Bioprospecting Cultivated Tropical Green Algae, Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh: A Perspective on Nutritional Properties, Antioxidative Capacity and Anti-Diabetic Potential

Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh is a green seaweed used as food and folk medicine since ancient times in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly in southeast Asia. In this study, the proximate nutrient composition, phytochemical, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic properties of sea grape C. racemosa collected from culture fishponds in Johor, Malaysia were analysed. The contents (dry weight basis) of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipids, ash and caloric value obtained were 33.42 ± 1.34%, 20.27 ± 0.14%, 4.20 ± 0.32%, 28.25 ± 0.27% and 2544.67 ± 7.04 cal g−1, respectively. The amino acid score (AAs) and biological protein value (213.43 mg g−1) indicated that C. racemosa presented a better protein quality. The most abundant fatty acids were C16:0 (palmitic acid: 63.27%), followed by C18:1 (oleic acid: 5.80%), and C18:2 ῳ6 (linoleic acid: 5.33%). The analysis of the ash content indicated that essential minerals and trace elements, such as Ca, Fe, and Mn, were present in the seaweed. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) observed in the ethyl acetate extract were 17.88 ± 0.78 mg GAE g−1 and 59.43 ± 2.45 mg QE g−1, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of C. racemosa demonstrated notable anti-diabetic activity in diabetic induced rats. The low (100 mg kg−1) and high (200 mg kg−1) doses of cultivated C. racemosa extract exhibited a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in blood glucose levels while preventing weight loss, reducing plasma AST, ALT levels as a sign of hepatoprotective effect and recording albumin levels similar to positive control in diabetic induced rats. The results support the usefulness of cultivated C. racemosa as a potential functional food.

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ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF EXTRACTS FROM THE LEAVES AND STEM BARKS OF Artocarpus scortechinii KING

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v77.5977 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 77 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Shajarahtunnur Jamil ◽

Norazah Basar ◽

Norzafneza Mohd Arriffin

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Gallic Acid ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Calibration Graph ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Scavenging Capacity

The antioxidant activities of extracts (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol) from the leaves and stem barks of Artocarpus scortechinii were evaluated using various biochemical assays. The quantification of the Total Antioxidant Capacity was measured using ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. While, the qualitative of The Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was determined via standard gallic acid calibration graph which was expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of dry weight (dw) using Folin Ciocalteau’s reagent. Among all the extracts tested, the methanolic extract of the stem barks showed the highest phenolic content with TPC value of 136.84 mg GAE/g dry weight (dw). FRAP results were expressed as mM equivalent to FeSO4.7H2O by calculating from the standard FeSO4.7H2O calibration graph. The ethyl acetate extract of the stem barks showed the most significant reducing potential in the range between 0.27-2.47 mM FRAP. ABTS+˙ radical scavenging capacity showed that the ethyl acetate extract of the stem barks had the highest scavenging capacity at concentration 1.0 mM with percentage of 90.9%.

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Pengukuran Total Fenolik, Flavonoid, Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Antidiabetes Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Katemas (Euphorbia heterophylla, L.) Secara In Vitro dan In Silico Melalui Inhibisi Enzim α-Glukosidase

ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia ◽

10.20961/alchemy.16.2.40087.240-249 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 240

Author(s):

Rahmiwati Hilma ◽

Netti Gustina ◽

Jufrizal Syahri

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Molecular Docking ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

In Silico ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Antidiabetic Activity ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Discovery Studio

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dan antidiabetes ekstrak etil asetat daun katemas (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) secara in vitro dan in silico melalui inhibisi terhadap enzim α-glukosidase. Pada penelitian ini ekstraksi sampel dilakukan menggunakan maserasi bertingkat, dimulai dengan n-heksana, selanjutnya dengan etil asetat. Ekstrak etil asetat yang didapatkan dilakukan pengujian kuantitiatif total fenolik dan flavonoid. Uji aktivitas antioksidan terhadap ekstrak dilakukan menggunakan metode DPPH. Uji aktivitas antidiabetes terhadap ekstrak dilakukan secara in vitro dan in silico melalui inhibisi terhadap enzim α-glukosidase menggunakan akarbose sebagai standar. Uji aktivitas antidiabetes terhadap kandungan senyawa bioaktif ekstrak secara in silico atau molecular docking menggunakan software Discovery Studio 4.1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai total fenolik dari ekstrak adalah 4,24 mg GAE/g berat kering dan nilai flavonoid total adalah: 3,22 mg KE/g berat kering. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak didapatkan nilai IC50 sebesar 37,56 µg/mL, digolongkan sebagai aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat. Hasil uji aktivitas antidiabetes secara in vitro didapatkan nilai IC50 sebesar 138,63 µg/mL. Hasil molecular docking memperlihatkan bahwa senyawasenyawa aktif yang terdapat didalam ekstrak mampu membentuk ikatan hidrogen antara ligan dengan reseptor, tapi lebih sedikit jika dibandingkan dengan akarbose.Measurement of Total Phenolic, Flavonoids, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Catemas Leaf Ethyl Acetate Extract (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) by In Vitro and In Silico through Enzim α-Glucosidase Inhibition. This study aims to determine the antidiabetic activity of katemas (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) ethyl acetate extract in vitro and in silico through inhibition of the αglucosidase enzyme. In this study, the sample extraction was carried out by multilevel maceration, starting with n-hexane, then with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract obtained was quantitatively tested by total phenolic and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of the extract was tested using the DPPH method. The antidiabetic activity of the extract was examined through inhibiting the enzyme αglucosidase in vitro using a microplate reader and in silico (molecular docking) using Discovery Studio 4.1 software. The results showed that the total phenolic value of the extract was 4.24 mg GAE/g of dry weight, and the total flavonoid value was 3.22 mg KE/g of dry weight. Antioxidant activity test obtained IC50 of 37,56 µg/mL, classified as verry strong antioxidant. The in vitro antidiabetic test examined that IC50 is 138.63 µg/mL. The results of molecular docking showed that the active compounds in the extracts are able to form hydrogen bonds between ligand and receptor; however, the amount was less than the hydrogen bonds formed by acarbose.

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Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Organic and Aqueous Extracts of Northeast Algerian Marrubium vulgare

Phytothérapie ◽

10.3166/phyto-2018-0106 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (S1) ◽

pp. S119-S129

Author(s):

I. Namoune ◽

B. Khettal ◽

A.M. Assaf ◽

S. Elhayek ◽

L. Arrar

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Marrubium Vulgare ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae) is frequently used in traditional medicine to treat many illnesses from ancient times. Its beneficial effects include antibacterial, antioedematogenic, and analgesic activities. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of organic and aqueous extracts of the leaves, the flowers, the stems, and the roots of Marrubium vulgare. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as the antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory effects of methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts have been investigated by using different in-vitro methods. It was found that the ethyl acetate extract from Marrubium vulgare stems had the highest total phenolic content, while the ethyl acetate extract from the leaves yielded a high concentration of flavonoids. The ethyl acetate extract from the stems exhibited the highest activity in scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), as well as in protecting erythrocytes. The leaves aqueous extract exhibited the highest ferrous chelating activity and its methanolic extract was found to be the strongest inhibitor of lipid peroxidation in β-carotene bleaching assay. The leaves chloroform extracts as well as the flowers methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts were found to decrease the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) cytokine levels in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, the flowers methanolic extract and the leaves methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts decreased the interleukin-1 beta (IL- 1β) release. It was also found that the methanol extract from the flowers and the chloroform extract from the stems of Marrubium vulgare inhibited interleukin-8 (IL-8) release. This study provides a scientific basis for the traditional use of Marrubium vulgare as an anti-inflammatory agent and for the plant to be considered as an important resource of natural antioxidants.

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In-vitro bactericidal activity of a novel plant source Plumeria pudica against some human and fish pathogenic bacteria

Current Drug Discovery Technologies ◽

10.2174/1570163817666200727101300 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Shubhaisi Das ◽

Sunanda Burman ◽

Goutam Chandra

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Aldehyde Groups

Background: The only remedy for up surging problem of antibiotic resistance is the discovery of antibacterial agents of natural origin. Objective: The present study was aimed at finding antibacterial potential of crude and solvent extracts of mature leaves of Plumeria pudica. Methods: Antibacterial activity of three different solvent extracts were evaluated in four human and four fish pathogenic bacteria by measuring the zone of inhibition and determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration values. Standard antibiotics were used as positive control. Preliminary phytochemical screening of most effective extract i.e., ethyl acetate extract, Fourier Transform Infra Red analysis and GC-MS analysis of the Thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC) fraction of ethyl acetate extract were done meticulously. All experiments were done thrice and analyzed statistically. Results: Crude leaf extracts and solvent extracts caused good inhibition of bacterial growth in all selected bacteria. Ethyl acetate extract showed highest inhibition zones in all tested strains with maximum inhibition (19.50±0.29 mm) in Escherichia coli (MTCC 739). MBC/MIC of the extracts indicated that all three solvent extracts were bactericidal. Preliminary phytochemical tests revealed the presence of tannins, steroids and alkaloids and FT-IR analysis revealed presence of many functional groups namely alcoholic, amide, amine salt and aldehyde groups. From the GC-MS analysis of TLC fraction of ethyl acetate extract five different bioactive compounds e.g., 2,4-ditert –butylphenyl 5-hydroxypentanoate, Oxalic acid; allyl nonyl ester, 7,9-Ditert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, Dibutyl phthalate and 2,3,5,8-tetramethyl-decane were identified. Conclusion: Leaf extracts of P. pudica contain bioactive compounds that can be used as broad spectrum bactericidal agent.

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α-glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Extracts and Compounds from the Leaves of Ruellia tuberosa L.

The Natural Products Journal ◽

10.2174/2210315511666210218214955 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Le Nguyen Tuong Vi ◽

Nguyen Ngoc Tuan ◽

Quach Tong Hung ◽

Pham Thi Nhat Trinh ◽

Tong Thanh Danh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Spectroscopic Method ◽

Positive Control ◽

Strong Activity ◽

Butanol Extract ◽

Glucosidase Inhibitor ◽

Inhibitory Activities ◽

Bio Assay ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extracts

Background: In recent years, the study of the structure and biological activity of medicinal plants has a particularly important to search for diabetes medicine. Ruellia tuberosa is used to treat various diseases such as diabetes by inhibiting the activity of α-glucosidase. Objective: In this study, experiment was designed to isolated isolate and identified identify α-glucosidase inhibitory extracts and compounds from Ruellia tuberosa L. through bio-assay guided isolation. Method: Dry powder of Ruellia tuberosa L. was extracted with 70% ethanol, then liquid-liquid partition with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol, respectively. The extracts were evaluated with α-glucosidase inhibition. The potential extracts were isolated and identified compounds. The effects of these compounds on the α-glucosidase inhibitory were evaluated. Results: The a-glucosidase inhibitory activities showed that the n-hexane, ethyl acetate and the butanol extract had the α-glucosidase inhibition with an IC50 of 46.2 0.9, 6.6 2.9 and 8.9  μg/mL, respectively. From the n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts, the structures of four compounds were elucidated by NMR spectroscopic method, including lupeol (1), syringaresinol (2), apigenin (3), verbascoside (4). The a-glucosidase inhibitory activities showed that all isolated compounds were more active than the positive control - acarbose with an IC50 of 37.5  0.4; 19.5  0.2; 20.1  0.3; 69.3  0.2 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate extract showed strong activity about 19 times more than positive control - acarbose. The compound syringaresinol (2) was the most powerful α-glucosidase inhibitor. Therefore, Ruellia tuberosa L. contains many compounds that can inhibit α-glucosidase activity.

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IN VITRO TOTAL PHENOLICS, FLAVONOIDS CONTENTS, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITES OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRACTS FROM THE MEDICINAL PLANT PHYSALIS MINIMA LINN

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i3.16635 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 192 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Venkanna Banothu ◽

Uma Adepally ◽

Jayalakshmi Lingam

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Total Phenolics ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Aluminium Chloride ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Power

Objective: To estimate the in vitro total phenolics, flavonoids contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvent extracts from the medicinal plant Physalis minima Linn.Methods: The crude bioactive were extracted from the dried powder of Physalis minima using methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane solvents. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods respectively. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to determine the in vitro antioxidant capacity. The antimicrobial assay was done through agar well diffusion; minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using broth microdilution methods against the Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus).Results: TPC expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) ranged from 60.27±1.73-151.25±2.50 mg GAE/g dry weight, and TFC expressed as quercetin equivalents (QE) ranged from 56.66±0.80-158.84±2.30 mg QE/g dry weight. Methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity followed by ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane extract and the IC50 values of methanol extract for scavenging DPPH and ABTS free radicals were 280.23±5.75-173.40±0.38µg/ml, respectively. All the extracts have shown potent antimicrobial activity for the zone of inhibition ranged from 9-35 mm; MICs and MBCs values ranged from 0.125-4.0 and 0.25-8.0 mg/ml, respectively towards tested pathogenic species.Conclusion: The comprehensive analysis of the present results demonstrated that Physalis minima possess high potential antioxidant properties which could be used as a viable source of natural antioxidants in treating infections caused by above-mentioned pathogens.

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ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF MELINJO (GNETUM GNEMON L.) SEED EXTRACTS AND MOLECULAR DOCKING OF ITS STILBENE CONSTITUENTS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i3.16108 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 243

Author(s):

Abdul Mun'im ◽

Muhammad Ashar Munadhil ◽

Nuraini Puspitasari ◽

Azminah . ◽

Arry Yanuar

Keyword(s):

Molecular Docking ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Converting Enzyme ◽

Gnetum Gnemon ◽

Ace Inhibitory

ABSTRACTObjectives: To evaluate the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) seed extract and to study moleculardocking of stilbene contained in melinjo seeds.Methods: Melinjo seed powders were extracted with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water successively. The extracts wereevaluated ACE inhibitory activities using ACE kit-Wist and the phenolic content using Folin–Ciocalteu method. The extract demonstrated the highestACE inhibitory activity was subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to know its stilbene constituent. The stilbene constituentsin melinjo seed were performed molecular docking using AutoDock Vina, and ligand-receptor Interactions were processed using Ligand Scout.Results: The ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the highest ACE inhibition activity with inhibitory concentration 50% value of 9.77 × 10−8 μg/mLand the highest total phenolic content (575.9 mg gallic acid equivalent/g). Ultra-performance LC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract has detected theexistency of resveratrol, gnetin C, ε-viniferin, and gnemonoside A/B. These compounds displayed similar physiochemical properties to lisinopril (ACEinhibitor), as in silico molecular docking studies demonstrated that they fit into the lisinopril receptors.Conclusion: In vitro analysis ethyl acetate extract from melinjo seeds demonstrated the highest ACE inhibitory activity. Molecular docking analysisindicated that resveratrol dimers, gnetin C and gnemonoside A can be considered ACE inhibitor.Keywords: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, Gnetum gnemon, Melinjo, Total phenolic, Antihypertension, Molecular docking.

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Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic and Phytochemical Screening of Dried Ficus carica Linn Fruit Powder

Proceedings International ◽

10.33263/proceedings21.050050 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 50

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Total Flavonoid Content ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Flavonoid Content ◽

Dpph Assay ◽

Ic50 Value ◽

Different Types

Ficus carica L. or the common name is red figs that belong to the Moraceae family or the Mulberry family. Every part of the fruit or the tree has been able to treat different types of common diseases, for example, it is used as a natural laxative or a supplementary food for diabetes. Thus, this research uses four different solvents, ethyl acetate, ethanol, hexane, and water, to obtain the respective crude extracts in order to investigate the anti-diabetic properties by determining the inhibition of the activity of the diabetic enzymes, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase; and the DPPH assay determines the antioxidant activity while qualitative phytochemical screening was for phenols, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids; total quantitative phenolic and total flavonoid content was done. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of the compounds tested in different types of crude extracts. For the total phenolic content, ethyl acetate extract exhibits the highest content. In contrast, hexane extract shows the highest total flavonoid content. For the DPPH assay, ethyl acetate extract has the highest scavenging activity at 13.351 µg/mL with corresponding with the data of total phenolic content. For the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, water extract has the lowest IC50 value among the four extracts but higher value than the standard. For α-amylase inhibitory activity, only ethanol extract showed the IC50 value, but it was a high value. In conclusion, there is potential for figs to be a natural source of medicine, and the extracts tested can be used for future studies.

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Potential of Malacca leaf (Phyllanthus emblica) against Salmonella sp

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202015101029 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 151 ◽

pp. 01029

Author(s):

Nuzul Asmilia ◽

Mahdi Abrar ◽

Yudha Fahrimal ◽

Amalia Sutriana ◽

Yobeswi Husna

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Positive Control ◽

Hexane Extract ◽

Clear Zone ◽

Inhibitory Property

Malacca is one of traditional medicine that possesses a potent antimicrobial activity. This study aims to determine the inhibitory activity of Malacca leaf extract on the growth of Salmonella sp in vitro. The bacteria was obtained from Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala. The study was conducted using n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract and ethanol of malacca leaves with dilution concentrations of 5%, 25%, and 50%.The inhibitory property of malacca leaf was tested using Kirby-Bauer method. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results of this study indicate that n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract and ethanol extract of malacca leaves can inhibit the growth of Salmonella sp. The n-hexane extract of malacca leaves showed a greater inhibition than the ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of malacca leaves. n-hexane extract with a concentration of 5%, 25%, and 50% showed average diameter inhibition of 1.35 mm (weak), 4.97 mm (moderate), and 12.87 mm (strong), respectively ethyl acetate extract with a concentration of 5%, 25%, and 50% showed average diameter inhibition of 2.00 mm (weak), 5.72 mm (moderate), and 7.58 mm (moderate), whereas in ethanol extract were 0.47 mm (weak), 2.58 mm (weak), and 4.35 mm (weak), repectively. The clear zone areas in negative and positive control were 0.00 mm 20.00 mm, respectively. Malacca leaf extract possess inhibitory property against the growth of the Salmonella sp.

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Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Phymatopteris hastata

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc101111130s ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 76 (11) ◽

pp. 1485-1496 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Wei Su ◽

Peiyuan Li ◽

Lini Huo ◽

Caiying Wu ◽

Nana Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Petroleum Ether Extract ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Alcohol Extract

Various solvent extracts of Phymatopteris hastata, a traditional Chinese medicinal material, were screened for their antioxidant activities. Four systems of in vitro testing were employed to investigate the antiradical and antioxidant effect, i.e., the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) systems, the hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and the reducing power. In addition, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a widely used synthetic antioxidant, was also studied for comparison. The results revealed that the ethyl acetate extract exhibited outstanding antioxidant activities, which was close or even superior to BHT. Furthermore, the total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents of different extracts were measured, expressed as gallic acid and rutin equivalent, respectively. The antioxidant activities and the TP/TF content of different extracts followed the same order: ethyl acetate extract > butyl alcohol extract > petroleum ether extract, showing a good correlation between the antioxidant activities and the TP/TF content. The results showed that these extracts, especially the ethyl acetate extract, were rich in phenolics and flavonoids and could be considered as natural antioxidants.

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