scholarly journals Reduction in Accommodative Response of Schoolchildren by a Double-Mirror System

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 9951
Author(s):  
Shang-Min Yeh ◽  
Chen-Cheng Lo ◽  
Chi-Hung Lee ◽  
Yu-Jung Chen ◽  
Feng-Chi Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case History ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Mirror System ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Accommodative Response ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Myopia Control

Purpose: This study first proposed the application of a double-mirror system (DMS) to extend viewing distance and investigate the accommodative response of schoolchildren under a DMS. Method: Fifty-seven subjects aged between 7 and 12 years old were recruited in this study, and the experiment was divided into two stages. The first stage consisted of a case history inquiry, a refraction state, and a visual function examination. In the second stage, the subjects gazed at an object at distances of 0.4 m, 2.285 m, and through a DMS, respectively, and their accommodative responses were measured using an open-field autorefractor. Results: There was no significant difference in the schoolchildren’s accommodative response between subjects gazing at an object at 2.285 m (0.14 ± 0.35 D, p > 0.05) and those gazing at it through a DMS (0.20 ± 0.35 D). However, their accommodative response showed a significant difference between subjects gazing at an object at 0.4 m and 2.285 m and those gazing at it at 0.4 m and through a DMS. Conclusion: In this experiment, the results of the children’s accommodative response measured at 2.285 m or through a DMS are very similar. The viewing distance can be extended by a DMS, resulting in accommodative relaxation. This result may have potential applications in myopia control.

Accommodative relaxation by extending the viewing distance through the simple optical design of a double-mirror system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuan-Yu Huang ◽  
SHANG-MIN YEH ◽  
HUI-RONG SU
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Optical Design ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mirror System ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Virtual Image ◽  
Accommodative Response ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Distance Conditions

Abstract This paper discusses the accommodative relaxation of myopic adults by using a simple double-mirror design. This optical design can extend the viewing distance to 2.285 m and magnify the image up to 3.79 times, and it results in the accommodative relaxation of a single human eye. We recruited 32 subjects with an average age of 20.8 ± 0.95 years old. After an examination of their refractive status, the disposable contact lenses with a corresponding refractive error were corrected, and the dynamic accommodative response and the change in pupil size were measured by using an open-field auto-refractor. The dynamic accommodative responses and pupil size data were collected under two viewing distance conditions. When the subjects gazed at a real object that was 0.4 m away, or a virtual image that was 2.285 m away, the mean value of the accommodative response was 1.69 ± 0.31D or 0.11 ± 0.05D, and the pupil size was 3.79 ± 0.49 mm or 4.09 ± 0.72 mm, respectively. The accommodative response decreased and the pupil size increased by using the double-mirror system, and therefore, accommodative relaxation can be achieved by using this new optical design. In this study, we first successfully proposed a simple optical design to relax the accommodation, and the fluctuations of the accommodation response were stable, with the extended viewing distance of 2.285 m. This design may be applied for the improvement of visual function, such as the reduction of asthenopia and the control of myopia.

Hierarchical Classification Of Expert Models Of Exercises Designed To Eliminate Specific Mistakes Occurring In Short Ski Turn

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danijela Kuna ◽  
Matej Babić ◽  
Mateja Očić
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Classification ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Expert Model ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Two Stages

The aim of the present study was to examine the structure of an expert model of exercises designed to eliminate the Lack of specific ski movement mistake in short ski turn, as well as offer a hierarchical classification of the expert model. For this purpose, a two-stage research was conducted. During the first stage of the research the exercises with the purpose of Lack of specific ski movement mistake elimination were designed by 20 skiing experts aged 25 to 45. By means of email and coordinated by the paper author, the experts first designed a model of 14 methodical exercises and subsequently selected the five most relevant ones, ranking them on a scale from 1 to 5. A nonparametric chi - square test (χ2) was used. The research showed there was no significant variation across the experts’eval-uation of the five most important methodical exercises (χ2 = 21,69; p = 0,06). The expert model of the most important methodical exercises for the Lack of specific ski movement mistake correction thus includes the following: Holding a ski stick under the handle, Jump turns, Hands on hips, Unbuttoned ski boots and Ski poles in vertical position in forwards. 307 skiing professionals of various levels of expertise participated in the second stage of the research, whose aim was to classify the Lack of specific ski movement mistake elimi-nation exercises. The participants’task was to rank the exercises based on their relevance. Total amounts of rank sums (ΣR) were calculated, the Kruskal-Wallis test (H-test) was car-ried out, and the corresponding levels of significance (p) were recorded, for the purpose of comparing the significance of diversity between rank sums and the expert model. The sta-tistically significant difference was found between the rank sums (ΣR) of the most eficient exercises for the Lack of specific ski movement mistake correction (H = 198,19; p < 0,001). The results obtained in the two stages of the research provide valuable insights regarding the methods of short ski turns. The hierarchical classification of the most important method-ical corrective exercises obtained from ski teachers and professionals with different levels of education and expertise yields accurate and precise data about corrective methodical exercises in the process of studying short ski turn. Any further research regarding the same object should evaluate the designed expert model of the most important methodical exer-cises, as well as their hierarchical classification, across different groups of participants.

scholarly journals Accommodative Relaxation by Extending the Viewing Distance through the Simple Optical Design of a Double-Mirror System

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6979
Author(s):  
Shang-Min Yeh ◽  
Hui-Rong Su ◽  
Chi-Hung Lee ◽  
Yu-Jung Chen ◽  
Shuan-Yu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Optical Design ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mirror System ◽  
Real Object ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Virtual Image ◽  
Accommodative Response ◽  
Eye Fatigue

Purpose: This paper discusses the accommodative relaxation of myopic adults using a simple double-mirror design. This optical design can extend the viewing distance to 2.285 m and can magnify the image up to 3.386 times, and it results in the accommodative relaxation of a single human eye. By using this optical design, accommodative relaxation may improve eye fatigue and, furthermore, it may delay the progression of myopia. Method: This study recruited 32 subjects with an average age of 20.8 ± 0.95 years old. After an examination of their refractive status, disposable contact lenses with a corresponding refractive error were fitted, and the dynamic accommodative response and change in pupil size were measured by using an open-field autorefractor. The subjects gazed at two different viewing distances. First, they gazed at a real object, which was placed 0.4 m in front of them. Second, the subjects gazed at a virtual image through a double-mirror system at a distance of 2.285 m. The dynamic accommodative responses and pupil size data were collected under these two viewing distance conditions. Results: When the subjects gazed at a real object that was 0.4 m away, or a virtual image that was 2.285 m away, the mean value of the accommodative response was 1.69 ± 0.31 D or 0.11 ± 0.05 D, and the pupil size was 3.79 ± 0.49 mm or 4.09 ± 0.72 mm, respectively. The accommodative response decreased, and the pupil size increased when using the double-mirror system, and therefore, accommodative relaxation can be achieved by using this new optical design. Conclusions: In the present study, we first successfully proposed a simple optical design to relax the accommodation, and the fluctuations of the accommodation response were stable, with an extended viewing distance of 2.285 m. This design may be applied for the improvement of visual function in applications such as the reduction of asthenopia and the control of myopia.

scholarly journals Organoleptic Analysis Of The Honeycomb Cake (Kue Sarang Semut)

FOODSCITECH ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Anni Faridah ◽  
Raudhatul Jannah ◽  
Merisa Marlis
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Variance Test ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Organoleptic Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Palm Sugar ◽  
Distinct Colour ◽  
Two Stages

The Honeycomb Cake or Caramel Cake or widely known in Indonesia as "Kue Sarang Semut" is a type of cake that preferred by many people and has a distinct colour, texture and aroma. Some of its main ingredients are caramel and wheat flour. But the caramel-making is generally sugarcane-based, and the flour is still usually from wheat, which its availability is always depended on import traffic and its import activity is now increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to research the cake's organoleptic test using different types of sugar and the flour substitution of tofu dregs. This research is classified as a pure experiment and conducted in two stages and uses Completely Randomised Design, which is consisted of four treatments. The first stage uses four different types of sugar (granulated sugarcane, aren sugar, palm sugar, and rock sugar) and the second stage is four types of tofu dregs flour amount (0%, 15%, 30%, and 45%) used, with three-time repetition. The obtained data later tabulated into a table and will be examined using Analysis of Variance test. If there is any significant difference, the Duncan test will then applied. This research concludes that the different types of sugar significantly affect the colour and aroma quality. Furthermore, the amount of the wheat flour substitute of tofu dregs flour significantly affect the volume, colour, aroma, chewiness texture, hollow texture, and taste satisfaction. The best treatment of the Honeycomb Cake is obtained from the usage of pam sugar and 15% amount of tofu dregs flour.

Altered Fine Structure of B Lymphocytes Correlated with Defective Terminal Differentiation

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 386-387
Author(s):  
Dale E. Bockman ◽  
L. Y. Frank Wu ◽  
Alexander R. Lawton ◽  
Max D. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Deficiency Diseases ◽  
Cell Line Generation

B-lymphocytes normally synthesize small amounts of immunoglobulin, some of which is incorporated into the cell membrane where it serves as receptor of antigen. These cells, on contact with specific antigen, proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells which synthesize and secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin. The two stages of differentiation of this cell line (generation of B-lymphocytes and antigen-driven maturation to plasma cells) are clearly separable during ontogeny and in some immune deficiency diseases. The present report describes morphologic aberrations of B-lymphocytes in two diseases in which second stage differentiation is defective.

Distributed Entropy Energy-Efficient Clustering algorithm for cluster head selection (DEEEC)

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 8139-8147
Author(s):  
Ranganathan Arun ◽  
Rangaswamy Balamurugan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Energy Efficient Clustering ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Ch Selection

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) the energy of Sensor nodes is not certainly sufficient. In order to optimize the endurance of WSN, it is essential to minimize the utilization of energy. Head of group or Cluster Head (CH) is an eminent method to develop the endurance of WSN that aggregates the WSN with higher energy. CH for intra-cluster and inter-cluster communication becomes dependent. For complete, in WSN, the Energy level of CH extends its life of cluster. While evolving cluster algorithms, the complicated job is to identify the energy utilization amount of heterogeneous WSNs. Based on Chaotic Firefly Algorithm CH (CFACH) selection, the formulated work is named “Novel Distributed Entropy Energy-Efficient Clustering Algorithm”, in short, DEEEC for HWSNs. The formulated DEEEC Algorithm, which is a CH, has two main stages. In the first stage, the identification of temporary CHs along with its entropy value is found using the correlative measure of residual and original energy. Along with this, in the clustering algorithm, the rotating epoch and its entropy value must be predicted automatically by its sensor nodes. In the second stage, if any member in the cluster having larger residual energy, shall modify the temporary CHs in the direction of the deciding set. The target of the nodes with large energy has the probability to be CHs which is determined by the above two stages meant for CH selection. The MATLAB is required to simulate the DEEEC Algorithm. The simulated results of the formulated DEEEC Algorithm produce good results with respect to the energy and increased lifetime when it is correlated with the current traditional clustering protocols being used in the Heterogeneous WSNs.

Analisis Kebutuhan Petunjuk Praktikum Berbasis Keterampilan Proses Sains untuk Mencapai Kemampuan Merancang Eksperimen

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitriah Khoirunnisa ◽  
Friska Septiani Silitonga ◽  
Veri Firmansyah
Keyword(s):  
Core Competence ◽  
Process Skills ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
Science Process Skills ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Core Competence ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Practical Instruction ◽  
Design Experiments

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kebutuhan petunjuk praktikum berbasis Keterampilan Proses Sains (KPS) untuk mencapai kemampuan merancang eksperimen pada materi kalor reaksi kalorimetri. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap peserta didik kelas XI SMA Negeri 2 Kota Tanjungpinang. Variabel penelitian mencakup analisis kebutuhan bahan ajar dan analisis kesesuaian Kompetensi Inti (KI) dan Kompetensi Dasar (KD). Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Tahapan pertama dalam penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kebutuhan bahan ajar dengan cara membandingkan dua petunjuk praktikum yang selama ini telah digunakan di sekolah tersebut, ditinjau dari aspek struktur format penulisan, aspek kreativitas, dan aspek keterampilan proses sains yang terdapat dalam petunjuk praktikum. Sehingga didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa petunjuk praktikum yang selama ini digunakan tidak memberikan kesempatan kepada peserta didiknya untuk merancang eksperimen yang telah ditentukan. Tahapan kedua yaitu menganalisis kesesuaian kompetensi inti dan kompetensi dasar, yang bertujuan untuk menentukan indikator pencapaian kompetensi (IPK) yang akan menjadi acuan dalam mengembangkan petunjuk praktikum berbasis keterampilan proses sains. Dari kedua tahapan yang telah dilakukan maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa peserta didik memerlukan petunjuk praktikum yang mampu mengonstruksi pikiran dan mengaktifkan kinerja mereka, sehingga pendekatan Keterampilan Proses Sains menjadi pilihan dalam mengembangkan petunjuk praktikum yang sesuai dengan karakteristik kurikulum 2013.   This research aims to analyze the needs of Science Process Skills based Practical Instruction to achieve the ability to design experiments on the calor of reaction. This research was done to the students of class XI SMA Negeri 2 Tanjungpinang City. Research Variable includes the analysis of the needs of the learning materials and analysis of the suitability of the Core Competence (KI) and Basic Competence (KD). The type of research conducted is descriptive qualitative research. The first stages in this research is to analyze the needs of learning materials by comparing two practical instructions that had been implementing in the school, from the aspects of the structure of writing format, creativity, and science process skills embedded in practical instructions. The conclusion of this research that current practical instructions does not give an opportunity to the participants to design determined experiments. The second stage, namely analyzing the suitability of core competence and basic competence, which aims to determine the indicators of achievement of the competencies (GPA) which will be a reference in developing process skills-based teaching instructions science. Of the two stages that has been done then it can be concluded that learners need practical instructions to construct  thinking and and their performance, so the Science Process Skills approach is an option in developing practical instruction suitable for the characteristics of the curriculum of 2013.

ESTIMATING GAS AND ROCK OUTBURST RISK ON THE BASIS OF KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE – THE EXPERT SYSTEM BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Skoczylas
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Automatic Assessment ◽  
Science Field ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Outburst Hazard

Abstract The Author endeavored to consult some of the Polish experts who deal with assessing and preventing outburst hazards as to their knowledge and experience. On the basis of this knowledge, an expert system, based on fuzzy logic, was created. The system allows automatic assessment of outburst hazard. The work was completed in two stages. The first stage involved researching relevant sources and rules concerning outburst hazard, and, subsequently, determining a number of parameters measured or observed in the mining industry that are potentially connected with the outburst phenomenon and can be useful when estimating outburst hazard. Then, the Author contacted selected experts who are actively involved in preventing outburst hazard, both in the industry and science field. The experts were anonymously surveyed, which made it possible to select the parameters which are the most essential in assessing outburst hazard. The second stage involved gaining knowledge from the experts by means of a questionnaire-interview. Subjective opinions on estimating outburst hazard on the basis of the parameters selected during the first stage were then systematized using the structures typical of the expert system based on fuzzy logic.

Integrated assessment and mapping of the environmental situation in the Russian Federation regions

2017 ◽  
Vol 924 (6) ◽  
pp. 6-16
Author(s):  
V.S. Tikunov ◽  
O.Yu. Chereshnia
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Environmental Capacity ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Environmental Situation ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Two Stages

The article presents a methodology for a comprehensive assessment of the environmental situation in Russian Federation regions based on the pollution index and the index of the ecological tension. The evaluation was carried out in two stages. At the first stage, the degree of pollution of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere of the regions was estimated on the basis of the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere, departing from stationary sources, the formation of solid domestic wastes (SDW) and the discharge of contaminated wastewater. Based on these three indicators, a pollution index was constructed that estimates aggregate pollution level. In the second stage, the authors made the estimation of loads generated by atmospheric emissions, solid waste and waste water discharged into the territory of each region, per capita and in relation to the environmental capacity of the economy. This allows us to take into account the area of pollution, anthropogenic pressure and environmental responsibility of the population, as well as the environmental friendliness of production. On the basis of relative indicators, the index of ecological tension was created.

scholarly journals The Psychology behind Knowledge Hiding in an Organization

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Roksana Binte Rezwan ◽  
Yoshi Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Psychological Process ◽  
Personal Goal ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Management Literature ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Knowledge Hiding

This study aimed to understand the psychological process behind employees’ knowledge hiding (KH) behaviors in organizations. KH is an intentional act of concealing knowledge when it is requested by a colleague and can lead to counterproductive consequences for the organization. Therefore, this study synthesized previous studies (n = 88) on KH through a systematic literature review. We used the cognitive–motivational–relational (CMR) theory of emotion to create a framework for the studies’ findings. Based on the framework, the psychological process behind KH has two stages—personal goal generation and the knowledge-request event appraisal process, each of which contains its own CMR process. In the first stage, an individual’s internal and external attributes related to the organization shape their personal goals. In the second stage, an individual appraises the features of a knowledge-request event in terms of both their personal goal and the internal and external attributes that created the goal. If the knowledge request is appraised as harmful for the personal goal, emotion arises and leads to the manifestation of KH. This study contributes to the knowledge management literature as, to our knowledge, it is the first to propose a CMR theory-based framework to understand the overall psychological process behind KH.

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