scholarly journals An Analysis of the Evolution, Completeness and Spatial Patterns of OpenStreetMap Building Data in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
YuanJian Tian ◽  
Qi Zhou ◽  
Xiaolin Fu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
High Density ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Regular Grid ◽  
Reference Dataset ◽  
Building Density ◽  
Two Factors

OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a free map that can be created, edited, and updated by volunteers globally. The quality of OSM datasets is therefore of great concern. Extensive studies have focused on assessing the completeness (a quality measure) of OSM datasets in various countries, but very few have been paid attention to investigating the OSM building dataset in China. This study aims to present an analysis of the evolution, completeness and spatial patterns of OSM building data in China across the years 2012 to 2017. This is done using two quality indicators, OSM building count and OSM building density, although a corresponding reference dataset for the whole country is not freely available. Development of OSM building counts from 2012 to 2017 is analyzed in terms of provincial- and prefecture-level divisions. Factors that may affect the development of OSM building data in China are also analyzed. A 1 × 1 km2 regular grid is overlapped onto urban areas of each prefecture-level division, and the OSM building density of each grid cell is calculated. Spatial distributions of high-density grid cells for prefecture-level divisions are analyzed. Results show that: (1) the OSM building count increases by almost 20 times from 2012 to 2017, and in most cases, economic (gross domestic product) and OSM road length are two factors that may influence the development of OSM building data in China; (2) most grid cells in urban areas do not have any building data, but two typical patterns (dispersion and aggregation) of high-density grid cells are found among prefecture-level divisions.

scholarly journals Spatial-temporal Evolution and Completeness Analysis of OpenStreetMap Building Data in China from 2012 to 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Qi Zhou ◽  
YuanJian Tian
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Quality Measures ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
3D Modelling ◽  
High Density ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Positional Accuracy

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> OpenStreetMap (OSM), as a typical volunteered geographic information project, is an online map with free content and everyone can edit and use it (Goodchild 2007). A range of applications has been proposed using OSM data, including routing and navigation, crisis mapping, 3D modelling, land use/cover mapping. This is because the OSM data is not only free of use, but also has a global coverage and high currentness. In despite of the above advantages, however, most of the OSM data were contributed by ‘non-professional’ or ‘amateur geographers’ (Goodchild 2008; Haklay 2010). Therefore, a lot of concerns have been paid attention to the quality issue of the OSM data. Assessing the quality of OSM data has become a hot topic in the field of geographic information science.</p><p>Extensive studies have been carried out on assessing various quality measures (e.g. positional accuracy, completeness and attribute accuracy) of OSM datasets in different countries or districts such as Germany, England, France, Italy, Canada and the United States. In the meanwhile, the road feature of an OSM dataset has been paid much attention to. To our knowledge, however, not any study has been focused on assessing the data quality of OSM building data in China, although it may be an essential data source for urban planning and management, 3D modelling and indoor navigation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the OSM building data in China. More precisely, an analysis of the spatial-temporal evolution and completeness of OSM building data in China from 2012 to 2017 was carried out. The tenet of our study was to employ two quality indicators, i.e. building count (Gröchenig et al. 2013, Barron et al. 2014, Fan 2016) and building density (Zhou 2018), for the analyses. First, the numbers of OSM building data from 2012 to 2017 were calculated in terms of both provincial- and prefecture-level divisions in China; The OSM building count were then compared among different divisions and also different years (2012&amp;ndash;2017) for analyzing the evolution of OSM building data in China in both temporal dimension and spatial scale. Moreover, the correlations between OSM building counts and four potential factors (i.e. gross domestic product (GDP), population, urban land area, OSM road length), which may influence the development of OSM building data in China, were respectively investigated. Second, a 1&amp;thinsp;&amp;times;&amp;thinsp;1&amp;thinsp;km<sup>2</sup> regular grid was overlapped onto the OSM building datasets in urban areas for calculating the OSM building density of each grid cell; Moreover, high-density grid cells (whose OSM building data were almost complete) were extracted and analyzed through a simple clustering method, in order to investigate the spatial pattern of OSM building data in urban areas. Results showed that,</p><p>1) The OSM building data in China increased almost 20 times from the years 2012 to 2017, especially for those located in the eastern coastal regions of China (e.g. the provincial-level divisions: Jinagsu, Zhejiang, Guangzhou and Shandong and the prefecture-level divisions: Beijing, Nantong, Shanghai, Tianjin, Suzhou, Yangzhou and Dalian). In most cases, both the GDP and OSM road length factors had a moderate correlation with the OSM building count.</p><p> 2) Most of the grid cells in urban areas still had no building or their building densities were equal to 0%, which indicated that the OSM building dataset in China was far from being complete. From analyzing the high density grid cells, two typical spatial distribution modes, i.e. dispersion and aggregation, were found in different prefecture-level divisions. As an example, the high-density grid cells for some prefecture-level divisions (e.g. Luoyang, Yueyang and Dalian) were mostly aggregated in the city cores; while those for some (e.g. Beijing Tianjin and Shanghai) were located in the hot spots such as business districts, attractions and transportation hubs.</p><p>The above results may benefit for users (especially those researchers and educators) to choose appropriate study area(s) from the OSM building dataset in China. In the meanwhile, the volunteers around the world may be motivated to contribute more OSM building data in this region. Further research work may include: developing quality indicators for quantitative completeness estimation of OSM building data, especially in rural areas; and investigating other quality measures (e.g. positional accuracy and semantic accuracy) or geographical features (e.g. railways, land uses, and points of interest) in China’s OSM dataset.</p>

scholarly journals Significant spatial patterns from the GCM seasonal forecasts of global precipitation

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongtiegang Zhao ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Yongyong Zhang ◽  
Zhiyong Liu ◽  
Xiaohong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Seasonal Forecasts ◽  
Moran's I ◽  
Anomaly Correlation ◽  
Global Precipitation

Abstract. Fully coupled global climate models (GCMs) generate a vast amount of high-dimensional forecast data of the global climate; therefore, interpreting and understanding the predictive performance is a critical issue in applying GCM forecasts. Spatial plotting is a powerful tool to identify where forecasts perform well and where forecasts are not satisfactory. Here we build upon the spatial plotting of anomaly correlation between forecast ensemble mean and observations to derive significant spatial patterns to illustrate the predictive performance. For the anomaly correlation derived from the 10 sets of forecasts archived in the North America Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) experiment, the global and local Moran's I are calculated to associate anomaly correlations at neighbouring grid cells with one another. The global Moran's I associates anomaly correlation at the global scale and indicates that anomaly correlation at one grid cell relates significantly and positively to anomaly correlation at surrounding grid cells. The local Moran's I links anomaly correlation at one grid cell with its spatial lag and reveals clusters of grid cells with high, neutral, and low anomaly correlation. Overall, the forecasts produced by GCMs of similar settings and at the same climate centre exhibit similar clustering of anomaly correlation. In the meantime, the forecasts in NMME show complementary performances. About 80 % of grid cells across the globe fall into the cluster of high anomaly correlation under at least 1 of the 10 sets of forecasts. While anomaly correlation exhibits substantial spatial variability, the clustering approach serves as a filter of noise to identify spatial patterns and yields insights into the predictive performance of GCM seasonal forecasts of global precipitation.

scholarly journals naturaList: a package to classify occurrence records in levels of confidence in species identification

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Vinicius Rodrigues ◽  
Gabriel Nakamura ◽  
Leandro Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
R Package ◽  
List Type ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Occurrence Data ◽  
Fern Species ◽  
Interactive Map ◽  
Occurrence Records

AbstractThere is a big volume of occurrence records available in biodiversity databases, but researchers should guarantee its quality before use it in scientific studies. A problem that might compromise the quality of occurrence data is species misidentification. We address this issue by presenting naturaList, a R package designed to classify species occurrence data according to identification reliability.naturaList allows to classify species occurrences up to six levels of confidence in species identification, and to filter occurrence data accordingly. The highest level of confidence is assigned to records identified by a specialist, whose name must be provided by the user. The other five levels of confidence are derived from the occurrence data. We demonstrate naturaList functions using occurrences of Alsophila setosa, a tree fern species from Atlantic Forest, as example. We classified and filtered data in grid cells in order to maintain only the highest-level records in each cell. Then we selected only those records classified in the two highest levels of confidence.From 323 occurrences of Alsophila setosa displaying geographic coordinates, 69 (21%) were identified by a specialist. After filtering the highest-level records inside grid cells, 102 records remained. From these grid cell filtered data, 38 occurrences (37%) were classified into the highest confidence level. Three records were removed using an interactive map module, due to falling in sea sites or outside the native range size of the species. Since we selected only records classified in the two highest levels of confidence, the final dataset contained 94 occurrence records.naturaList guarantees the reproducibility of occurrence data processing and cleaning. Macroecologists, biogeographers and taxonomists might benefit from using naturaList package to evaluate the quality of species identification in occurrence data and by identify sites that need evaluation of taxonomic classification of species.

scholarly journals During hippocampal inactivation, grid cells maintain their synchrony, even when the grid pattern is lost

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noam Almog ◽  
Gilad Tocker ◽  
Tora Bonnevie ◽  
Edvard Moser ◽  
May-Britt Moser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grid Cell ◽  
Phase Relations ◽  
Head Direction ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Regular Grid ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
Grid Pattern ◽  
Cell Network ◽  
Intrinsic Connectivity ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

AbstractThe grid cell network in the MEC has been subject to thorough testing and analysis, and many theories for their formation have been suggested. To test some of these theories we re-analyzed data from Bonnevie et al. (2013), in which the hippocampus was inactivated and grid cells were recorded in the MEC, to investigate whether the firing associations of grid cells depend on hippocampal inputs. Specifically, we examined temporal and spatial correlations in the firing times of simultaneously recorded grid cells before and during hippocampal inactivation. Our analysis revealed evidence of network coherence in grid cells even in the absence of hippocampal input to the MEC, both in regular grid cells and in those that became head-direction cells after hippocampal inactivation. This favors models which suggest that phase relations between grid cells in the MEC are dependent on intrinsic connectivity within the MEC.

scholarly journals During hippocampal inactivation, grid cells maintain synchrony, even when the grid pattern is lost

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noam Almog ◽  
Gilad Tocker ◽  
Tora Bonnevie ◽  
Edvard I Moser ◽  
May-Britt Moser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grid Cell ◽  
Head Direction ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Regular Grid ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
Grid Pattern ◽  
Medial Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Cell Network ◽  
Intrinsic Connectivity ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

The grid cell network in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) has been subject to thorough testing and analysis, and many theories for their formation have been suggested. To test some of these theories, we re-analyzed data from Bonnevie et al., 2013, in which the hippocampus was inactivated and grid cells were recorded in the rat MEC. We investigated whether the firing associations of grid cells depend on hippocampal inputs. Specifically, we examined temporal and spatial correlations in the firing times of simultaneously recorded grid cells before and during hippocampal inactivation. Our analysis revealed evidence of network coherence in grid cells even in the absence of hippocampal input to the MEC, both in regular grid cells and in those that became head-direction cells after hippocampal inactivation. This favors models, which suggest that phase relations between grid cells in the MEC are dependent on intrinsic connectivity within the MEC.

Spatial Autocorrelation in the Study of Neighbourhoods towards Smart Cities: Empirical Evidence from Kerman, Iran

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Asra Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Moran's I ◽  
Urban Planner ◽  
Universal Feature ◽  
Autocorrelation Method ◽  
Selection Of

From earliest cities to the present, spatial division into residential zones and neighbourhoods is the universal feature of urban areas. This study explored issue of measuring neighbourhoods through spatial autocorrelation method based on Moran's I index in respect of achieving to best neighbourhoods' model for forming cities smarter. The research carried out by selection of 35 neighbourhoods only within central part of traditional city of Kerman in Iran. The results illustrate, 75% of neighbourhoods' area in the inner city of Kerman had clustered pattern, and it shows reduction in Moran's index is associated with disproportional distribution of density and increasing in Moran's I and Z-score have monotonic relation with more dense areas and clustered pattern. It may be more efficient for urban planner to focus on spatial autocorrelation to foster neighbourhood cohesion rather than emphasis on suburban area. It is recommended characteristics of historic neighbourhoods can be successfully linked to redevelopment plans toward making city smarter, and also people's quality of life can be related to the way that neighbourhoods' patterns are defined. 

Quality indicator of the smart city transportation and logistics system

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 2116-2135
Author(s):  
G.V. Savin
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Intelligent Transportation ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Logistics System ◽  
Organization And Management

Subject. The article considers functioning and development of process flows of transportation and logistics system of a smart city. Objectives. The study identifies factors and dependencies of the quality of human life on the organization and management of stream processes. Methods. I perform a comparative analysis of previous studies, taking into account the uniquely designed results, and the econometric analysis. Results. The study builds multiple regression models that are associated with stream processes, highlights interdependent indicators of temporary traffic and pollution that affect the indicator of life quality. However, the identified congestion indicator enables to predict the time spent in traffic jams per year for all participants of stream processes. Conclusions. The introduction of modern intelligent transportation systems as a component of the transportation and logistics system of a smart city does not fully solve the problems of congestion in cities at the current rate of urbanization and motorization. A viable solution is to develop cooperative and autonomous intelligent transportation systems based on the logistics approach. This will ensure control over congestion, the reduction of which will contribute to improving the life quality of people in urban areas.

Classroom Management

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Elida Kurti
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Management ◽  
General Education ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Intellectual Level

This paper aims to reflect an effort to identify the problems associated with the educational learning process, as well as its function to express some inherent considerations to the most effective forms of the classroom management. Mentioned in this discussion are ways of management for various categories of students, not only from an intellectual level, but also by their behavior. Also, in the elaboration of this theme I was considering that in addition to other development directions of the country, an important place is occupied by the education of the younger generation in our school environments and especially in adopting the methods of teaching and learning management with a view to enable this generation to be competitive in the European labor market. This, of course, can be achieved by giving this generation the best values of behavior, cultural level, professional level and ethics one of an European family which we belong to, not just geographically. On such foundations, we have tried to develop this study, always improving the reality of the prolonged transition in the field of children’s education. Likewise, we have considered the factors that have left their mark on the structure, cultural level and general education level of children, such as high demographic turnover associated with migration from rural and urban areas, in the capacity of our educational institutions to cope with new situations etc. In the conclusions of this study is shown that there is required a substantial reform even in the pro-university educational system to ensure a significant improvement in the behavior of children, relations between them and the sound quality of their preparation. Used literature for this purpose has not been lacking, due to the fact that such problems are usually treated by different scholars. Likewise, we found it appropriate to use the ideas and issues discussed by the foreign literature that deals directly with classroom management problems. All the following treatise is intended to reflect the way of an effective classroom management.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI RAGI Saccharomyces cerevisiae DAN LAMA FERMENTASI TERHADAP KUALITAS CUKA TOMI-TOMI (Flacourtia inermis)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Sandra J Nendissa ◽  
Rachel Breemer ◽  
Nikholaus Melamas
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Four Levels

This objectives of this research were both to study and determine the best level of concentration of yeast Saccharomyces cereviseae and period of fermentation on the quality of tomi-tomi vinegar (Flacourtia inermis). A completely randomized experimental design with two factors of treatment was applied in this research. The first factor was concentration of yeast S. cereviseae having four levels of tretament, i.e.: without the addition of yeast 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g yeast. The second factor was period fermentation with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. The result indicated that the concentration of yeast S. cereviseae 1.5 g and period fermentation 5 week produced a good tomi-tomi vinegar with total acids 51.22%, total dissolved solids 8.35, total sugar 8.07% and pH 5.40.

The basis of quality of sheep pelts and fur products is morphological features of the skin of sheep

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
I. Dmitrik ◽  
G. Zavgorodnyaya
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Breaking Load ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
High Density ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Histological Features ◽  
Weakened Zone

The morphological and histological features of the skin and wool cover of sheep as the basis for the quality of fur sheep pelts have been studied. The most important properties of sheep pelts (uniformity, thinness and density of wool) are provide the possibility of producing high-quality fur semi-finished products from them. However, the features of the histostructure of fine-wool sheep determine the low mechanical strength of the “facial” layer of skin. As a result, the “front” layer during processing often cracks to the upper border of the reticular layer or even peels off from the latter, making the sheep pelt unsuitable for use on fur products. These defects in fur practice are called “cracking” and “peeling” of the facial layer. They are mainly peculiar to sheep pelts of fine-wooled sheep. In these animals due to the high density and tone of the coat, the roots and hair follicles, root vaginas, secretory departments, excretory ducts of the glands and other structures occupy a significant share of the volume in the thickness of the Pilar layer (up to 25–30 %). The share of fibrous structures remains less volume, and these structures themselves are relatively weakly developed, located loosely and loosely intertwined with each other. The accumulations of fat cells that occur here also cannot be attributed to skin-strengthening elements. In fine-fleece sheep the pilar layer is on average 60 % of the thickness of the dermis. Therefore, more than half of its thickness is a weakened zone. The strength of the “front” layer is not the same in different fine-wool breeds of sheep and in different animals within the breed. For example, the average breaking load for cod of the “front” layer in Soviet Merino pelts is 1,25 kg, and in Precoce is 2,49 kg.

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