scholarly journals Injury Metrics for Assessing the Risk of Acute Subdural Hematoma in Traumatic Events

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13296
Author(s):  
Silvia García-Vilana ◽  
David Sánchez-Molina ◽  
Juan Velázquez-Ameijide ◽  
Jordi Llumà
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Mechanical Failure ◽  
Acute Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Road Traffic Crashes ◽  
Fall From Height ◽  
Safety Countermeasures

Worldwide, the ocurrence of acute subdural hematomas (ASDHs) in road traffic crashes is a major public health problem. ASDHs are usually produced by loss of structural integrity of one of the cerebral bridging veins (CBVs) linking the parasagittal sinus to the brain. Therefore, to assess the risk of ASDH it is important to know the mechanical conditions to which the CBVs are subjected during a potentially traumatic event (such as a traffic accident or a fall from height). Recently, new studies on CBVs have been published allowing much more accurate prediction of the likelihood of mechanical failure of CBVs. These new data can be used to propose new damage metrics, which make more accurate predictions about the probability of occurrence of ASDH in road crashes. This would allow a better assessement of the effects of passive safety countermeasures and, consequently, to improve vehicle restraint systems. Currently, some widely used damage metrics are based on partially obsolete data and measurements of the mechanical behavior of CBVs that have not been confirmed by subsequent studies. This paper proposes a revision of some existing metrics and constructs a new metric based on more accurate recent data on the mechanical failure of human CBVs.

scholarly journals Major behavioral risk factors for road traffic injuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Svetlana COCIU ◽  
Olga IONCU ◽  
Camelia CAZACU-STRATU ◽  
Serghei CEBANU ◽  
Cara HAMANN
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Road Traffic Crashes ◽  
Road Traffic Injuries ◽  
Data Limitations

Introduction. Road traffic injuries are a major public health problem, ranking 8th in the leading causes of death and are forecasted to rank 5th by 2030 worldwide. Children, pedestrians, cyclists and the elderly remain among those most at risk of road traffic injuries. Material and methods. A specialized literature search was conducted within the main international databases, including: PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Research Gate, using a set of inclusion criteria. Data from references were extracted systematically into results tables, including: author/citation, study design, assessments/data, limitations, and key facts. Reported outcomes were compiled in narrative form. Results. Many researchers and scientists both in the country and abroad have studied road injuries. Authors of the studies used different methods and obtained obvious data about road traumas and major risk factors. Among the main causes of unintentional motor vehicle injuries were excessive speed, alcohol consumption while driving, mental disorder, drugs, and unsupervised children. There is an increasing incidence of road injuries among children, and most of the road traffic crashes involving children occur in May-September, between 11.00 and 18.00. The obtained results motivate the need to study this topic in depth, on separate age groups, and to propose specific prevention measures for each actor involved. Conclusions. There are many factors, which contributes to road crashes and related injuries, but those requires multisectoral involvement.

Risk factors for road transport–related injury among pedestrians in rural Ghana: Implications for road safety education

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 880-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enoch Teye-Kwadjo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Safety Education ◽  
Road Traffic Crashes ◽  
Rural Ghana ◽  
Road Design

Objectives: Injuries and mortality resulting from pedestrian road traffic crashes are a major public health problem in Ghana. This study investigated risk factors for road transport-related injury among pedestrians in rural Ghana. Design: Case study design using qualitative data. Method: In-depth interviews were conducted with pedestrians. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the responses. Results: Findings showed that participants considered road design, roadside trading, inconsiderate driving, pedestrian traffic behaviour, low pedestrian crash risk perception and parental negligence as important determinants of road transport-related injury among pedestrians in rural Ghana. Conclusion: These findings suggest that safe pedestrian road environments and health-enhancing traffic attitudes and behaviour may help reduce the pedestrian crash problem in rural Ghana.

scholarly journals Purification and Characterization of Oligomeric Envelope Glycoprotein from a Primary R5 Subtype B Human Immunodeficiency Virus

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 2835-2847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indresh K. Srivastava ◽  
Leonidas Stamatatos ◽  
Harold Legg ◽  
Elaine Kan ◽  
Anne Fong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Envelope Protein ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
High Avidity ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a major public health problem throughout the world, with high levels of mortality and morbidity associated with AIDS. Considerable efforts to develop an effective vaccine for HIV have been directed towards the generation of cellular, humoral, and mucosal immune responses. A major emphasis of our work has been toward the evaluation of oligomeric (o-gp140) forms of the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein for their ability to induce neutralizing antibody responses. We have derived stable CHO cell lines expressing o-gp140 envelope protein from the primary non-syncytium-inducing (R5) subtype B strain HIV-1US4. We have developed an efficient purification strategy to purify oligomers to near homogeneity. Using a combination of three detectors measuring intrinsic viscosity, light scattering, and refractive index, we calculated the molecular mass of the oligomer to be 474 kDa, consistent with either a trimer or a tetramer. The hydrodynamic radius (Rh ) of o-gp140 was determined to be 8.40 nm, compared with 5.07 nm for the monomer. The relatively smaller Rh of the oligomer suggests that there are indeed differences between the foldings of o-gp140 and gp120. To assess the structural integrity of the purified trimers, we performed a detailed characterization of the glycosylation profile of o-gp140, its ability to bind soluble CD4, and also its ability to bind to a panel of monoclonal antibodies with known epitope specificities for the CD4 binding site, the CD4 inducible site, the V3 loop, and gp41. Immunogenicity studies with rabbits indicated that the purified o-gp140 protein was highly immunogenic and induced high-titer, high-avidity antibodies directed predominantly against conformational epitopes. These observations confirm the structural integrity of purified o-gp140 and its potential as a vaccine antigen.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of injuries and its impact among elderly: a descriptive community based cross-sectional study from central rural India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 4485
Author(s):  
Shriram V. Gosavi ◽  
Anil R. Koparkar ◽  
Supriya A. Giri ◽  
Komal D. More
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Central India ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: This study was to enlighten the prevalence, different types & impact of injuries in elderly population in rural area of middle income country (India).Methods: It was a community based descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted in all 24 villages under one Primary Health Centre of central India. The study was carried out from June 2009 to May 2011.Results: In the present study, prevalence of injury was 17.1%, which was highest among elderly ageing 65-69 years (36.8%) followed by elderly ageing 60-64 years (27.4%). Prevalence of injury was higher (20%) among males as compared to females (14%). Association of age, gender and injury was not statistically significant. Fall was the most common cause (34.7%) of injury followed by occupational (34.0%) and road traffic accidents (15.8%). Superficial injuries were the most common (32.6%) type of injuries followed by fracture (27.3%). Hospital admission required by 24.2% of elderly. We found 34.7% elderly was physically impaired and 26.3% physically disabled due to various injuries.Conclusions: In the present study we found injuries pose a major public health problem in elderly. Therefore there is a need of community based assessment on impact of injury among elderly in various parts of country to formulate appropriate health initiatives for prevention and optimum treatment of injuries in elderly.

scholarly journals 1640. Toward New Anti-Biofilm Therapies: High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein and Its Structural Variants Can Be Used to Disrupt Bacterial Biofilms (BBs)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S46-S46
Author(s):  
Aspasia Katragkou ◽  
Lauren Warren ◽  
John Buzzo ◽  
Steven Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Extracellular Dna ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Average Thickness ◽  
Research Support

Abstract Background BB-related infections are a major public health problem, as they are notoriously refractory to current treatments. One of the defining characteristics of BBs is the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Extracellular DNA and the bacterial DNABII family of proteins are key components of EPS and are crucial for BBs structural integrity. It is known that targeting DNABII proteins disrupts BBs. We hypothesized that HMGB1, a DNA-binding eukaryotic protein, could affect BBs as it binds to the same DNA structures as the DNABII proteins. HMGB1 is comprised of 3 domains, A Box, B Box, and C tail, all of which have different functions. We aimed to determine in vitro the effects of HMGB1 and its individual domains against BBs. Methods Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP), a common cause of nosocomial infections, was used for all BBs disruption assays. Human recombinant full-length HMGB1 (rHMGB1; 1–215), a C45S mutation variant (mHMGB1) and the HMGB1 domains A Box (1–89), B Box (90–176), AB Boxes (1–176), B-linker Box (80–179), and B-linker Box C106S were expressed (in E. coli) and purified to >95%. To evaluate the effect of rHMGB1 and the various domains on established BBs, each protein species (200 nM) was added to preformed BBs at 24 hours. At 40 hours the BBs were washed, stained with LIVE/DEAD®, visualized via confocal laser scanning microscopy and images were analyzed by COMSTAT to calculate average thickness and biomass. Results Exogenous rHMGB1 and its individual domains, with the exception of A Box caused a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in average thickness (AT) and biomass (BM) of KP biofilms when compared with untreated KP biofilms (% reduction mean ± SE in AT: 44% ± 0.33, 75% ± 0.04, 63% ± 0.1, 77% ± 0.03, 64% ± 0.08, 54% ± 0.15 and in BM: 61% ± 0.01, 80% ± 0.01, 68% ± 0.02, 67% ± 0.01, 73% ± 0.02, 56% ± 0.02 induced by rHMGB1, mHMGB1, B-Box, B-linker Box, AB Boxes, and B-linker Box C106S, respectively). Conclusion Full-length recombinant HMGB1 was able to significantly disrupt established KP biofilms as were all truncated HMGB1 forms containing the B Box domain and could potentially be used as a therapeutic treatment for BB-related infections. Disclosures J. Buzzo, ProclaRx: Collaborator, Research support. S. Goodman, ProclaRx: Collaborator and Scientific Advisor, Research support.

scholarly journals Establishment of a road traffic trauma registry for northern Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e001818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thayasivam Gobyshanger ◽  
Alison M Bales ◽  
Claire Hardman ◽  
Mary McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Trauma Registry ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Prehospital Care ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Road Traffic Crashes ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Road traffic injuries are a neglected global public health problem. Over 1.25 million people are killed each year, and middle-income countries, which are motorising rapidly, are the hardest hit. Sri Lanka is dealing with an injury-related healthcare crisis, with a recent 85% increase in road traffic fatality rates. Road traffic crashes now account for 25 000 injuries annually and 10 deaths daily. Development of a trauma registry is the foundation for injury control, care and prevention. Five northern Sri Lankan provinces collaborated with Jaffna Teaching Hospital to develop a local electronic registry. The Centre for Clinical Excellence and Research was established to provide organisational leadership, hardware and software were purchased, and data collectors trained. Initial data collection was modified after implementation challenges were resolved. Between 1 June 2017 and 30 September 2017, 1708 injured patients were entered into the registry. Among these patients, 62% were male, 76% were aged 21–50, 71.3% were motorcyclists and 34% were in a collision with another motorcyclist. There were frequent collisions with uncontrolled livestock (12%) and with fixed objects (14%), and most patients were transported by private vehicles without prehospital care. Head (n=315) and lower extremity (n=497) injuries predominated. Establishment of a trauma registry in low-income and middle-income countries is a significant challenge and requires invested local leadership; the most challenging issue is ongoing funding. However, this pilot registry provides a valuable foundation, identifying unique injury mechanisms, establishing priorities for prevention and patient care, and introducing the concept of an organised system to this region.

The Neglected Epidemic: Road Traffic Crashes in India

Metamorphosis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Central State ◽  
Traffic Crashes ◽  
Road Traffic Crashes ◽  
State And Local

Deaths and injuries resulting from road traffic crashes are a major and growing public health problem in India. Every week nearly 2,500 people get killed and 9,000 get injured due to traffic accidents. Traffic accidents have now earned India a dubious distinction; with nearly 127,000 deaths annually, the country has overtaken China to top the world in road fatalities. While in many developed and developing countries including China, the situation is generally improving, India faces a worsening situation. Road traffic collisions on the nation's roads claim five times more lives now than they did three decades ago. Without increased efforts and new initiatives, the total number of road traffic deaths in India is likely to cross the mark of 250,000 by 2025. There is thus an urgent need to recognize the worsening situation in road deaths and injuries and to take appropriate action. Certain interventions such as enforcement of legislation to control vehicle speed and alcohol consumption, mandating the use of seat-belts and helmets, and safer design and use of roads and vehicles have huge potential to reduce the incidence and impact of road traffic crashes. The time has come for the central, state, and local governments to act now. Acting now will save thousands of lives.

scholarly journals Pattern and management of penetrating and nonpenetrating thoracic injuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3133
Author(s):  
Naresh Pal ◽  
Vineet Mishra ◽  
Udit Jain ◽  
Poonam .
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Chest Trauma ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Tracheobronchial Tree ◽  
Chest Injury ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Blunt Injury ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Thoracic Injuries

Background: Chest trauma constitutes a major public health problem which  includes the injuries to chest wall, pleura, tracheobronchial tree, lungs, diaphragm, oesophagus, heart and great vessels. It consist of more than ten percent of all traumas and twenty five percent of death due to trauma occurs because of chest injury. Chest trauma is increasing in frequency in urban hospitals. Penetrating and nonpenetrating thoracic injuries the most serious injuries leading to significant morbidity and mortality.Methods: This study was prospective observational study of 220 patients of thoracic trauma both penetrating and non-penetrating. These patients admitted in general surgical units from August 2017 to May 2018  of Pandit Bhagwat Dayal  Sharma,  PGIMS  Rohtak Haryana India. The study was pertaining to both penetrating  and non-penetrating chest trauma.Results: Out of 220 chest injury patients who were studied during the said period, Males were 203 and females 17 by a ratio of 12:1 and age ranged from lowest 18 years to 85 years of age. Majority of the patients (90.45%) sustained blunt injuries. RTA was the common mechanism of blunt injury affecting (50.45%) of patients. Multiple Rib fractures was the commonest type of chest injury (21.36%) followed by head injury (17.27%). Head injury was the commonest associated injury seen in our patients. Conclusions: Chest trauma resulting from road traffic accident remains a major mechanism of chest injury. The  measures to decrease the trauma are, educating people about traffic rules and regulations and strictly implementing them is necessary to reduce incidence of chest injuries.

scholarly journals Determinants of Accident Occurrence among Commercial Motor Cycle Riders in Kaloleni Sub-County, Kilifi County, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-47
Author(s):  
Baya Mkaha Zuma ◽  
Shadrack Ayieko Yonge ◽  
Joseph Baya Msanzu ◽  
Rahma Udu Yussuf
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
African Region ◽  
The Past ◽  
Road Fatality ◽  
Motorcycle Accidents ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Motorcycle accidents remain one of the main global concerns despite extensive research and interventions. The African region has the highest road fatality rates globally, in spite of being the least motorized region. Kenya has an estimated road fatality rate of 20.9 per 100,000 people, higher than that of the European region. There has been an increased use of motorcycles in Kenya over the last decade, so has the number of deaths from motorcycle injury. This study was aimed to establish the determinants of accident occurrence among commercial motorcycle riders in Kaloleni sub-County, Kilifi County, Kenya. A self- administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 279 commercial motorcycle riders. Factors associated with accident occurrence were analysed using both bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results showed that 29.2% of the respondents had been involved in a road traffic accident in the past 12 months by the time of the study. Factors that were independently associated with motorcycle accidents included riding experience of more than 8 years (p = 0.040), alcohol use (p = 0.040), slippery roads (p = 0.020) and pot holes on roads (p = <0.001). Moreover, participants acquired their riding skills from friends (64.9%) or self-trained (33.6%). It can be concluded that motorcycle accidents is still a major public health problem in the study area due to the recorded high rate. Thus, it is recommended that all motorcyclists should be well trained and issued with riding license after attending formal training, and strict penalties imposed against anybody contravening road traffic rules. Moreover, roads should be continuously improved to reduce accident rates.

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