scholarly journals Causes and Mechanisms of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Aging

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungwoon Lee ◽  
Suk Yoon ◽  
Inpyo Choi ◽  
Haiyoung Jung
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cell Aging ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Stem Cell Aging ◽  
Related Stress

Many elderly people suffer from hematological diseases known to be highly age-dependent. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the immune system by producing all blood cells throughout the lifetime of an organism. Recent reports have suggested that HSCs are susceptible to age-related stress and gradually lose their self-renewal and regeneration capacity with aging. HSC aging is driven by cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors that result in the disruption of the immune system. Thus, the study of HSC aging is important to our understanding of age-related immune diseases and can also provide potential strategies to improve quality of life in the elderly. In this review, we delineate our understanding of the phenotypes, causes, and molecular mechanisms involved in HSC aging.

scholarly journals Ionizing Radiation-Induced Brain Cell Aging and the Potential Underlying Molecular Mechanisms

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3570
Author(s):  
Qin-Qi Wang ◽  
Gang Yin ◽  
Jiang-Rong Huang ◽  
Shi-Jun Xi ◽  
Feng Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Cell Aging ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Neuropsychological Disorders ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Radiation Induced

Population aging is occurring rapidly worldwide, challenging the global economy and healthcare services. Brain aging is a significant contributor to various age-related neurological and neuropsychological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Several extrinsic factors, such as exposure to ionizing radiation, can accelerate senescence. Multiple human and animal studies have reported that exposure to ionizing radiation can have varied effects on organ aging and lead to the prolongation or shortening of life span depending on the radiation dose or dose rate. This paper reviews the effects of radiation on the aging of different types of brain cells, including neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and cerebral endothelial cells. Further, the relevant molecular mechanisms are discussed. Overall, this review highlights how radiation-induced senescence in different cell types may lead to brain aging, which could result in the development of various neurological and neuropsychological disorders. Therefore, treatment targeting radiation-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation may prevent radiation-induced brain aging and the neurological and neuropsychological disorders it may cause.

New insights into skin stem cell aging and cancer

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Carmen Ortells ◽  
William M. Keyes
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Aging ◽  
Adult Tissue ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Stem Cell Aging ◽  
Growth Properties

Adult tissue homoeostasis requires continual replacement of cells that are lost due to normal turnover, injury and disease. However, aging is associated with an overall decline in tissue function and homoeostasis, suggesting that the normal regulatory processes that govern self-renewal and regeneration may become impaired with age. Tissue-specific SCs (stem cells) lie at the apex of organismal conservation and regeneration, ultimately being responsible for continued tissue maintenance. In many tissues, there are changes in SC numbers, or alteration of their growth properties during aging, often involving imbalances in tumour-suppressor- and oncogene-mediated pathways. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms leading to changes in SC function during aging will provide an essential tool to address tissue-specific age-related pathologies. In the present review, we summarize the age-related alterations found in different tissue SC populations, highlighting recently identified changes in aged HFSCs (hair-follicle SCs) in the skin.

Extracellular Vesicles and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Aging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura R. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Natural Aging ◽  
Cell Aging ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), important mediators of intercellular communication, play a critical role in modulating hematopoiesis within the bone marrow microenvironment. Although few studies have explicitly examined the connections between EVs and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) aging, there is a growing body of evidence that implicates EVs in numerous age-related biologic processes and diseases. This, coupled with their tremendous capacity to influence hematopoiesis, suggests EVs may be key mediators of HSC aging. This review provides an overview of the effects of aging on HSCs, the role of EVs in aging in general, and then details key work in EV modulation of normal and malignant hematopoiesis, with a particular focus on how these effects may translate into the ability of EVs to drive HSC aging. Finally, it describes an exciting emerging literature that provides direct evidence for EV modulation of HSC phenotypes during natural aging and highlights their potential in HSC rejuvenation. Taken collectively, this body of research has profound implications for the future of HSC aging studies. More clearly defining how EVs modify HSC function in an age-dependent fashion and determining the molecular mechanisms by which they drive these age-related HSC phenotype changes will undoubtedly yield innovative strategies to delay or even reverse age-related hematologic dysfunction.

scholarly journals Intestinal Stem Cell Aging: Origins and Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Jasper
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Intestinal Stem Cells ◽  
Intestinal Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Aging ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Regenerative Processes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Stem Cell Aging ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Regenerative processes that maintain the function of the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium are critical for health and survival of multicellular organisms. In insects and vertebrates, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) regenerate the GI epithelium. ISC function is regulated by intrinsic, local, and systemic stimuli to adjust regeneration to tissue demands. These control mechanisms decline with age, resulting in significant perturbation of intestinal homeostasis. Processes that lead to this decline have been explored intensively in Drosophila melanogaster in recent years and are now starting to be characterized in mammalian models. This review presents a model for age-related regenerative decline in the fly intestine and discusses recent findings that start to establish molecular mechanisms of age-related decline of mammalian ISC function.

scholarly journals Aging of hematopoietic stem cells

Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald de Haan ◽  
Seka Simone Lazare
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Aging ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Stem Cell Aging

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ensure a balanced production of all blood cells throughout life. As they age, HSCs gradually lose their self-renewal and regenerative potential, whereas the occurrence of cellular derailment strongly increases. Here we review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to HSC aging. We argue that most of the causes that underlie HSC aging result from cell-intrinsic pathways, and reflect on which aspects of the aging process may be reversible. Because many hematological pathologies are strongly age-associated, strategies to intervene in aspects of the stem cell aging process may have significant clinical relevance.

scholarly journals CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE ELDERLY: MECHANISMS AND ASSOCIATION WITH ATHEROSCLEROSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
P. A. Zinovev ◽  
I. Zh. Shubina ◽  
V. V. Yamenskov ◽  
M. V. Kiselevskiy
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cellular Aging ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Age Related

In 2000 Claudio Franceschi first used the term “inflammageing” derived from the English words “inflammation” and “age”. This term refers to the development of chronic inflammation in the elderly, which is characterized by a high level of pro-inflammatory markers of cells and tissues. Cellular aging can be triggered by a variety of factors: critical telomere shortening, permanent DNA damage, epigenetic damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and an increase in the number of molecular fragments associated with cell damage.A large number of markers have been found to reveal the pro-inflammatory status, such as interleukin (IL) 1, IL-1ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist protein), IL-6, -8, -13, -18, C-reactive protein, interferons α, β, transforming growth factor β, tumor necrosis factor α and its soluble receptors and SAA-1 (serum amyloid А1). The molecular mechanisms associated with aging and age-related diseases are not clear yet, while sluggish chronic inflammation is one of the leading mechanisms for the atherosclerosis development. Remodeling of the immune system with the increasing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NLRP3 inflammasomes also play a key role in the maintenance of chronic inflammation due to its ability to pick up a variety of age-related dangerous signals that trigger the immune response and subsequent inflammation and may act as a factor of the atherosclerosis development.Thus, pro-inflammatory factors of the immune system play an important role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis,especially at an early stage, involving various mechanisms of action that boost atherosclerotic changes.

scholarly journals Nuclear Sirtuins and the Aging of the Immune System

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1856
Author(s):  
Andrés Gámez-García ◽  
Berta N. Vazquez
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Immune Reactivity ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Persistent Inflammation ◽  
Age Related

The immune system undergoes major changes with age that result in altered immune populations, persistent inflammation, and a reduced ability to mount effective immune responses against pathogens and cancer cells. Aging-associated changes in the immune system are connected to other age-related diseases, suggesting that immune system rejuvenation may provide a feasible route to improving overall health in the elderly. The Sir2 family of proteins, also called sirtuins, have been broadly implicated in genome homeostasis, cellular metabolism, and aging. Sirtuins are key responders to cellular and environmental stress and, in the case of the nuclear sirtuins, they do so by directing responses to chromatin that include gene expression regulation, retrotransposon repression, enhanced DNA damage repair, and faithful chromosome segregation. In the immune system, sirtuins instruct cellular differentiation from hematopoietic precursors and promote leukocyte polarization and activation. In hematopoietic stem cells, sirtuins safeguard quiescence and stemness to prevent cellular exhaustion. Regulation of cytokine production, which, in many cases, requires NF-κB regulation, is the best-characterized mechanism by which sirtuins control innate immune reactivity. In adaptive immunity, sirtuins promote T cell subset differentiation by controlling master regulators, thereby ensuring an optimal balance of helper (Th) T cell-dependent responses. Sirtuins are very important for immune regulation, but the means by which they regulate immunosenescence are not well understood. This review provides an integrative overview of the changes associated with immune system aging and its potential relationship with the roles of nuclear sirtuins in immune cells and overall organismal aging. Given the anti-aging properties of sirtuins, understanding how they contribute to immune responses is of vital importance and may help us develop novel strategies to improve immune performance in the aging organism.

scholarly journals Silence of the Lambs: The Immunological and Molecular Mechanisms of COVID-19 in Children in Comparison with Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 330
Author(s):  
Francesca Cusenza ◽  
Giusy Davino ◽  
Tiziana D’Alvano ◽  
Alberto Argentiero ◽  
Valentina Fainardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Pediatric Intensive Care ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
System Response ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Developmental Variations

Children infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can suffer from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, compared to adults and the elderly, susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children seems to be lower; when infection does develop, most infected children remain asymptomatic or develop a mild disease. Understanding why children seem generally protected from severe COVID-19 and only rarely develop clinical conditions that can cause hospitalization, admission to the pediatric intensive care unit and death can be important. More details on the mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2 could be defined. Moreover, the role played by children in virus diffusion should be better analyzed, and the development of effective preventive and therapeutic measures against COVID-19 could be favored. The main aim of this paper is to discuss the present knowledge on immunological and molecular mechanisms that could explain differences in COVID-19 clinical manifestations between children and adults. Literature analysis showed that although most children are clearly protected from the development of severe COVID-19, the reasons for this peculiarity are not fully understood. Developmental variations in immune system function together with the potential role of repeated antigen stimulation in the first periods of life on innate immunity are widely studied. As the few children who develop the most severe form of pediatric COVID-19 have certain alterations in the immune system response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, studies about the relationships between SARS-CoV-2 and the immune system of the host are essential to understand the reasons for the age-related differences in the severity of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Monitoring Health Parameters of Elders to Support Independent Living and Improve Their Quality of Life

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Ilia Adami ◽  
Michalis Foukarakis ◽  
Stavroula Ntoa ◽  
Nikolaos Partarakis ◽  
Nikolaos Stefanakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Independent Living ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Health And Well Being

Improving the well-being and quality of life of the elderly population is closely related to assisting them to effectively manage age-related conditions such as chronic illnesses and anxiety, and to maintain their independence and self-sufficiency as much as possible. This paper presents the design, architecture and implementation structure of an adaptive system for monitoring the health and well-being of the elderly. The system was designed following best practices of the Human-Centred Design approach involving representative end-users from the early stages.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Aging and anti-aging: a Combo-Endocrinology overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 176 (6) ◽  
pp. R283-R308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis ◽  
Maurizio Dattilo ◽  
Djuro Macut ◽  
Leonidas Duntas ◽  
Efstathios S Gonos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Dynamic Effect ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Scientific Society ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Environmental Stimuli

Aging and its underlying pathophysiological background has always attracted the attention of the scientific society. Defined as the gradual, time-dependent, heterogeneous decline of physiological functions, aging is orchestrated by a plethora of molecular mechanisms, which vividly interact to alter body homeostasis. The ability of an organism to adjust to these alterations, in conjunction with the dynamic effect of various environmental stimuli across lifespan, promotes longevity, frailty or disease. Endocrine function undergoes major changes during aging, as well. Specifically, alterations in hormonal networks and concomitant hormonal deficits/excess, augmented by poor sensitivity of tissues to their action, take place. As hypothalamic–pituitary unit is the central regulator of crucial body functions, these alterations can be translated in significant clinical sequelae that can impair the quality of life and promote frailty and disease. Delineating the hormonal signaling alterations that occur across lifespan and exploring possible remedial interventions could possibly help us improve the quality of life of the elderly and promote longevity.

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