scholarly journals Production of Highly Porous Biochar Materials from Spent Mushroom Composts

Horticulturae ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Wen-Shing Chen ◽  
Wen-Tien Tsai ◽  
Yu-Quan Lin ◽  
Chi-Hung Tsai ◽  
Yao-Tsung Chang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Edible Mushroom ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Mushroom Compost ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Spent Mushroom Compost ◽  
Pore Properties

The edible mushroom industry has grown significantly in recent years due to the dietary change and the demand for heathy food. However, the spent mushroom compost (SMC) will be produced in large quantities after the harvest, thus forming an agricultural waste requiring proper management other than dumping or burning. In this work, two types of SMCs with the cultivation of shiitake fungus (SF) and black fungus (BF) were converted into porous biochar products (a series of SMC-SF-BC and SMC-BF-BC) at higher pyrolysis temperatures (i.e., 400, 600 and 800 °C) based on their thermochemical characteristics, using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The pore and chemical properties of the resulting products, including surface area, pore volume, average pore size, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were studied to correlate them with the most important process parameter. The results showed that the pore properties of the biochar products indicated a significant increase with the increase in the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 600 °C. The data on the maximal Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area for the biochar products produced at 800 °C (i.e., SMC-SF-BC-800 and SMC-BF-BC-800) were found to be 312.5 and 280.9 m2/g, respectively. Based on the EDS and FTIR, plenty of oxygen-containing functional groups were found on the surface of the resulting biochar products.

scholarly journals Preparation and characterization of polyaniline-silica composite material

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
US Akhter ◽  
MS Miran ◽  
MABH Susan ◽  
MYA Mollah ◽  
MM Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Enthalpy Of Adsorption ◽  
Silica Composite ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Hydrocarbons

Polyaniline-silica (PAni-silica) composite material with 40% silica was prepared by polymerization of aniline in a medium consisting of colloidal silica, freshly prepared by hydrolysis of sodium silicate at room temperature at pH 6.5. The physico-chemical properties of both PAni and the composite material, PAni-silica were studied by FT-IR and transmission electron microscopy and measurements of Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET) isotherms. PAni-silica composites showed inhomogeneous pore distribution, although PAni has no significant pores. Average pore size of PAni-silica was 280 and 175 Å during adsorption and desorption of nitrogen, respectively. The interactions of PAnisilica composite and PAni with saturated hydrocarbons were investigated by inverse gas chromatography. The composite material was found to be efficient for separation of a mixture of hydrocarbons, in the range of C5-C9, owing to large BET surface area. Enthalpy of adsorption of the individual hydrocarbons was evaluated from an analysis of the retention time and the flow rate of the carrier gas. For PAni, the enthalpy of adsorption was very low; however, the value for the composite material was found to be comparable to the enthalpy of evaporation of the individual hydrocarbons. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i3.13055 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 47(3), 249-256, 2012

scholarly journals Fine Activated Carbon from Rubber Fruit Shell Prepared by Using ZnCl2 and KOH Activation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3994
Author(s):  
Suhdi ◽  
Sheng-Chang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Koh Activation ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Impregnation Ratio ◽  
Precursor Material

Fine activated carbon (FAC) is prepared from rubber fruit shells (RFS) using two chemical activating agents (ZnCl2 and KOH) and three impregnation ratios (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5). The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) results show that for a constant impregnation ratio, the ZnCl2 activating agent yields a higher specific surface area than the KOH agent. In particular, for the maximum impregnation ratio of 1:5, the FAC prepared using ZnCl2 has a BET surface area of 456 m2/g, a nitrogen absorption capacity of 150.38 cm3/g, and an average pore size of 3.44 nm. Moreover, the FAC structure consists of 70.1% mesopores and has a carbon content of 80.05 at.%. Overall, the results confirm that RFS, activated using an appropriate quantity of ZnCl2, provides a cheap, abundant, and highly promising precursor material for the preparation of activated carbon with high carbon content and good adsorption properties

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2-CaO and TiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 Photocatalyst for Removal of Catechol

Molekul ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Candra Yulius Tahya ◽  
Wahyu Irawati ◽  
Karnelasatri Karnelasatri ◽  
Friska Juliana Purba
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Adsorption Property ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
Two Peaks

TiO2-CaO and TiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 photocatalysts have been synthesized through the surfactant-assisted sol-gel method. The catalysts were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM-ED Sand BET surface area. XRD pattern showed the formation of anatase TiO2 crystal phase both in TiO2-CaO and TiO2-CaO-Fe2O3. The TiO2-CaO has higher crystallinity than TiO2-CaO-Fe2O3. Based on the peak refinement using Rietveld, there are two peaks identified as Fe2O3 hematite in the sample TiO2-CaO-Fe2O3.  BET surface area analysis showed that the average pore size of TiO2-CaO and TiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 catalysts are 8.04 and 8.41 nm respectively, indicating both catalysts are mesoporous.FTIR spectra show that the vibration of Ti-O, Ca-O, and Ca-TiO2 were observed in both catalysts. SEM images confirm that both catalysts are porous material. The catechol removal using TiO2-CaO and TiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 improved with the increase of catalyst concentration. After 360 minutes of UV radiation, the removal of catechol using TiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 reached 46.0%, 48.3%, and 69.2%, while when using TiO2-CaO, it reached 22.1%, 36.8%, and 57.0% for 0.1 g, 0.15 g, and 0.2 g of catalysts, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 is not so strong compared to TiO2-CaO catalyst but the catechol adsorption property of TiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 is higher than that of TiO2-CaO catalyst.

scholarly journals Enhancing the Pore Properties and Adsorption Performance of Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH)-Derived Biochars via Post-Acid Treatment

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsai ◽  
Hsu ◽  
Lin ◽  
Tsai ◽  
Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Adsorption Performance ◽  
Acid Washing ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Pore Properties ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In this work, the cocoa pod husk (CPH) was converted into biochar products at higher carbonization temperatures (i.e., 400–800 °C). The pore and chemical properties of the resulting biochars and its post-leaching biochars by acid washing, including specific surface area, total pore volume, pore size distribution, true density, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were studied. Based on the pore properties, pyrolysis temperature at around 800 °C seemed to have the most profound impact on the pore development for producing biochar, where its Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area is 101 m2/g. More noticeably, more pores in the CPH-based biochar could be significantly created during the acid-washing, resulting in an increase of BET surface area from 101 to 342 m2/g. According to the data on the EDS and FTIR, the resulting biochars seemed to have oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface. Furthermore, the methylene blue (MB) adsorption performance of the optimal biochar product with maximal BET surface area was tested to fit its kinetics by the pseudo-second order model, showing a strong interaction between the biochar adsorbent and the cationic adsorbate.

scholarly journals Spent mushroom compost (SMC) – retrieved added value product closing loop in agricultural production

2018 ◽  
pp. 185-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Jasińska
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Edible Mushroom ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Mushroom Compost ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Spent Mushroom Compost ◽  
Global Environmental

Worldwide edible mushroom production on agro-industrial residues comprises of more than 11 million tons of fresh mushrooms per year. For 1 kg of mushrooms there is 5 kg of spent mushroom compost (SMC). This enormous amount of waste results in disposal problems. However, SMC is a waste product of the mushroom industry, which contains mycelium and high levels of remnant nutrients such as organic substances (N, P, K). The spent mushroom compost is usually intended for utilization, but there are increasing numbers of experiments focusing on its reuse in agricultural and horticultural production. Recently, the increase of the global environmental consciousness and stringent legislation have focused research towards the application of sustainable and circular processes. Innovative and environmentally friendly systems of utilisation of waste streams have increased interest of the scientific community. Circular economy implies that agricultural waste will be the source for retrieving high value-added compounds. The goal of the present work was to carry out a bibliographic review of the different scenarios, regarding the exploitation of this low cost feedstock with huge potential for valorisation.

scholarly journals Characterization of Biochars Produced from Dairy Manure at High Pyrolysis Temperatures

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Tien Tsai ◽  
Po-Cheng Huang ◽  
Yu-Quan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Hysteresis Loops ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Pore Properties

In this work, the thermochemical analyses of dairy manure (DM), including the proximate analysis, ultimate (elemental) analysis, calorific value, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and inorganic elements, were studied to evaluate its potential for producing DM-based char (DMC) with high porosity. The results showed that the biomass should be an available precursor for producing biochar materials based on its high contents of carbon (42.63%) and volatile matter (79.55%). In order to characterize their pore properties, the DMC products produced at high pyrolysis temperatures (500–900°C) were analyzed using surface area and porosity analyzer, pycnometer, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The values of pore properties for the DMC products increased with an increase in pyrolysis temperature, leading to more pore development and condensed aromatic cluster at elevated temperatures. Because of the microporous and mesoporous structures from the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms with the hysteresis loops (H4 type), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of the optimal biochar (DMC-900) was about 360 m2/g, which was higher than the data reported in the literature. The highly porous structure was also seen from the SEM observations. More significantly, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the optimal DMC product showed a high value of 57.5 ± 16.1 cmol/kg. Based on the excellent pore and chemical properties, the DMC product could be used as an effective amendment and/or adsorbent for the removal of pollutants from the soil media and/or fluid streams.

scholarly journals Nanostructured Silicon as Potential Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matea Raić ◽  
Lara Mikac ◽  
Ivan Marić ◽  
Goran Štefanić ◽  
Marko Škrabić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Anode Material ◽  
Chemical Etching ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Metal Assisted Chemical Etching

Commercial micrometer silicon (Si) powder was investigated as a potential anode material for lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries. The characterization of this powder showed the mean particle size of approx.75.2 nm, BET surface area of 10.6 m2/g and average pore size of 0.56 nm. Its band gap was estimated to 1.35 eV as determined using UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra. In order to increase the surface area and porosity which is important for Li-ion batteries, the starting Si powder was ball-milled and threatened by metal-assisted chemical etching. The mechanochemical treatment resulted in decrease of the particle size from 75 nm to 29 nm, an increase of the BET surface area and average pore size to 16.7 m2/g and 1.26 nm, respectively, and broadening of the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) lines. The XRD patterns of silver metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) sample showed strong and narrow diffraction lines typical for powder silicon and low-intensity diffraction lines typical for silver. The metal-assisted chemical etching of starting Si material resulted in a decrease of surface area to 7.3 m2/g and an increase of the average pore size to 3.44 nm. These three materials were used as the anode material in lithium-ion cells, and their electrochemical properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles. The enhanced electrochemical performance of the sample prepared by MACE is attributed to increase in pore size, which are large enough for easy lithiation. These are the positive aspects of the application of MACE in the development of an anode material for Li-ion batteries.

scholarly journals Preparation of High-Performance Activated Carbon from Coffee Grounds after Extraction of Bio-Oil

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Jie Ren ◽  
Nanwei Chen ◽  
Li Wan ◽  
Guojian Li ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Micropore Volume ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Coffee Grounds ◽  
Bio Oil

In this study, a new method for economical utilization of coffee grounds was developed and tested. The resulting materials were characterized by proximate and elemental analyses, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and N2 adsorption–desorption at 77 K. The experimental data show bio-oil yields reaching 42.3%. The optimal activated carbon was obtained under vacuum pyrolysis self-activation at an operating temperature of 450 °C, an activation temperature of 600 °C, an activation time of 30 min, and an impregnation ratio with phosphoric acid of 150 wt.%. Under these conditions, the yield of activated carbon reached 27.4% with a BET surface area of 1420 m2·g−1, an average pore size of 2.1 nm, a total pore volume of 0.747 cm3·g−1, and a t-Plot micropore volume of 0.428 cm3·g−1. In addition, the surface of activated carbon looked relatively rough, containing mesopores and micropores with large amounts of corrosion pits.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanorods/Nanoparticles TiO2 for Photocatalytic Activity and Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Applications

2006 ◽  
Vol 951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorapong Pavasupree ◽  
Supachai Ngamsinlapasathian ◽  
Yoshikazu Suzuki ◽  
Susumu Yoshikawa
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Mesoporous Structure ◽  
Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Dye Sensitized ◽  
Prepared Material ◽  
20 Nm

ABSTRACTNanorods/nanoparticles TiO2 with mesoporous structure were synthesized by hydrothermal method at 150 °C for 20 h. The samples characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, SAED, HRTEM, and BET surface area. The nanorods had diameter about 10-20 nm and the lengths of 100-200 nm, the nanoparticles had diameter about 5-10 nm. The prepared material had average pore diameter about 7-12 nm. The BET surface area and pore volume of the sample are about 203 m2/g and 0.655 cm3/g, respectively. The nanorods/nanoparticles TiO2 with mesoporous structure showed higher photocatalytic activity (I3− concentration) than the nanorods TiO2, nanofibers TiO2, mesoporous TiO2, and commercial TiO2 (ST-01, P-25, JRC-01, and JRC-03). The solar energy conversion efficiency (η) of the cell using nanorods/nanoparticles TiO2 with mesoporous structure was about 7.12 % with Jsc of 13.97 mA/cm2, Voc of 0.73 V and ff of 0.70; while η of the cell using P-25 reached 5.82 % with Jsc of 12.74 mA/cm2, Voc of 0.704 V and ff of 0.649.

Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Using Activated Carbon From Agro Waste-Waste Bamboo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ayodele ◽  
Victoria Ezeagwula ◽  
Precious Igbokwubiri
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Research Work ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Bet Surface Area

Abstract Bamboo trees are one of the fastest growing trees in tropical rainforests around the world, they have various uses ranging from construction to fly ash generation used in oil and gas cementing, to development of activated carbon which is one of the latest uses of bamboo trees. This paper focuses on development of activated carbon from bamboo trees for carbon capture and sequestration. The need for improved air quality becomes imperative as the SDG Goal 12 and SDG Goal13 implies. One of the major greenhouse gases is CO2 which accounts for over 80% of greenhouse gases in the environment. Eliminating the greenhouse gases without adding another pollutant to the environment is highly sought after in the 21st century. Bamboo trees are mostly seen as agricultural waste with the advent of scaffolding and other support systems being in the construction industry. Instead of burning bamboo trees or using them for cooking in the local communities which in turn generates CO2 and fly ash, an alternative was considered in this research work, which is the usage of bamboo trees to generate activated, moderately porous and high surface area carbon for extracting CO2 from various CO2 discharge sources atmosphere and for water purification. This paper focuses on the quality testing of activated carbon that can effectively absorb CO2. The porosity, pore volume, bulk volume, and BET surface area were measured. The porosity of the activated carbon is 27%, BET surface area as 1260m²/g. Fixed carbon was 11.7%, Volatility 73%, ash content 1.7%.

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