scholarly journals Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Linkages with Stunting in Rural Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corina Shika Kwami ◽  
Samuel Godfrey ◽  
Hippolyte Gavilan ◽  
Monica Lakhanpaul ◽  
Priti Parikh
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Rural Ethiopia ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Infection Pathways ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
Outcomes For Children ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Integrated Program

Stunting is a global burden affecting nearly 160 million children younger than five years of age. Whilst the linkages between nutrition and stunting are well recognized, there is a need to explore environmental factors such as water and sanitation, which may influence feeding practices and result in potential infection pathways. This paper explores the linkages between stunting and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) factors in Ethiopia, which is a relatively understudied context. The research draws upon baseline data for children under the age of five from 3200 households across four regions in Ethiopia as part of a wider study and integrated program led by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Using World Health Organization (WHO) z-scoring, the average stunting rate in the sample is 47.5%. This paper also takes into account demographic and social behavioural factors such as the age, gender of children, and gender of the primary caregiver, in addition to handwashing behaviour and drinking water facilities. The evidence recommends efforts to improve handwashing behaviour for mothers and children with a focus on access to clean water. Higher stunting rates with an increase in the age of children highlight the need for continued interventions, as efforts to improve nutrition and WASH behaviours are most effective early on in promoting long-term health outcomes for children.

scholarly journals Psychometric validation of the Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales among elderly residents in long-term care facilities with joint contractures

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-chang Chen ◽  
Keh-chung Lin ◽  
Chen-Jung Chen ◽  
Shu-Hui Yeh ◽  
Ay-Woan Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Chinese Version ◽  
World Health ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Joint Contractures ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background Joint contractures, which affect activity, participation, and quality of life, are common complications of neurological conditions among elderly residents in long-term care facilities. This study examined the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales in a population with joint contractures. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used. The sample included elderly residents older than 64 years with joint contractures in an important joint who had lived at one of 12 long-term care facilities in Taiwan for more than 6 months (N = 243). The Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales for joint contractures was generated from the English version through five stages: translation, review, back-translation, review by a panel of specialists, and a pretest. Test-retest reliability, internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity were evaluated, and the results were compared with those for the World Health Organization Quality of Life scale and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule. Results The Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales had excellent reliability, with a Cronbach α coefficient of 0.975 (mean score, 28.98; standard deviation, 17.34). An exploratory factor analysis showed three factors and one factor with an eigenvalue > 1 that explained 75.176 and 62.83 % of the total variance in the Activity subscale and Participation subscale, respectively. The subscale-to-total scale correlation analysis showed Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.881 for the Activity subscale and 0.843 for the Participation subscale. Pearson’s product-moment correlation revealed that the correlation coefficient (r) between the Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule was 0.770, whereas that for the World Health Organization Quality of Life scale was − 0.553; these values were interpreted as large coefficients. Conclusions The underlying theoretical model of the Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales functions well in Taiwan and has acceptable levels of reliability and validity. However, the Chinese version must be further tested for applicability and generalizability in future studies, preferably with a larger sample and in different clinical domains.

AVALIAÇÃO DA RELAÇÃO DO NÚMERO DE SINTOMÁTICOS RESPIRATÓRIOS E OS CASOS CONFIRMADOS DE TUBERCULOSE EM PALMAS-TO NO PERÍODO DE 2015-2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Robson de Sousa ◽  
Maria do Socorro Rocha Sarmento Nobre
Keyword(s):  
Early Identification ◽  
World Health ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public Health Activity ◽  
Transmission Chain ◽  
Keywords Tuberculosis ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Term Objective

RESUMO Estratégia usada internacionalmente a busca ativa de sintomáticos respiratórios permite identificar precocemente pessoas com tosse por tempo igual ou superior a três semanas consideradas com suspeita de tuberculose pulmonar visando à descoberta dos casos bacilíferos. É uma atividade de saúde pública e deve ser realizada por todos os serviços de saúde de forma permanente. Com o objetivo de identificar os casos, interromper a cadeia de transmissão e reduzir a incidência da doença a longo prazo.  Objetivo: Conhecer os números de casos notificados de tuberculose e realizar um comparativo com os indicadores de sintomático respiratório no município de Palmas/TO entre os anos de 2015 e 2016. Método: O estudo é do tipo descritivo, de corte transversal e documental direta. Conclusão: Verifica-se que o número confirmado de TB da pesquisa do SR tanto para o ano de 2015 quanto para o ano de 2016 está muito aquém dos casos novos notificados, foi possível perceber a descontinuidade dos pacientes que são encaminhados para avaliação e que não há segmentos principalmente em relação ao resultado dos exames.   Palavras-chave: Tuberculose. Vigilância Epidemiológica. Organização Mundial da Saúde. ABSTRACT A strategy used internationally for the active search of respiratory symptomatic patients allows early identification of people with cough for a time equal to or greater than three weeks considered with suspicion of pulmonary tuberculosis in order to discover the bacilliferous cases. It is a public health activity and must be performed by all health services on an ongoing basis. In order to identify the cases, interrupt the transmission chain and reduce the incidence of the disease in the long term. Objective: To know the numbers of reported cases of tuberculosis and to carry out a comparison with the indicators of respiratory symptomatology in the municipality of Palmas / TO between the years 2015 and 2016. Method: The study is descriptive, cross-sectional and direct documentary. Conclusion: It is verified that the confirmed number of TB of the RS research for both the year 2015 and the year 2016 is well below the new cases reported, it was possible to perceive the discontinuity of the patients that are referred for evaluation and which are not mainly related to the results of the exams. Keywords: Tuberculosis. Epidemiological surveillance. World Health Organization.

scholarly journals World Health Organization Sub-Types, Initial Treatment Outcome and Prognostic Study of Unselected Adult Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia in Shanghai: An Analysis of 623 Cases

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1191-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Ma ◽  
X Wang ◽  
X Xu ◽  
G Lin
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factor ◽  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Acute Myeloid

This study investigated the complete remission (CR) rate and survival of 623 newly diagnosed patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in Shanghai, China, classified according to World Health Organization and French–American–British criteria, and compared the differences in treatment effect with those reported in developed countries and those reported in Shanghai from 1984 to 1994. Total CR rate was 66.5%, median survival was 18 months and estimated survival at 3 years was 30.8%. The 3-year relapse rate was 55.1%. These data showed that the CR rate was similar to that achieved in studies from developed countries, but long-term survival was worse. The CR rate and survival were increased markedly compared with data previously collected in Shanghai (1984-1994). Induction chemotherapeutic regimens based on idarubicin, daunorubicin or homoharringtonine all had similar CR rates and survivals. Karyotype was the most important prognostic factor. Multilineage dysplasia in de novo AML was not an independent prognostic factor. Improvement in the long-term treatment effect in China is an important challenge for the future.

scholarly journals Establishing Sustainable Development Goal Baselines for Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bain ◽  
Richard Johnston ◽  
Francesco Mitis ◽  
Christie Chatterley ◽  
Tom Slaymaker
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Joint Monitoring ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), through the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), are responsible for global monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets for drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). The SDGs represent a fundamental shift in household WASH monitoring with a new focus on service levels and the incorporation of hygiene. This article reflects on the process of establishing SDG baselines and the methods used to generate national, regional and global estimates for the new household WASH indicators. The JMP 2017 update drew on over 3000 national data sources, primarily household surveys (n = 1443), censuses (n = 309) and administrative data (n = 1494). Whereas most countries could generate estimates for basic drinking water and basic sanitation, fewer countries could report on basic handwashing facilities, water quality and the disposal of waste from onsite sanitation. Based on data for 96 and 84 countries, respectively, the JMP estimates that globally 2.1 billion (29%) people lacked safely managed drinking water services and 4.5 billion (61%) lacked safely managed sanitation services in 2015. The expanded JMP inequalities database also finds substantial disparities by wealth and sub-national regions. The SDG baselines for household WASH reveal the scale of the challenge associated with achieving universal safely managed services and the substantial acceleration needed in many countries to achieve even basic services for everyone by 2030. Many countries have begun to localise the global SDG targets and are investing in data collection to address the SDG data gaps, whether through the integration of new elements in household surveys or strengthening collection and reporting of information through administrative and regulatory systems.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Pandemic: Coping with the Psychological Outcomes, Mental Changes, and the “New Normal” During and After COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. 07-19
Author(s):  
Hiba Takieddine ◽  
Samaa AL Tabbah
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Well Being ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
New Normal ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease that has rapidly swept across the world, inducing a considerable degree of fear, worry and concern in the population at large and among certain groups in particular, such as older adults, healthcare providers and people with underlying health conditions. Authorities around the world tried to prevent the virus spread by imposing social distancing measures, quarantining citizens and isolating infected persons. Apart from its physical impact, COVID-19 pandemic has brought numerous changes to people’s lives. It changed daily routines, caused worldwide economic crisis, increased unemployment, and placed people under emotional and financial pressures. It affected people psychologically and mentally especially in terms of emotions and cognition. During the acute crisis, everyone to varying degrees experienced fear of infection, somatic concerns, worries about the pandemic’s consequences, loneliness, depression, stress, as well as increased alcohol and drug use. As part of its public health response, the World Health Organization (WHO) has worked with partners to develop a set of new guidelines and messages that can be used to prevent, manage, and support mental and psychological well-being in different vulnerable target groups during the outbreak. Whether people like it or not, the psychological sequela of this pandemic will emerge and persist for months and years to come leading to long-term consequences. New lifestyles and “New Normals” will surely emerge. The main purpose of this review is to summarize the impact of coronavirus pandemic on the psychological and mental health of people around the world especially vulnerable groups. It also presents the relevant intervention actions and recommendations to cope efficiently and effectively with the psychological short-term and long-term outcomes, mental changes, and the “New Normal” during and after COVID-19. Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus, Psychological; Mental; New Normal

scholarly journals A review of post infectious pulmonary fibrosis in the era of COVID-19 and potential treatment options

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (40) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Medha Ghose ◽  
Maehali Patel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Potential Treatment ◽  
Pulmonary Injury ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Post Infectious

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a statement characterizing COVID-19 as a pandemic that has, as of October 2020, caused almost 36 million confirmed global cases and over 1 million deaths. One of the long-term complications suggested by researchers is fibrosis. It has been hypothesized that the combination of ongoing pulmonary injury caused by COVID-19 and the inability to promptly repair damage results in interstitial matrix widening and eventual compression and destruction of alveoli and capillaries. Here we focus on pathogenesis, risk factors, different infectious causes of fibrosis along with COVID-19, and potential treatment options that might reduce its effects. Key words: COVID-19, pulmonary fibrosis, mechanism, treatment

scholarly journals Developing WHO guidelines: Time to formally include evidence from mathematical modelling studies

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Egger ◽  
Leigh Johnson ◽  
Christian Althaus ◽  
Anna Schöni ◽  
Georgia Salanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Problem Model ◽  
Assessment Development ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Health Organization

In recent years, the number of mathematical modelling studies has increased steeply. Many of the questions addressed in these studies are relevant to the development of World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, but modelling studies are rarely formally included as part of the body of evidence. An expert consultation hosted by WHO, a survey of modellers and users of modelling studies, and literature reviews informed the development of recommendations on when and how to incorporate the results of modelling studies into WHO guidelines. In this article, we argue that modelling studies should routinely be considered in the process of developing WHO guidelines, but particularly in the evaluation of public health programmes, long-term effectiveness or comparative effectiveness.  There should be a systematic and transparent approach to identifying relevant published models, and to commissioning new models.  We believe that the inclusion of evidence from modelling studies into the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) process is possible and desirable, with relatively few adaptations.  No single “one-size-fits-all” approach is appropriate to assess the quality of modelling studies. The concept of the ‘credibility’ of the model, which takes the conceptualization of the problem, model structure, input data, different dimensions of uncertainty, as well as transparency and validation into account, is more appropriate than ‘risk of bias’.

scholarly journals ADOLESCENT KNOWLEDGE LEVEL ABOUT CERVIC CANCER PREVENTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
Henni Safrida Sitompul
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
World Health ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Health Organization

Cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women. Cervical cancer attacks the female reproductive organs and uterus. Every year thousands of women die from cervical cancer. Poor living habits can also cause outbreaks of cervical cancer, such as smoking, lack of nutrition, long-term use of oral contraceptives, sexual activity that is often among adolescents. The level of knowledge of young women about cervical cancer prevention in the MayjendSutoyo College Foundation Senior High School Medan. World Health Organization (WHO) states, currently cervical cancer is ranked among the various types of cancer that causes death in women in the world. Cervical cancer can be prevented by doing primary prevention and secondary prevention. This type of research is a descriptive study conducted. The population in this study were female students at the MayjendSutoyo College Foundation in Medan. A sample of 39 people were taken in total sampling. Data obtained using a questionnaire. The conclusion of the study is the level of knowledge of young women in the MayjendSutoyo Medan Foundation High School in the prevention of cervical cancer is still in the sufficient category.

scholarly journals Lethal Violence: A Global View on Homicide

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich Oberwittler
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern Period ◽  
World Health ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Lethal Violence ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Other World ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Health Organization

As the most serious crime, homicide is both relevant and suitable for cross-national comparisons. The global homicide rate of ca. 6 per 100,000 people is an average of hugely diverging national rates ranging from 0.25 in Singapore to ca. 100 in El Salvador. The validity of global homicide statistics suffers from various differences in definitions as well as reporting and registration processes. Both criminal justice and causes of death statistics are used by the World Health Organization to construct rates, yet these are available only for a minority of countries. An overview on homicide in history and non-state societies shows that violence levels were considerably higher compared to those in today’s developed world and have dropped dramatically in Europe and North America during the early modern period. The rates first increased and then declined between ca.1960 and today in most developed nations in a synchronized manner, hinting at common influences. In recent years, homicide trends have shown a polarizing pattern, with increasing rates in Latin America and decreasing rates in most other world regions, especially East Asia and the Pacific, where rates have fallen below the European average concurrent with rising scores on the Human Development Index. Except in Eastern Europe, the frequency of homicide is strongly linked to the use of firearms, which account for 44% of homicide cases worldwide. Longitudinal studies have produced robust evidence for the pivotal role of deprivation and inequality in fostering lethal violence and of social welfare policies in reducing it. Although the transition to democratic political systems seems to increase homicide rates temporarily, the legitimacy of state institutions and the suppression of corruption are connected to lower homicide rates. Because of conceptual and methodological problems, questions concerning the generalizability of effects across space and time remain. Nevertheless, the research findings are sufficiently robust to draw important conclusions for violence prevention: reductions in poverty and income inequality, investments in welfare policies and gender equality, and improvements in the legitimacy of state institutions will help to bring homicide rates down.

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