scholarly journals Influence Mechanism on Supplier Emission Reduction Based on a Two-Level Supply Chain

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12439
Author(s):  
Lina Ma ◽  
Xinran Zhang ◽  
Yushen Du
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Governmental Intervention ◽  
The Government ◽  
Reduction Effort ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this paper is to investigate environmental performance of a supply chain which consists of an upstream supplier and a downstream firm. A mathematical model considering both downstream firm’s monitoring and governmental intervention is developed. Afterwards, a numerical example is presented to show the equilibriums of these models and the optimal choices of firms and government. The results show that when customers’ environmental awareness increases, both total environmental impact and social welfare decrease. The downstream firm’s monitoring will certainly reduce the total environmental impact. In most cases, it does not matter whether the downstream firm chooses to monitor the supplier or not, the total environmental impact and social welfare would not be affected when the government chooses subsidy. If a subsidy is present, firms and environment will be better than those without subsidy. Hence, the government is more likely to choose to provide subsidy and the downstream firm will not monitor the supplier’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction effort. In a few cases when environmental impact is too large, taxation may be the optimal choice for the government and the downstream firm will choose to monitor the supplier’s GHG emissions reduction investment.

scholarly journals Optimal Pricing and Green Product Design Strategies in a Sustainable Supply Chain Considering Government Subsidy and Different Channel Power Structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12446
Author(s):  
Kelei Xue ◽  
Guohua Sun ◽  
Yuyan Wang ◽  
Shuiye Niu
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Product Design ◽  
Green Product ◽  
Government Subsidy ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Green Product Design

Green product design is a vital measure to support sustainable development in a circular economy era. This paper studies the multi-product pricing and green product design strategies under different supply chain structures and government subsidy strategies. Considering different channel leadership, we establish the centralized (C), manufacturer-led (MS), and retailer-led (RS) supply chain models, respectively. By applying a game-theoretical approach, corresponding equilibrium pricing, green product design, and government subsidy decisions under different supply chain structures are obtained. Through comparison and numerical analysis, we find that: (1) the different subsidy strategies of the government have an important impact on green product development. When the government provides a uniform subsidy strategy, a RS supply chain can bring greener product, more market demands, more profit, and more social welfare; (2) when the government provides a differentiated subsidy strategy, MS and RS supply chain structures can bring greener product and more market demand than the centralized supply chain. They can also bring the same social welfare and the same product to the green design level. However, the MS supply chain structure can bring more profit for the firm; (3) the consumers’ green awareness positively impacts the design and development of green product. Therefore, it is beneficial for the firm to adopt reasonable measures to boost the environmental awareness of consumers in order to realize the sustainable development of our society.

scholarly journals Speed Optimization vs Speed Reduction: the Choice between Speed Limits and a Bunker Levy

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harilaos Psaraftis
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Speed Limits ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Speed Optimization ◽  
Limit Option ◽  
Better Than

“Speed optimization and speed reduction” are included in the set of candidate short-term measures under discussion at the International Maritime Organization (IMO), in the quest to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships. However, there is much confusion on what either speed optimization or speed reduction may mean, and some stakeholders have proposed mandatory speed limits as a measure to achieve GHG emissions reduction. The purpose of this paper is to shed some light into this debate, and specifically examine whether reducing speed by imposing a speed limit is better than doing the same by imposing a bunker levy. To that effect, the two options are compared. The main result of the paper is that the speed limit option exhibits a number of deficiencies as an instrument to reduce GHG emissions, at least vis-à-vis the bunker levy option.

scholarly journals Environmental Sustainability of Niobium Recycling: The Case of the Automotive Industry

Recycling ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Rahimpour Golroudbary ◽  
Nikita Krekhovetckii ◽  
Mohammad El Wali ◽  
Andrzej Kraslawski
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Secondary Production ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Gas Emissions

The recycling of scrap is one of the common approaches aiming at reduction of mining-based production of critical metals and mitigation of their supply risk as well as processing-related environmental impact. The number of currently available end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) indicates—significant potential for critical metals recycling, especially niobium (Nb). Therefore, the quantification of environmental impact of niobium recovery starts to be an important issue in assessment of sustainability of large-scale recycling processes. In this paper, we assess energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in individual stages of niobium supply chain in the automotive industry over the period 2010–2050. The different stages including mining, production and recycling are analyzed using dynamic simulation. The results show the majority of the consumed energy (45% of energy demand in niobium supply chain) is used in the primary production stage. This stage also contributes to 72% of total gas emissions of supply chain over the period 2010–2050. Mining of niobium consumes up to 36% of energy and generates ca. 21% of GHG emissions. While, in recycling stage, the secondary production of niobium requires 19% of supply chain energy and generates 7% of gas emissions. The detailed calculations show that recycling of niobium could save around 133–161 m GJ energy between 2010 and 2050. The recycling would also contribute to the reduction of 44–53 mt CO2-eq in the same period. It shows around 18% reduction of annual emissions between 2010 and 2050 thanks to reuse of niobium in secondary production rather than primary production.

scholarly journals Effects of Government Subsidies on Production and Emissions Reduction Decisions under Carbon Tax Regulation and Consumer Low-Carbon Awareness

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10959
Author(s):  
Weiling Wang ◽  
Yongjian Wang ◽  
Xiaoqing Zhang ◽  
Dalin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Government Subsidies ◽  
Investment Cost ◽  
The Government ◽  
Tax Regulation

To promote low-carbon production, the government simultaneously provides some subsidies under carbon tax regulations. Two government subsidies are widely adopted: one is based on emissions reduction quantity and the other is based on emissions reduction investment cost. Additionally, consumer low-carbon awareness has also been enhanced. Considering the aforementioned circumstances, this paper investigates the effects of different government subsidies on production and emissions reduction decisions under a carbon tax regulation by formulating three decision-making optimization models. The results show that (1) although the carbon tax regulation cannot guarantee further improvement of emissions reduction levels, government subsidies could make the corresponding conditions of improving emissions reduction investments wider; (2) a heavy carbon tax or stronger consumer low-carbon awareness would make the positive effect of government subsidies more apparent; and (3) subsidy policies may also be selected by the government from different perspectives, such as manufacturer development, consumer surplus, environmental damage and social welfare. Especially, from the perspective of maximizing social welfare, investment cost (IC) subsidy is not always advantageous, while emissions reduction (ER) subsidy can always bring higher social welfare compared with the case under no government subsidy.

scholarly journals Pembandingan Efisiensi Pemasaran Bawang Merah Konsumsi dan Benih di Kabupaten Brebes, Provinsi Jawa Tengah

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timbul Rasoki ◽  
Anna Fariyanti ◽  
Amzul Rifin
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Marketing Efficiency ◽  
The Government ◽  
Better Than

<strong>English</strong><br />Demand for shallot, used for consumption and seed, tends to increase. However, there are some problems of discontinuity and price fluctuation in its marketing. This research aims to analyze the supply chain of consumption and seed shallot, particularly in Brebes Regency. The research was conducted in the period of April–December 2015 using primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through interviews using a questionnaire from 30 farmers based on purposive sampling and 18 traders using a snowball sampling method. Data were analyzed descriptively using a supply chain approach. The results showed that supply chain of shallot for seed was managed better than thatfor consumption purposes. This situation is in line with marketing efficiency. The market of shallot for seed is more efficient than that for consumption indicated by marketing margin and farmer’s share. It is necessary that the government improvesshallot supply chain management particularly for certified high-quality shallot seed provision at affordable price.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Permintaan bawang merah baik untuk konsumsi maupun benih cenderung meningkat. Namun demikian masih terdapat kendala diskontinuitas serta fluktuasi harga dalam pemasarannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis rantai pasok bawang merah untuk konsumsi dan benih, khususnya di Kabupaten Brebes, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April–Desember 2015 menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara menggunakan kuesioner secara langsung dengan responden sebanyak 30 orang petani bawang merah yang dipilih secara purposive sampling serta pedagang bawang merah sebanyak 18 orang dengan metode snowball sampling. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif menggunakan pendekatan rantai pasok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rantai pasok bawang merah untuk benih lebih terkelola daripada rantai pasok bawang merah untuk konsumsi. Pasar bawang merah untuk benih lebih efisien dibandingkan dengan pasar bawang merah untuk konsumsi,yang tercermin dari indikator margin pemasaran dan farmer’s share. Diperlukan kebijakan perbaikan manajemen rantai pasokan bawang merah yang berorientasi pada penyediaan benih bermutu/bersertifikat dengan harga yang terjangkau petani.

scholarly journals Strategic Decision Making in Construction Supply Chains: A Comparison of Reverse Logistics Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
NNC Pushpamali ◽  
Duzgun Agdas ◽  
Timothy M. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Reverse Logistics ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
The Government

Most of the construction materials still go to landfill after structures are demolished. This causes issues in human health, ecosystem preservation, and excessive resource consumption compared to RL options. Hence, recovering material value through reverse logistics (RL) is important to lessen the environmental and social burden. Embodying RL practices into strategic level decisions derives long-term and sustainable advantages. Although the most common RL option in construction seems to be recycling, it requires an additional energy and material intensive process. Therefore, recycling should be the last preference among other RL options. The hypothesis of this study is that alternative RL strategies provide more environmental benefits than recycling, the most common RL method, and traditional landfilling. The hypothesis was tested through assessment of the environmental impact of RL options in the construction sector. A life cycle assessment (LCA) with ReCipe2016 Midpoint and Endpoint assessment method was conducted for a bridge construction supply chain. Different end-of-life scenarios such as reuse, remanufacture, recycle, and landfill scenarios were assessed using SimaPro software. This paper addresses a key knowledge gap on the environmental impact of reverse logistics strategies from a construction supply chain perspective. The research results reveal that “reuse” strategy has the least environmental impact, remanufacturing has a lesser impact on the environment than other options, recycling has the second highest environmental impact, with landfill assessed as the least environmentally friendly end-of-life option. Consequently, this paper emphasizes the importance of informed strategic supply chain decisions for reverse logistics to obtain the best outcome from environmentally friendly practices. Since there is no relevant previous research conducted to examine the environmental impact of different reverse logistics options from a construction supply chain perspective, the findings of this study provide crucial input in RL decision making and can extend to contributing to practice. Industry stakeholders, especially the government agencies and regulatory bodies, should encourage practitioners to adopt the most effective RL approaches, including reuse and remanufacturing, rather than focusing only on material recycling. The motivation of supportive designs for more environmentally friendly RL options from the researchers, designers, architects, and planners are required in this process.

scholarly journals Price Cap Models in Pharmaceutical Online-to-Offline Supply Chains

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Victor Shi ◽  
Bin Liu ◽  
Wenxing Huang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturer ◽  
Price Cap Regulation ◽  
Price Cap ◽  
Pharmaceutical Supply Chain ◽  
Conflicting Objectives ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pharmaceutical Supply Chains

Pharmaceutical supply chains are often highly complex with conflicting objectives of social welfare and profit maximization. Furthermore, there are various stakeholders including pharmaceutical manufacturer, distributors, retailers, patients, and the government. In this paper, we consider a two-stage supply chain consisting of one pharmaceutical manufacturer and a pharmacy with online and offline channels. We focus on four price cap models: no price cap regulation, pharmaceutical manufacturer’s price cap regulation, pharmacy price cap regulation, and linkage price cap regulation. We apply game theory, investigate how the price cap regulations affect the firms’ pricing, and evaluate the economic performance and social welfare of the dual-channel pharmaceutical supply chain. Our findings show that first, like the single-channel pharmaceutical supply chain, the profit of the regulated firm always decreases and the profit of the unregulated firm always increases when they are under one-sided price cap regulations. Second, the impacts of the linkage price cap regulation on the supply chain are more complicated depending on the linkage coefficient and market share. Overall, our findings can provide theoretical and practical insights to help the government devise price cap regulations for complex modern pharmaceutical supply chains.

scholarly journals To be raised up or kicked out? Insights for the recycler in closed-loop supply chain with the regulation of government

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinxin Xu ◽  
Qunli Wu
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Closed Loop Supply Chain ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
The Government ◽  
Regulation Model ◽  
Rate Threshold

In order to improve the recovery rate of waste products and maximize the social welfare, this paper investigates the problem of government setting a recovery rate threshold for the recycler in the closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) with the information asymmetry. By establishing the government incentive regulation model, the government can disclose the true recovery cost of the recycler and guide the recycler to make an reasonable effort. In this study, our model obtains the best recovery rate threshold for the recycler from the perspective of maximizing social welfare. Then, we conduct some sensitivity analyses and explore the impacts of related factors on the strategies-making of government and supply chain players. The results of the study indicates that the recovery rate threshold set not only depends on the operation efficiency of the recycler, it also affected by the consumers behavior and the production efficiency of manufacturer. The government should not pursue a high recovery rate blindly, more attention should be paid to control the cost of effort made by the recycler. With the increasing of the negative utility for the recycler to make effort, the government will improve the recovery threshold, otherwise, the threshold will decrease. The results facilitate scientific incentive mechanism development, and provide a reference for promoting CLSC operations.

scholarly journals Government incentive mechanism of closed-loop supply chain based on information asymmetry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qunli Wu ◽  
Xinxin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Scientific Policy ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Closed Loop Supply Chain ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Aimed at the closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) composed of the manufacturer, the retailer and consumers in the waste products market, this paper studies how the government handles the adverse selection problem on the hidden recovery costs of the retailer and deals with the moral hazard problem on the level of retailer's hidden efforts. A government incentive regulation aiming at maximizing social welfare has been established based on the incentive theory in this paper. A list of contracts with transfer payments is presented to reveal the retailer's collection efficiency and motivate the retailer to make the optimal investment. Further, the impact of related factors on the recovery cost and social welfare level according to the numerical simulation are verified. The results show that under the government regulation, only by reporting the true recovery technology type information to the government can the retailer maximizes the profit. In addition, the retailer with high recovery efficiency can obtain both retained profit and additional information rent. Finally, as the retailer makes efforts to improve the recovery level, it also increases investment cost, which affects the enthusiasm of enhancing the retailer's recovery efficiency. Therefore, the government should not blindly pursue the improvement of recycling efficiency regardless of the cost, but should pay more attention to the control of recycling equipment and technology cost.The results facilitate scientific policy development, and provide a reference for promoting closed-loop supply chain operations.

scholarly journals Effect of government subsidies on supply chain decision-making and coordination in the context of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wuyong Qian ◽  
Sen Yang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Cost Sharing ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Government Subsidy ◽  
Effort Level ◽  
Welfare Level ◽  
Coordination Strategies ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Considering the two-stage supply chain composed of a leading retailer and a manufacturer under the background of the COVID-19 epidemic, the retailer determines the anti-epidemic effort level and bears the corresponding costs, and the manufacturer determines the cost-sharing rate under the coordination strategy. This paper analyses the pricing decision, anti-epidemic effort level and cost-sharing rate of supply chain under different government subsidy measures and coordination strategies. Finally, a numerical example is given to verify the applicability of the conclusion and the model. From the perspective of Stackelberg game, we find that under the background of the epidemic, government subsidy measures, coordination strategies and increasing marginal income of anti-epidemic efforts are conducive to higher anti-epidemic efforts and social welfare level. And the government can obtain the maximum anti-epidemic efforts and social welfare level by subsidising manufacturers with cost sharing.

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