scholarly journals Toward Prevention of Doping in Youth Sport: Cross-Sectional Analysis of Correlates of Doping Tendency in Swimming

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajber ◽  
Maric ◽  
Rodek ◽  
Sekulic ◽  
Liposek
Keyword(s):  
Reference Value ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Training Methodology ◽  
Doping Behavior ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Sectional Analysis

Doping is recognized as one of the most important problems in sports, but a limited number of studies have investigated doping problems in youth athletes. This study aimed to evaluate doping tendency (potential doping behavior (PDB)) and correlates of PDB in youth age swimmers. The participants were 241 competitive swimmers (131 females; 15.3 ± 1.1 years of age, all under 18 years old). Variables included predictors and PDB (criterion). Predictors consisted of sociodemographic factors (gender and age), sport-related variables (i.e., experience in swimming and sport achievement), variables explaining coaching strategy and training methodology, consumption of dietary supplements (DS), knowledge about doping, and knowledge about sports nutrition and DS (KSN). In addition to the descriptive statistics and differences between genders, a multinomial regression using PDB as the criterion (negative-, neutral-, or positive-PDB, with a negative-PDB as the reference value) was calculated to define associations between predictors and criterion. With only 71% of swimmers who declared negative-PDB results indicated an alarming figure. Boys with better KSN were more negatively oriented toward positive-PDB (OR: 0.77, 95%CI: 0.60–0.95). In girls, lower competitive achievement was evidenced as a risk factor for neutral-PDB (OR: 0.39, 95%CI: 0.24–0.63). Also, higher neutral-PDB (OR: 0.88, 95%CI: 0.81–0.96) and positive-PDB (OR: 0.90, 95%CI: 0.83–0.99) were identified in girls who began with intensive training in younger age. Because of the alarming figures of PDB, there is an evident need for the development of systematic antidoping educational programs in youth swimming. In doing so, focus should be placed on girls who began intensive training at an earlier age and those who did not achieve high competitive results.

scholarly journals Cross-sectional analysis of the prevalence and predictors of statin utilisation in Ireland with a focus on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e018524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Byrne ◽  
John Cullinan ◽  
Catríona Murphy ◽  
Susan M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
History Of ◽  
Base Category ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Prevention Of Cardiovascular Disease

ObjectiveTo describe the prevalence of statin utilisation by people aged over 50 years in Ireland and the factors associated with the likelihood of using a statin, focusing particularly on those using statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD).MethodsThis is a cross-sectional analysis of cardiovascular risk and sociodemographic factors associated with statin utilisation from wave 1 of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. A hierarchy of indications for statin utilisation, consisting of eight mutually exclusive levels of CVD-related diagnoses, was created. Participants were assigned one level of indication. The prevalence of statin utilisation was calculated. The likelihood that an individual was using a statin was estimated using a multivariable logistic regression model, controlling for cardiovascular risk and sociodemographic factors.ResultsIn this nationally representative sample (n=5618) of community-dwelling participants aged 50 years and over, 1715 (30.5%) were taking statins. Of these, 65.0% (57.3% of men and 72.7% of women) were doing so for the primary prevention of CVD. Thus, almost two-thirds of those taking statins did so for primary prevention and there was a notable difference between women and men in this regard. We also found that statin utilisation was highest among those with a prior history of CVD and was significantly associated with age (compared with the base category 50–64 years; 65–74 years OR 1.38 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.65); 75+ OR 1.33 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.69)), living with a spouse or partner (compared with the base category living alone; OR 1.35 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.65)), polypharmacy (OR 1.74 (95% CI 1.39 to 2.19)) and frequency of general practitioner visits (compared with the base category 0 visits per year; 1–2 visits OR 2.46 (95% CI 1.80 to 3.35); 3–4 visits OR 3.24 (95% CI 2.34 to 4.47); 5–6 visits OR 2.98 (95% CI 2.08 to 4.26); 7+ visits OR 2.51 (95% CI 1.73 to 3.63)), even after controlling for clinical need. There was no association between using statins and gender, education, income, social class, health insurance status, location or Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) risk in the multivariable analysis.ConclusionStatin utilisation among those with no history of CVD accounted for almost two-thirds of all statin use, in part reflecting the high proportion of the population with no history of CVD, although utilisation rates were highest among those with a history of CVD.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors of Food Insecurity among Mexican University Students’ Households

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3426
Author(s):  
Pablo Alejandro Nava-Amante ◽  
Alejandra Betancourt-Núñez ◽  
Barbara Vizmanos ◽  
Miguel Amaury Salas-García ◽  
María Fernanda Bernal-Orozco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
University Students ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Indigenous Group ◽  
Sectional Analysis

Household food insecurity (FI) remains a major public health challenge worldwide. Data about perceived FI and its risk factors in Mexican university students are lacking. We aimed to assess FI’s prevalence and factors affecting it among university students’ households in Mexico. This cross-sectional analysis involved 7671 university students’ households using the 2018 Mexican National of Household Income and Expenditure Survey data. Variables analyzed included sociodemographic characteristics, and the 12-item validated Mexican Scale for Food Security (EMSA). Multivariable logistic regression modelling was performed to identify FI risk factors. The overall household FI prevalence was 30.8%. According to FI severity, prevalence rates were 16.3% for mild-FI, 8.8% for moderate-FI, and 5.7% for severe-FI. Low socioeconomic status (OR = 2.72; 95%CI: 2.09–3.54), low education level of household’s head (OR = 2.36; 95%CI: 1.90–2.94), self-ascription to an indigenous group (OR = 1.59; 95%CI: 1.41–1.79), attending public university (OR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.13–1.43), female-headed household (OR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.13–1.40), having worked recently (OR = 1.19; 95%CI: 1.07–1.33), and being in second year of studies (OR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.03–1.33), were significantly related to FI. Our results confirm that FI is highly prevalent among Mexican university students’ households and that sociodemographic factors are essential in addressing this concern. Findings highlight the need for preventive programs and policies to alleviate FI.

scholarly journals Who gets lost and why: A representative cross-sectional survey on sociodemographic and vestibular determinants of wayfinding strategies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Ulrich ◽  
Eva Grill ◽  
Virginia L. Flanagin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

AbstractWhen we think of our family and friends, we probably know someone who is good at finding their way and someone else that easily get lost. We still know little about the biological and environmental factors that influence our navigational ability. Here, we investigated the frequency and sociodemographic determinants of wayfinding and their association with vestibular function in a representative cross-sectional sample (N = 783) of the adult German-speaking population. Wayfinding was assessed using the Wayfinding Strategy Scale, a self-report scale that produces two scores for each participant representing to what degree they rely on route-based or orientation (map-based) strategies. We were interested in the following research questions: (1) the frequency and determinants of wayfinding strategies in a population-based representative sample, (2) the relationship between vestibular function and strategy choice and (3) how sociodemographic factors influence general wayfinding ability as measured using a combined score from both strategy scores. Our linear regression models showed that being male, having a higher education, higher age and lower regional urbanization increased orientation strategy scores. Vertigo/dizziness reduced the scores of both the orientation and the route strategies. Using a novel approach, we grouped participants by their combined strategy scores in a multinomial regression model, to see whether individuals prefer one strategy over the other. The majority of individuals reported using either both or no strategy, instead of preferring one strategy over the other. Young age and reduced vestibular function were indicative of using no strategy. In summary, wayfinding ability depends on both biological and environmental factors; all sociodemographic factors except income. Over a third of the population, predominantly under the age of 35, does not successfully use either strategy. This represents a change in our wayfinding skills, which may result from the technological advances in navigational aids over the last few decades.

Maternal Characteristics and Migraine Pharmacotherapy During Pregnancy: Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data from a Large Cohort Study

Cephalalgia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1267-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Nezvalová-Henriksen ◽  
O Spigset ◽  
H Nordeng
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Narcotic Analgesics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maternal Characteristics ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Large Cohort Study ◽  
Sectional Analysis

Little is known about factors associated with migraine pharmacotherapy during pregnancy. Of 60 435 pregnant women in a population-based cohort, 3480 (5.8%) reported having migraine during the first 5 months of pregnancy. Of these, 2525 (72.6%) reported using migraine pharmacotherapy, mostly non-narcotic analgesics (54.1%) and triptans (25.4%). After adjustment for sociodemographic factors and comorbidities in logistic regression analysis, high pregestational body mass index [odds ratio (OR) 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2, 1.4], sleep < 5 h (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3, 1.9), being on sick-leave (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2, 1.5) and acute back/shoulder/neck pain (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.6, 0.7) were associated with migraine pharmacotherapy during pregnancy. Many women need drug treatment for migraine during pregnancy, and the choice of pharmacotherapy during this period may be influenced by maternal sociodemographic factors and comorbidities.

scholarly journals Differences in Lower Extremity Movement Quality by Level of Sport Specialization in Cadets Entering a United States Service Academy

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812199409
Author(s):  
CPT Connor B. Venrick ◽  
Story F. Miraldi ◽  
Lindsay J. DiStefano ◽  
Karen Y. Peck ◽  
LTC Matthew A. Posner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Movement Quality ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Service Academy ◽  
Sectional Analysis

Background: Sport specialization in youth athletes is associated with increased risk for musculoskeletal injury; however, little is known about whether sport specialization is associated with lower extremity movement quality. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in lower extremity movement quality by level of sport specialization in US Service Academy cadets. Hypothesis: Cadets who report an increased level of sport specialization would have a lower level of movement quality than those who are less specialized. Study Design: Cross-sectional analysis from an ongoing prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Cadets completed the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) and a baseline questionnaire evaluating level of sport specialization during high school. Data were analyzed using separate 1-way analysis of variance models. Results: Among all participants (n = 1950), 1045 (53.6%) reported low sport specialization, 600 (30.8%) reported moderate sport specialization, and 305 (15.6%) reported high sport specialization at the time of data collection during the first week. Ages ranged from 17 to 23 years. Men (1491) and women (459) reported comparable specialization levels ( P = 0.45). There were no statistically significant differences in lower extremity movement quality by level of specialization for all subjects combined ( P = 0.15) or when only men were included in the analyses ( P = 0.69). However, there were statistically significant differences in movement quality by level of specialization in women ( P = 0.02). Moderately specialized women had the best movement quality (mean, 4.63; SD, 2.21) followed by those with high specialization (mean, 4.90; SD, 2.08) and those with low levels of specialization (mean, 5.23; SD, 2.07). Conclusion: Women reporting moderate sport specialization had improved movement quality and significantly better LESS scores compared to those with high/low specialization. Clinical Relevance: Athletes, especially women, should be encouraged to avoid early sport specialization to optimize movement quality, which may affect injury risk.

Chronic Daily Headache in Brazil: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

Cephalalgia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1264-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
LP Queiroz ◽  
MFP Peres ◽  
F Kowacs ◽  
EJ Piovesan ◽  
MC Ciciarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Daily Headache ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Daily Headache ◽  
The Unemployed

The objectives of this study were to estimate the 1-year prevalence of chronic daily headache (CDH) and the degree of the association of CDH with some sociodemographic characteristics of the adult population of Brazil. This was a cross-sectional, population-based study. We conducted telephone interviews with 3848 people, aged 18-79 years, randomly selected from the 27 States of Brazil. The degree of the association was calculated through prevalence ratios, adjusted with Poisson regression by gender, age and some sociodemographic factors. The estimated 1-year gender- and age-adjusted prevalence of CDH was 6.9±. CDH was 2.4 times more prevalent in women, 1.72 times more in unemployed, 1.63 times more in subjects with high household income and two times greater in those who did not exercise. The overall prevalence of CDH in Brazil is high. CDH is significantly more prevalent in women, the unemployed, subjects with higher income, and in those who do not exercise.

scholarly journals Identification of Factors Associated with Potential Doping Behavior in Sports: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in High-Level Competitive Swimmers

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sime Devcic ◽  
Jakob Bednarik ◽  
Dora Maric ◽  
Sime Versic ◽  
Damir Sekulic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Precipitating Factors ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Higher Alcohol ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Doping Behavior ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

Background: Doping behavior, including the misuse of performance-enhancing drugs, is currently a serious problem in sports, and the efficacy of preventive efforts directly depends on information regarding the associations among different precipitating factors (PF) and doping behavior. This study aimed to establish the PF of potential doping behavior (PDB) in competitive swimmers. Methods: The study included 301 swimmers from Slovenia (153 females, 16.4 ± 2.4 years), tested during the 2017 National Championship. Variables were collected by previously validated questionnaires, which included questions on sociodemographics, sports-related factors, consumption of dietary supplements, knowledge of doping, factors of hesitation, and doping-related factors (i.e., number of doping tests, opinion about the presence of doping in sport). The PDB (positive, neutral, or negative intention toward doping) was observed as a criterion, while other variables were included as predictors in multinomial regression analyses (with “negative” as reference value), which additionally controlled for gender and age category (cadet-, junior-, and senior-level) as confounders. Results: The results confirmed higher susceptibility to doping in males (positive: odds ratio (OR): 2.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27–6.04), those swimmers who reported higher alcohol consumption (neutral: OR: 2.18, 95%CI: 1.06–4.16, positive: OR: 2.14, 95%CI: 1.05–4.37), and those regularly used dietary supplements (positive: OR: 3.62, 95%CI: 1.25–10.52). Competitive achievement in Olympic- (neutral: OR: 0.57, 95%CI: 0.41–0.81, positive: OR: 0.59, 95%CI: 0.39–0.88), and non-Olympic disciplines (positive: OR: 0.54, 95%CI: 0.35–0.83) was protective against PDB. Swimmers who were more concerned about the negative social consequences of doping behavior (i.e., condemnation by family and friends) were less likely to declare a positive intention toward the PDB (family condemnation: OR: 0.69, 95%CI: 0.56–0.86, friends’ condemnation: OR: 0.65, 95%CI: 0.52–0.80). Conclusions: The results of the study provide more precise insight into the specific factors associated with PDB in swimming. The established precipitating factors should be incorporated into targeted anti-doping campaigns in this sport.

scholarly journals Dietary patterns associated with subclinical atherosclerosis: a cross-sectional analysis of the ELSA-Brasil study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Bartira Gorgulho ◽  
Mariane A Alves ◽  
Juliana A Teixeira ◽  
Roberta O Santos ◽  
Sheila Alvim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Principal Component Factor Analysis ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Analysis ◽  
Sectional Analysis

Abstract Objective To identify dietary patterns associated with subclinical atherosclerosis measured as coronary artery calcium (CAC). Design Cross-sectional analysis of data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health. Dietary data were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and a principal component factor analysis was used to derive the dietary patterns. Scree plot, eigenvalues >1, and interpretability were considered to retain the factors. CAC was measured using a computed tomography scanner and an electrocardiography-gated prospective calcium score examination, and was categorized into three groups based on the CAC score: 0, 1–100, and >100 Agatston units. Multinomial regression models were conducted for dietary patterns and CAC severity categories. Setting Brazil, São Paulo, 2008–2010. Subjects Active and retired civil servants who lived in São Paulo and underwent a CAC exam were included (N = 4,025). Results Around 10% of participants (294 men, 97 women) had a detectable CAC (>0), 6.5% (182 men, 73 women) had a CAC of 1–100, and 3.5% (110 men, 23 women) had a CAC > 100. Three dietary patterns were identified: convenience food, which was positively associated with atherosclerotic calcification; plant-based and dairy food, which showed no association with CAC; and the traditional Brazilian food pattern (rice, legumes, and meats), which was inversely associated with atherosclerotic calcification. Conclusions Our results showed that a dietary pattern consisting of traditional Brazilian foods could be important to reducing the risk of atherosclerotic calcification, and prevent future cardiovascular events, whereas a convenience dietary pattern was positively associated with this outcome.

scholarly journals Vitamin D Status and Analysis of Specific Correlates in Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southern Croatia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeljka Karin ◽  
Barbara Gilic ◽  
Daniela Supe Domic ◽  
Zdenko Sarac ◽  
Katarina Ercegovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Southern Croatia

Vitamin D deficiency is a globally important problem, particularly in children, but there is a lack of information regarding this deficiency in preschool children from southeastern Europe. This study aimed to establish the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and associations of gender, time spent outdoors, physical activity (PA), and body mass index (as predictors) with the 25(OH)D level (outcome) in healthy preschool children. The participants were preschoolers (all 5–6 years of age) from southern Croatia. All the participants were tested during their mandatory medical examination 6–7 months prior to school enrollment. The PA was obtained using the preschool-age physical activity questionnaire (Pre-PAQ), which categorizes PA into five levels (from sedentary to vigorous PA). The prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency was high: 58% of the children had 25(OH)D levels of <50 nmol/L (deficiency), and an additional 29% had an insufficient level of 25(OH)D (50–75 nmol/L). Boys had higher levels of 25(OH)D than girls. A multinomial regression using 25(OH)D categories as the outcome and a sufficient level (>75 nmol/L) as the reference value identified gender as the only significant predictor of 25(OH)D status, with boys being at lower risk for 25(OH)D deficiency than girls. These results showed a high prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency in preschoolers from the southern part of Croatia, which is additionally alarming based on the geographical position of the studied region (42° N) and its high number of sunshine hours (>2600 h per year). Future studies examining other potential correlates of 25(OH)D in the region are warranted.

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