals is a risk for contamination of their meats to become potential sources of human infection. The main virulence factors of C. difficile are its resistance to antibiotics, production of toxins and spores. As far as I know, this is the first study to evaluate C. difficile prevalence in chicken meats, its toxigenic activities and antibiotics sensitivity patterns in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: Totally, 250 raw chicken meat samples were examined. Standard microbiological and biochemical procedures were used for C. difficile isolation and identification. The suspected colonies were tested by L-proline and C. difficile test kits then confirmed by Vitek 2 compact system. Xpect C. difficile toxin A/B test was used to detect A/B toxins production. Antibiotics susceptibility patterns were detected by Epsilon tests. Results: C. difficile was isolated from 11/250 (4.40%) chicken meat samples; 5/65 (7.69%) legs, 3/65 (4.61%) thighs, 2/60 (3.33%) wings and 1/60 (1.67%) breasts (p = 0.4). All isolates were non-toxigenic. Although all isolates were vancomycin sensitive, some isolates were intermediate/resistant to metronidazole, tetracycline, clindamycin or moxifloxacin antibiotics with variable degrees. Conclusions: C. difficile might contaminate retail chicken meats. Although low level of contamination by non-toxigenic strains was detected, chicken meats should be investigated as C. difficile infection sources for humans especially elders, immune-compromised and long terms wide spectrum antibiotics-used persons. Decreased sensitivity of C. difficile to antibiotics is emerging.

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Phenotypes, antibacterial-resistant profile, and virulence-associated genes of Salmonella serovars isolated from retail chicken meat in Egypt

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.440-445 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 440-445

Author(s):

Amal Awad ◽

Mayada Gwida ◽

Eman Khalifa ◽

Asmaa Sadat

Keyword(s):

Virulence Genes ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Production Chain ◽

Salmonella Serovars ◽

Meat Samples ◽

Retail Chicken Meat

Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in chicken meat samples, and to explore the susceptibility of the strains to antimicrobials, as well as their virulence-associated genes. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred retail chicken meat samples from different shops, as well as 25 stool specimens from retail shop workers, were included in the study. The collected samples were examined bacteriologically for the presence of salmonellae. Salmonella isolates were serotyped using a slide agglutination test for O and H antigens and were screened for the presence of five virulence genes (stn, pef, invA, sopB, and avrA) using a uniplex polymerase chain reaction assay and for their susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. Results: Thirty-one Salmonella isolates belonging to 12 different serovars were identified. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky were the dominant serovars (22.6% each). Salmonella isolates displayed a high antibiotic resistance against erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, doxycycline, cephalexin, cefaclor, tetracycline, polymyxin B, cefuroxime, vancomycin, and streptomycin. All Salmonella isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) and demonstrated different virulence genes. The majority of Salmonella serovars (87.1%) harbored sopB gene, 54.8% carried avrA and pef genes, while all isolates carried invA and stn genes. Conclusion: The presence of virulent MDR Salmonellae in raw chicken meat could allow the possibility of transmission of these resistant serovars to humans. Therefore, strict hygienic measures should be followed on the whole poultry production chain to decrease the potential transmission of Salmonella infection from poultry meat to humans.

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Morphological, Biochemical and Genotypic Analysis of Zoonotic Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Chicken Meat Samples

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-4497 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Sumedha Bobade ◽

K. Vijayarani ◽

K.G. Tirumurugaan ◽

A. Thangavelu ◽

S. Vairamuthu

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Phenotypic Characterization ◽

Meat Production ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Genotypic Analysis ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Meat Samples

Background: Campylobacter species are a leading cause of most important food-borne diarrhoeal illness worldwide while, poultry has been identified as a significant cause of Campylobacter infection in humans. C. jejuni is highly effective in colonizing chicken intestinal mucosa without causing any clinical manifestations and the consumption of poultry meat is the major source of transmission of bacteria to humans. Methods: The total of 19 chicken meat samples collected from retail markets in Chennai were screened by cultural examination, further subjected to phenotypic characterization using biochemical test and genotypic characterization using polymerase chain reaction assay targeting hip O and map A genes. Result: All the isolates showed growth on modified blood free charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar media (mCCDA) and 18 (94.73%) samples showed typical morphological characteristics. The 12 (63.15%) isolates showed biochemical reactions positive. The results from polymerase chain reaction showed that 10 (83.33%) isolates were positive for C. jejuni. This study suggested that, it is essential to investigate the incidence of Campylobacter jejuni infection in poultry and the risk factors at all production stages of meat production to help reducing the disease in humans in terms of food safety.

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