scholarly journals Degradation Mechanism of 2,4-Dichlorophenol by Fungi Isolated from Marine Invertebrates

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3317
Author(s):  
Efstratios Nikolaivits ◽  
Andreas Agrafiotis ◽  
Eirini Baira ◽  
Géraldine Le Goff ◽  
Nikolaos Tsafantakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
Catechol Dioxygenase ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Starting Compound ◽  
Catechol 1,2 Dioxygenase

2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant categorized as a priority pollutant by the United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency, posing adverse health effects on humans and wildlife. Bioremediation is proposed as an eco-friendly, cost-effective alternative to traditional physicochemical remediation techniques. In the present study, fungal strains were isolated from marine invertebrates and tested for their ability to biotransform 2,4-DCP at a concentration of 1 mM. The most competent strains were studied further for the expression of catechol dioxygenase activities and the produced metabolites. One strain, identified as Tritirachium sp., expressed high levels of extracellular catechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity. The same strain also produced a dechlorinated cleavage product of the starting compound, indicating the assimilation of the xenobiotic by the fungus. This work also enriches the knowledge about the mechanisms employed by marine-derived fungi in order to defend themselves against chlorinated xenobiotics.

Coverage of Non-Metals in the ASME B31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping Code

1992 ◽  
Vol 206 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
W E Short II
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Petroleum Refinery ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chemical Plant ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Dramatic Growth

The chemical and petrochemical industries have decades of experience in specifying metallic piping lined with non-metals as a cost effective alternative to high-priced alloy materials of construction for piping in corrosive service. Early on, application of plastic piping was essentially limited to atmospheric chemical sewage service and to above-ground vents and drains. However, applications and usage of plastic piping continue to increase as engineers become more confident in specifying plastic materials and mechanical contractors gain experience with their installation. Non-metallic materials are being developed that are not only corrosion resistant but also have increasingly higher pressure and temperature capabilities. Plastic double-containment piping has experienced tremendous growth for handling hazards and toxic fluids. In the United States, recent dramatic growth of plastic double-containment piping applications has been, to a large extent, for compliance with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations of the 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Related EPA regulatory efforts were accelerated in 1988 by more stringent amendments to this legislation. Industry in the United States must comply with these EPA regulations by December 1998. Plastic piping and metallic piping lined with non-metals have been covered to some extent by the ASME B31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping Code for several years. The distinctive requirements of non-metallic piping and piping lined with non-metals were incorporated into the 1980 edition as a separate Chapter VII, which is dedicated to this growing area of interest in piping. This paper provides an overview of the present coverage of non-metallic piping lined with non-metals in the ASME B31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping Code (1). Some topics that warrant further investigation are presented as well.

A Compaction-Granulation Process Turns Municipal Sludge into a Valuable Fertilizer Component

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 239-247
Author(s):  
Philip Wolstenholme
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Municipal Sludge ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Digested Sludge ◽  
Granulation Process ◽  
Planning And Design

To prepare dried municipal sludge material for use by the fertilizer industry, Ocean County Utilities Authority, New Jersey needed a process to increase the size of their sludge particles to between 1 and 3 millimetres. Several processes were evaluated during the planning and design phases of the project. The most cost-effective and reliable process was pressure agglomeration by compaction with a roll press, followed by granulation and screening of the compacted material. This process was tested with a sample of the Authority's digested sludge, which had been dried in a laboratory-scale evaporator. Fullscale compaction and granulation test equipment was used at a laboratory in West Germany to confirm the feasibility of the process and to develop data for the design of the project. As a result of its “innovative” approach to sludge processing, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) qualified this $60 million project for special funding. The project is nearing construction completion and due to be commissioned in spring of 1990.

scholarly journals Unraveling the Detoxification Mechanism of 2,4-Dichlorophenol by Marine-Derived Mesophotic Symbiotic Fungi Isolated from Marine Invertebrates

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efstratios Nikolaivits ◽  
Andreas Agrafiotis ◽  
Aikaterini Termentzi ◽  
Kyriaki Machera ◽  
Géraldine Le Goff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Detoxification Mechanism ◽  
The Us ◽  
Symbiotic Fungi ◽  
Living Organisms

Chlorophenols (CPs) are environmental pollutants that are produced through various anthropogenic activities and introduced in the environment. Living organisms, including humans, are exposed to these toxic xenobiotics and suffer from adverse health effects. More specifically, 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) is released in high amounts in the environment and has been listed as a priority pollutant by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Bioremediation has been proposed as a sustainable alternative to conventional remediation methods for the detoxification of phenolic compounds. In this work, we studied the potential of fungal strains isolated as symbionts of marine invertebrates from the underexplored mesophotic coral ecosystems. Hence, the unspecific metabolic pathways of these fungal strains are being explored in the present study, using the powerful analytical capabilities of a UHPLC-HRMS/MS. The newly identified 2,4-DCP metabolites add significantly to the knowledge of the transformation of such pollutants by fungi, since such reports are scarce.

scholarly journals COHERENT, PLUNGING WATER JETS FOR OIL SPILL CONTROL

1981 ◽  
Vol 1981 (1) ◽  
pp. 655-660
Author(s):  
J. H. Nash ◽  
M. G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Water Jet ◽  
Inland Waterways ◽  
Water Jets ◽  
Environmental Test ◽  
Spill Control

ABSTRACT The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) has designed a wide variety of water jet applications for control of spilled oil. This latest study reveals the advantage of using a simple nozzle consisting of a standard pipe mounted to produce a coherent vertical jet of water downward. Examples are illustrated with test data for several cost effective, field erectable systems using standard available water pumps and hardware. One system uses a series of jets to converge a 4.5-meter wide, 1-millimeter thick slick to 0.6 meter wide by 8 millimeters thick, moving at 6 knots in waves. The report reviews experience and test data obtained With a small barge, weir-type skimmer, mounted on a diverting inflatable boom system. This can be used to simulate the new USCG-ZRV fast current skimmer, the Bennett advancing belt skimmer, the U.S. Navy offshore spill tests, and dock simulations with the OHMSETT main bridge. Advancing skimmers may use the water jet boom system for three reasons. First, it allows an encounter width wider than the skimmer. Next, it will cause a thin slick to become thicker, thereby possibly allowing the skimmer oil pickup techniques to be more efficient. A water jet system can be used to couple a boom-towed skimmer and prevent skirt losses at the skimmer entrance. Future experiments are planned to field test the water jets in fixed and mobile applications on inland waterways.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Modeling the Long-Term Rainfall-Runoff Response of the Jacob K. Javits Center Green Roof

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noura Abualfaraj ◽  
Joseph Cataldo ◽  
Yara Elborolosy ◽  
Daniel Fagan ◽  
Sloane Woerdeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Substrate Depth

Drainage from the 27,316-m2 Jacob K. Javits Convention Center (JJCC) green roof was investigated in the field to quantify the system’s long-term rainfall-runoff response. The JJCC hosts one of the largest extensive green roofs in the United States. Utilizing four years of rooftop monitoring data collected using a weather station, custom designed and built drainage systems, three Parshall flumes equipped with pressure transducers, and weighing lysimeters, this study quantified the 25.4-mm-deep green roof’s ability to decrease the volume and peak rate of runoff. With parameters derived from the site, the Environmental Protection Agency Stormwater Management Model (EPA-SWMM) predicted event total runoff volume and event peak runoff rates to within +10% to −20% and +25% to −15% of the observations, respectively. The analysis further indicated that approximately 55% of the cumulative precipitation that fell on the JJCC extensive green roof during the monitoring period (warm weather months, June 2014–November 2017) was captured and retained. The average percent retained on an event-basis was 77%, and average event runoff coefficient was 0.7, implying a substantial reduction in the volume and rate of runoff generated from the roof compared to the pre-green roof condition, when most, if not all, of the precipitated water would have immediately resulted in runoff. Our research suggests that, on average, 96% of rainfall events 6.35 mm or less were retained within the green roof, whereas 27% of the total event volume was retained for events greater than 12.7 mm in depth. A sensitivity analysis suggests if the substrate depth were increased, better stormwater capture performance would be achieved, but only up 127 mm, whereas increased precipitation coupled with warmer temperatures as a result of climate change could decrease the performance by up to 5%, regardless of substrate depth. An equivalency analysis suggested that even shallow green roofs can significantly reduce the required stormwater detention volume that New York City requires on new development. This particular green roof appears to be more than 18 times as cost-effective as a subsurface cistern would be for managing an equivalent volume of stormwater in Midtown Manhattan.

Solid Fuel to Natural Gas Conversions for Circulating Fluid Bed Boilers

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Gurski ◽  
John Guarco ◽  
Nando Nunziante
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Fluid Bed ◽  
Firing System

Recent discoveries of vast natural gas reserves in the United States have led to increased domestic natural gas production, resulting in lower prices. Utility and large industrial facilities are performing solid fuel conversions on their boilers to natural gas as a cost-effective and efficient fuel solution. Natural gas is not only economically beneficial but also environmentally efficient with cheaper prices and reduced SO2, NOx, and CO2 emissions. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently released mandatory requirements that directly affect the cost effective operation of solid fuel boilers, resulting in natural gas becoming a more economically appealing choice of fuel for facility operators. As more facilities consider boiler fuel conversions, it is important to understand all facets of the conversion, from the thermal evaluation of the boiler, to the complete design, supply and installation of the new firing system. Zeeco will provide specific details and recommended practices from a recent Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) Boiler solid fuel conversion to natural gas application designed for 1.3 billion Btu/hr of heat input for the maximum continuous steam rating. The information will detail the boiler conversion from a solid fuel fluid bed to a 100% natural gas fired boiler design. Thermal performance results, design and supply of the complete new gas firing system, and installation conversion assistance for the boiler modifications and firing system installation details are also provided.

scholarly journals Perchloroethylene and Dry Cleaning: It's Time to Move the Industry to Safer Alternatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana M. Ceballos ◽  
Katie M. Fellows ◽  
Ashley E. Evans ◽  
Patricia A. Janulewicz ◽  
Eun Gyung Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Chemical Safety ◽  
Dry Cleaning ◽  
The People

Perchloroethylene (PERC) is the most common solvent used for dry cleaning in the United States. PERC is a reproductive toxicant, neurotoxicant, potential human carcinogen, and a persistent environmental pollutant. The Environmental Protection Agency is evaluating PERC under the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act, which amended the Toxic Substances Control Act (amended TSCA), and has mandated that PERC dry cleaning machines be removed from residential buildings. Some local and state programs are also requiring or facilitating transitions to alternative cleaning technologies. However, the potential for these alternatives to harm human health and the environment is not well-understood. This review describes the issues surrounding the use of PERC and alternative solvents for dry cleaning while highlighting the lessons learned from a local government program that transitioned PERC dry cleaners to the safest current alternative: professional wet cleaning. Implications for future public health research and policy are discussed: (1) we must move away from PERC, (2) any transition must account for the economic instability and cultural aspects of the people who work in the industry, (3) legacy contamination must be addressed even after safer alternatives are adopted, and (4) evaluations of PERC alternatives are needed to determine their implications for the long-term health and sustainability of the people who work in the industry.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of Kumasi Metropolis Population in Ghana through Consumption of Fish Contaminated with Formaldehyde

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Noah Kyame Asare-Donkor ◽  
Raymond Akanwi Adaagoam ◽  
Ray Bright Voegborlo ◽  
Anthony Apeke Adimado
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Health Organization

This study evaluates the exposure of the Ghanaian population of the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana to formaldehyde through the consumption of fish using 3-Methyl-2-Benzothiazoline Hydrazone method, with trichloroacetic acid as an extracting agent. A total of sixty (60) fish species comprising both local and imported fish were bought from cold stores and fish ponds were analysed. Formaldehyde was found in all the species analysed with concentration ranging from 0.174 to 3.710 μgg−1. However, the levels were still lower than 5 mg/kg, which is the maximum limit established by the Malaysian Food Act and Regulation for formaldehyde in fish. The estimated daily intake values for formaldehyde in the fish species analysed ranged between 4.233 × 10−4 and 3.661 × 10−3 mg/kg BW/day and this was less than the acceptable daily intake of 0.15 and 0.2 mg/kg BW/day suggested by World Health Organization and the United States Environmental Protection Agency for formaldehyde intake, respectively. The results for the hazard quotient calculated for all the species were less than one suggesting that the amount of formaldehyde in the fish is not likely to pose any potential adverse health effects to consumers. Thus, wet fish from Kumasi may be considered safe for consumption because of low formaldehyde content.

Investigation into the implementation of chloramination at Sedibeng Water

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 233-238
Author(s):  
N. Basson ◽  
D. Traut ◽  
G. Titus ◽  
C. vd Walt ◽  
J. Haarhoff
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
One Year

The Balkfontein and Virginia plants of Sedibeng Water, situated in the Free State Province of South Africa, treat water for potable purposes. Chlorine is used as disinfectant at both plants. Low levels of free chlorine measured in the water supplied from some reservoirs, logistics and costs, related to the application of chlorination at various points in the distribution system, were the main thrusts for an investigation into the use of chloramination as an alternative means of disinfection. The so-called contact time (CT)-approach from the United States Environmental Protection Agency was applied for the evaluation of disinfection efficiency. The distribution system was modelled by using a hydraulic computer system. Decay rates for both chlorine and monochloramine - a vital parameter for eventual determination of the amount of chlorine and ammonia to be dosed - were determined. The levels of disinfectant in the water at a specific location could be predicted by using the decay values. The main findings of this investigation are that chloramination is an attractive and cost-effective alternative for conventional chlorination for providing quality assurance to all. It is estimated that the capital layout will be recovered within one year of operation of the ammoniation system.

Increasing Regulations Result in Decreasing Operational Efficiency

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 149-152
Author(s):  
Charles W. Ganze ◽  
Richard L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Clean Water Act ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Wastewater Disposal

In 1972, the Congress of the United States of America passed major legislation called the Clean Water Act, which required all wastewater discharges to meet minimal standards. The Clean Water Act promoted efficiency and cost effectiveness. The Gulf Coast Waste Disposal Authority was created in 1969 by the Legislature of the State of Texas to, among other things, own and operate wastewater disposal systems which would be protective of public health, “terrestrial and aquatic life, the operation of existing industries and the economic development of the state“. Since enactment of the Clean Water Act, other pieces of legislation, rulings by courts of law, and rules established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have thwarted many efforts to operate efficient and cost-effective wastewater treatment facilities. This paper will discuss several of the laws and rules that have discouraged efficiency and cost effectiveness.

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