scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomic Analyses of Different Jujube Cultivars Reveal the Co-Regulation of Multiple Pathways during Fruit Cracking

Genes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Lu Hou ◽  
Meng Li ◽  
Chenxing Zhang ◽  
Ningwei Liu ◽  
Xinru Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Fruit Cracking ◽  
Jujube Fruit ◽  
Cracking Mechanisms ◽  
Ziziphus Jujuba

Fruit cracking is a common physiological disorder in many fruit species. Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an economically valuable fruit in which fruit cracking seriously affects fruit yield and quality and causes significant economic losses. To elucidate cracking-related molecular mechanisms, the cracking-susceptible cultivars ‘Cuizaohong’ and ‘Jinsixiaozao’ and the cracking-resistant cultivar ‘Muzao’ were selected, and comparative transcriptome analyses of cracking and non-cracking ‘Cuizaohong’ (CC and NC), cracking and non-cracking ‘Jinsixiaozao’ (CJ and NJ), and non-cracking ‘Muzao’ (NM) were conducted. A total of 131 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were common to the CC vs. NC and CJ vs. NJ comparisons. To avoid passive processes after fruit cracking, we also mainly focused on the 225 gradually downregulated DEGs in the CJ, NJ, and NM samples. The functional annotation of the candidate DEGs revealed that 61 genes related to calcium, the cell wall, the cuticle structure, hormone metabolism, starch/sucrose metabolism, transcription factors, and water transport were highly expressed in cracking fruits. We propose that expression-level changes in these genes might increase the turgor pressure and weaken mechanical properties, ultimately leading to jujube fruit cracking. These results may serve as a rich genetic resource for future investigations on fruit cracking mechanisms in jujube and in other fruit species.

Effect of Boric acid, Potassium nitrate and Magnesium sulphate on Managing Fruit Cracking and Improving Fruit Yield and Quality of Pomegranate

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Muhammad Azhar Bashir ◽  
Ammara Noreen ◽  
Muhammad Ikhlaq ◽  
Kashif Shabir ◽  
Faheem Altaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Fruit Cracking

Pomegranate is a drought tolerant fruit crop and is well adapted to sub-tropical and tropical climates. Fruit cracking is a major disorder in pomegranate which causes significant economic losses. In the present work, effect of foliar application of boric acid (0.05%), potassium nitrate (1.0%) and magnesium sulphate (1.0%) alone or in combinations was investigated to manage fruit cracking and improve fruit yield and quality of pomegranate cv. Golden. First treatment (foliar spray) was applied one month after fruit setting (April) and repeated twice during May and June each year. Application of foliar sprays affected fruit yield and quality positively. The maximum number of fruits per plant (254), average fruit weight (192 g), yield per plant (58.3 kg), number of arils per fruit (592), juice content (41.1%) as well as the minimum fruit cracking (3.9%) were recorded when 0.05% boric acid, 1% potassium nitrate and 1% magnesium sulphate were applied in combination. Fruit size and total soluble solids (TSS) of fruit juice were not affected by the applied treatments. Thus, combined application of boric acid, potassium nitrate and magnesium sulphate could be recommended for reducing fruit cracking and improving yield and quality of pomegranate fruits under semi-arid conditions of Southern Punjab, Pakistan.

scholarly journals Effect of calcium on relieving berry cracking in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) ‘Xiangfei’

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Yu ◽  
Mingtao Zhu ◽  
Miao Bai ◽  
Yanshuai Xu ◽  
Shaogang Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Cell Wall Metabolism ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Fruit Cracking ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Wall Disassembly

Fruit cracking is a physiological disorder in many plant species that leads to severe economic losses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium on fruit cracking and explore the underlying mechanisms. We studied the effect of exogenous calcium on grape berry cracking, calcium absorbance and distribution, and cell wall metabolism in the cracking-susceptible cultivar ‘Xiangfei’. Calcium significantly reduced the frequency of fruit cracking, increased the break force of the berry skin, and stimulated storage of calcium. In addition, calcium increased the content of protopectin and inhibited the increase in content of water-soluble pectin, by regulating the transcription and activities of enzymes associated with cell wall metabolism. Taken together, the results indicated that dipping grape berries in calcium solution is effective in preventing fruit cracking by stimulating calcium uptake, inhibiting cell wall disassembly, and promoting cell wall strengthening.

scholarly journals The Effect of Gut Bacteria on the Physiology of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier and Their Potential for the Control of This Pest

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 594
Author(s):  
Qian-Xia Liu ◽  
Zhi-Ping Su ◽  
Hui-Hui Liu ◽  
Sheng-Ping Lu ◽  
Bing Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Red Palm Weevil ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Palm Weevil

Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a notorious pest, which infests palm trees and has caused great economic losses worldwide. At present, insecticide applications are still the main way to control this pest. However, pesticide resistance has been detected in the field populations of RPW. Thus, future management strategies based on the novel association biological control need be developed. Recent studies have shown that the intestinal tract of RPW is often colonized by multiple microbial species as mammals and model insects, and gut bacteria have been found to promote the growth, development and immune activity of RPW larvae by modulating nutrient metabolism. Furthermore, two peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), PGRP-LB and PGRP-S1, can act as the negative regulators to modulate the intestinal immunity to maintain the homeostasis of gut bacteria in RPW larvae. Here, we summarized the current knowledge on the gut bacterial composition of RPW and their impact on the physiological traits of RPW larvae. In contrast with metazoans, it is much easier to make genetic engineered microbes to produce some active molecules against pests. From this perspective, because of the profound effects of gut bacteria on host phenotypes, it is promising to dissect the molecular mechanisms behind their effect on host physiology and facilitate the development of microbial resource-based management methods for pest control.

scholarly journals Fruit Morphology Measurements of Jujube Cultivar ‘Lingwu Changzao’ (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Lingwuchangzao) during Fruit Development

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Yaping Ma ◽  
Dapeng Zhang ◽  
Zhuangji Wang ◽  
Lihua Song ◽  
Bing Cao
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Consumer Acceptance ◽  
Fruit Traits ◽  
Fruit Cultivation ◽  
Jujube Fruit ◽  
Ziziphus Jujuba ◽  
Yield Quality

‘Lingwu Changzao’ (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Lingwuchangzao), a cultivar of Ziziphus in the Rhamnaceae family, is a traditional jujube cultivar in Ningxia, China. For ‘Lingwu Changzao’, morphological traits are prominent in characterizing fruit yield, quality, and consumer acceptance. However, morphological measurements for ‘Lingwu Changzao’ cultivation are limited. Therefore, the objective of this study is to measure the growing patterns of selected morphological traits during ‘Lingwu Changzao’ fruit development. Eight morphological traits, including four fruit traits (fruit length, diameter, weight, and flesh (mesocarp) thickness), three stone traits (stone length, diameter, and weight), and fruit firmness (also known as fruit hardness), were measured over a 3-mo (months) period, covering a completed fruit development period. Results indicate that the growing patterns of fruit traits coincide with double ‘S’ growth curves, which mainly present the growth of ‘Lingwu Changzao’ fruit. Increases of stone traits terminated in the early fruit growth period, while fruit traits continuously increased till the end of the 3-mo period. That implies a high fruit-stone ratio, i.e., a desirable quality attribute for ‘Lingwu Changzao’ as fresh-eating fruits. The results presented in this study can serve as one part of the standard dataset for jujube fruit cultivation in China, and it can also support decisions in plant breeding and field managements for ‘Lingwu Changzao’.

scholarly journals RNAseq Reveals Differential Gene Expression Contributing to Phytophthora nicotianae Adaptation to Partial Resistance in Tobacco

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Jing Jin ◽  
Rui Shi ◽  
Ramsey Steven Lewis ◽  
Howard David Shew
Keyword(s):  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Black Shank ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Go Terms

Phytophthora nicotianae is a devastating oomycete plant pathogen with a wide host range. On tobacco, it causes black shank, a disease that can result in severe economic losses. Deployment of host resistance is one of the most effective means of controlling tobacco black shank, but adaptation to complete and partial resistance by P. nicotianae can limit the long-term effectiveness of the resistance. The molecular basis of adaptation to partial resistance is largely unknown. RNAseq was performed on two isolates of P. nicotianae (adapted to either the susceptible tobacco genotype Hicks or the partially resistant genotype K 326 Wz/Wz) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during their pathogenic interactions with K 326 Wz/Wz and Hicks. Approximately 69% of the up-regulated DEGs were associated with pathogenicity in the K 326 Wz/Wz-adapted isolate when sampled following infection of its adapted host K 326 Wz/Wz. Thirty-one percent of the up-regulated DEGs were associated with pathogenicity in the Hicks-adapted isolate on K 326 Wz/Wz. A broad spectrum of over-represented gene ontology (GO) terms were assigned to down-regulated genes in the Hicks-adapted isolate. In the host, a series of GO terms involved in nuclear biosynthesis processes were assigned to the down-regulated genes in K 326 Wz/Wz inoculated with K 326 Wz/Wz-adapted isolate. This study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of P. nicotianae adaptation to partial resistance in tobacco by elucidating how the pathogen recruits pathogenicity-associated genes that impact host biological activities.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Role of Bradysiaimpatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae) as a Vector Transmitting Peanut Stunt Virus on the Model Plant Nicotiana benthamiana

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1546
Author(s):  
Marta Budziszewska ◽  
Patryk Frąckowiak ◽  
Aleksandra Obrępalska-Stęplowska
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fungus Gnats ◽  
Droplet Pcr ◽  
Viral Coat ◽  
Peanut Stunt Virus

Bradysia species, commonly known as fungus gnats, are ubiquitous in greenhouses, nurseries of horticultural plants, and commercial mushroom houses, causing significant economic losses. Moreover, the insects from the Bradysia genus have a well-documented role in plant pathogenic fungi transmission. Here, a study on the potential of Bradysia impatiens to acquire and transmit the peanut stunt virus (PSV) from plant to plant was undertaken. Four-day-old larvae of B. impatiens were exposed to PSV-P strain by feeding on virus-infected leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana and then transferred to healthy plants in laboratory conditions. Using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), and digital droplet PCR (RT-ddPCR), the PSV RNAs in the larva, pupa, and imago of B. impatiens were detected and quantified. The presence of PSV genomic RNA strands as well as viral coat protein in N. benthamiana, on which the viruliferous larvae were feeding, was also confirmed at the molecular level, even though the characteristic symptoms of PSV infection were not observed. The results have shown that larvae of B. impatiens could acquire the virus and transmit it to healthy plants. Moreover, it has been proven that PSV might persist in the insect body transstadially. Although the molecular mechanisms of virion acquisition and retention during insect development need further studies, this is the first report on B. impatiens playing a potential role in plant virus transmission.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) to Characterize Wing Formation across All Developmental Stages

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Siying Fu ◽  
Yujie Duan ◽  
Siqi Wang ◽  
Yipeng Ren ◽  
Wenjun Bu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Transcriptome Assembly ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Wing Formation ◽  
Riptortus Pedestris

Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is a major agricultural pest in East Asia that causes considerable economic losses to the soybean crop each year. However, the molecular mechanisms governing the growth and development of R. pedestris have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the Illumina HiSeq6000 platform was employed to perform de novo transcriptome assembly and determine the gene expression profiles of this species across all developmental stages, including eggs, first-, second-, third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar nymphs, and adults. In this study, a total of 60,058 unigenes were assembled from numerous raw reads, exhibiting an N50 length of 2126 bp and an average length of 1199 bp, and the unigenes were annotated and classified with various databases, such as the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Gene Ontology (GO). Furthermore, various numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were calculated through pairwise comparisons of all life stages, and some of these DEGs were associated with immunity, metabolism, and development by GO and KEGG enrichment. In addition, 35,158 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 715,604 potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from the seven transcriptome libraries of R. pedestris. Finally, we identified and summarized ten wing formation-related signaling pathways, and the molecular properties and expression levels of five wing development-related genes were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR for all developmental stages of R. pedestris. Taken together, the results of this study may establish a foundation for future research investigating developmental processes and wing formation in hemimetabolous insects and may provide valuable data for pest control efforts attempting to reduce the economic damage caused by this pest.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanisms of growth depression in broiler chickens (Gallus Gallus domesticus) mediated by immune stress: a hepatic proteome study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aijuan Zheng ◽  
Anrong Zhang ◽  
Zhimin Chen ◽  
Shoaib Ahmed Pirzado ◽  
Wenhuan Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Gallus Gallus ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Gallus Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Growth Depression ◽  
Stress Group ◽  
Immune Stress

Abstract Background Immunological stress decreases feed intake, suppresses growth and induces economic losses. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Label-free liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) proteomics techniques were employed to investigate effects of immune stress on the hepatic proteome changes of Arbor Acres broilers (Gallus Gallus domesticus) challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results Proteomic analysis indicated that 111 proteins were differentially expressed in the liver of broiler chickens from the immune stress group. Of these, 28 proteins were down-regulated, and 83 proteins were up-regulated in the immune stress group. Enrichment analysis showed that immune stress upregulated the expression of hepatic proteins involved in defense function, amino acid catabolism, ion transport, wound healing, and hormone secretion. Furthermore, immune stress increased valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation pathways. Conclusion The data suggests that growth depression of broiler chickens induced by immune stress is triggered by hepatic proteome alterations, and provides a new insight into the mechanism by which immune challenge impairs poultry production.

scholarly journals The Function of the PRRSV–Host Interactions and Their Effects on Viral Replication and Propagation in Antiviral Strategies

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 364
Author(s):  
Jun Ma ◽  
Lulu Ma ◽  
Meiting Yang ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Wenhai Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Host Interactions

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) affects the global swine industry and causes disastrous economic losses each year. The genome of PRRSV is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA of approximately 15 kb. The PRRSV replicates primarily in alveolar macrophages of pig lungs and lymphatic organs and causes reproductive problems in sows and respiratory symptoms in piglets. To date, studies on how PRRSV survives in the host, the host immune response against viral infections, and pathogenesis, have been reported. PRRSV vaccines have been developed, including inactive virus, modified live virus, attenuated live vaccine, DNA vaccine, and immune adjuvant vaccines. However, there are certain problems with the durability and effectiveness of the licensed vaccines. Moreover, the high variability and fast-evolving populations of this RNA virus challenge the design of PRRSV vaccines, and thus effective vaccines against PRRSV have not been developed successfully. As is well known, viruses interact with the host to escape the host’s immune response and then replicate and propagate in the host, which is the key to virus survival. Here, we review the complex network and the mechanism of PRRSV–host interactions in the processes of virus infection. It is critical to develop novel antiviral strategies against PRRSV by studying these host–virus interactions and structures to better understand the molecular mechanisms of PRRSV immune escape.

scholarly journals Expression analysis of defense-related genes in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) against Phytophthora melonis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lida Hashemi ◽  
Ahmad Reza Golparvar ◽  
Mehdi Nasr Esfahani ◽  
Maryam Golabadi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Expression Ratio ◽  
Phytophthora Melonis ◽  
Maximum Expression

AbstractPhytophthora melonis is the causal agent of damping-off or crown rot, one of the most destructive cucumber diseases that causes severe economic losses in Iran and some other parts of the world. Despite intense research efforts made in the past years, no permanent cure currently exists for this disease. With the aim to understand the molecular mechanisms of defense against P. melonis, root collars and leaves of four cucumber genotypes consisting of resistant Ramezz; moderately resistant Baby and very susceptible Mini 6-23 and Extrem, were monitored for quantitative gene expression analysis of five antifungal and/or anti-oomycete genes (CsWRKY20, CsLecRK6.1, PR3, PR1-1a and LOX1) at three points after inoculation with P. melonis. The gene expression analysis indicated that P. melonis strongly enhanced the expression of these genes after inoculation in both leaves and root collars. Further, not only the transcript levels of these genes were significantly higher in the resistant and moderately resistance genotypes, but also the time point of the highest relative expression ratio for the five genes was different in the four cucumber genotypes. CsWRKY20 and PR3 showed the maximum expression in Ramezz at 48 hours post inoculation (hpi) while CsLecRK6.1, and LOX1 showed the highest expression at 72 hpi. In addition, PR1-1a showed the maximum expression in the Baby at 72 hpi. Root collars responded faster than leaves and some responses were more strongly up-regulated in root collars than in leaves. The genes found to be involved in disease resistance in two different organs of cucumber after pathogen infection. The results suggest that increased expression of these genes led to activation of defense pathways and could be responsible for a reduced P. melonis colonization capacity in Ramezz and Baby. Overall, this work represents a valuable resource for future functional genomics studies to unravel the molecular mechanisms of C. sativus- P. melonis interaction.

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