scholarly journals Metal Sulfide Semiconductor Nanomaterials and Polymer Microgels for Biomedical Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12294
Author(s):  
Athandwe M. Paca ◽  
Peter A. Ajibade
Keyword(s):  
High Surface ◽  
Metal Sulfide ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Tumour Cells ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Stabilizing Agents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Treatment ◽  
Cancerous Cells

The development of nanomaterials with therapeutic and/or diagnostic properties has been an active area of research in biomedical sciences over the past decade. Nanomaterials have been identified as significant medical tools with potential therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities that are practically impossible to accomplish using larger molecules or bulk materials. Fabrication of nanomaterials is the most effective platform to engineer therapeutic agents and delivery systems for the treatment of cancer. This is mostly due to the high selectivity of nanomaterials for cancerous cells, which is attributable to the porous morphology of tumour cells which allows nanomaterials to accumulate more in tumour cells more than in normal cells. Nanomaterials can be used as potential drug delivery systems since they exist in similar scale as proteins. The unique properties of nanomaterials have drawn a lot of interest from researchers in search of new chemotherapeutic treatment for cancer. Metal sulfide nanomaterials have emerged as the most used frameworks in the past decade, but they tend to aggregate because of their high surface energy which triggers the thermodynamically favoured interaction. Stabilizing agents such as polymer and microgels have been utilized to inhibit the particles from any aggregations. In this review, we explore the development of metal sulfide polymer/microgel nanocomposites as therapeutic agents against cancerous cells.

Recent Advances in Application of Azobenzenes Grafted on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles in Controlled Drug Delivery Systems Using Light as External Stimulus

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1001-1016
Author(s):  
Sandra Ramírez-Rave ◽  
María Josefa Bernad-Bernad ◽  
Jesús Gracia-Mora ◽  
Anatoly K. Yatsimirsky
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Surface Reactivity ◽  
External Stimulus ◽  
Recent Advances

Hybrid materials based on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSN) have attracted plentiful attention due to the versatility of their chemistry, and the field of Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) is not an exception. MSN present desirable biocompatibility, high surface area values, and a well-studied surface reactivity for tailoring a vast diversity of chemical moieties. Particularly important for DDS applications is the use of external stimuli for drug release. In this context, light is an exceptional alternative due to its high degree of spatiotemporal precision and non-invasive character, and a large number of promising DDS based on photoswitchable properties of azobenzenes have been recently reported. This review covers the recent advances in design of DDS using light as an external stimulus mostly based on literature published within last years with an emphasis on usually overlooked underlying chemistry, photophysical properties, and supramolecular complexation of azobenzenes.

Bridging the Gap of Drug Delivery in Colon Cancer: The Role of Chitosan and Pectin Based Nanocarriers System

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 911-924
Author(s):  
Rohitas Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Polymer Carriers

Colon cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases, and traditional chemotherapy has not been proven beneficial in its treatment. It ranks second in terms of mortality due to all cancers for all ages. Lack of selectivity and poor biodistribution are the biggest challenges in developing potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of colon cancer. Nanoparticles hold enormous prospects as an effective drug delivery system. The delivery systems employing the use of polymers, such as chitosan and pectin as carrier molecules, ensure the maximum absorption of the drug, reduce unwanted side effects and also offer protection to the therapeutic agent from quick clearance or degradation, thus allowing an increased amount of the drug to reach the target tissue or cells. In this systematic review of published literature, the author aimed to assess the role of chitosan and pectin as polymer-carriers in colon targeted delivery of drugs in colon cancer therapy. This review summarizes the various studies employing the use of chitosan and pectin in colon targeted drug delivery systems.

Recent Nanocarrier Approaches for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohit Bhatia ◽  
Amit Sharma ◽  
Raj Kumar Narang ◽  
Ravindra K. Rawal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Polymeric Micelles ◽  
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Past ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Continuous Progress ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Treatment

: Cancer is one of the most serious health concerns in 21st century whose prevalence is beyond boundaries and can affect any organ of human beings. The conventional chemotherapeutic treatment strategies lack specificity to tumours and are associated with toxic effects on immune system and other organ systems. In the past decades, there has been a continuous progress in the development of smart nanocarrier systems for target specific delivery of drugs against variety of tumours including intracellular gene-specific targeting. These nanocarriers are able to recognize the tumour cells and deliver the therapeutic agent in fixed proportions causing no or very less harm to healthy cells. Nanosystems have modified physicochemical properties, improved bioavailability and long retention in blood which enhances their potency. A huge number of nanocarrier based formulations have been developed and are in clinical trials. Nanocarrier systems include polymeric micelles, liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles, etc. Recent advancements in nanocarrier systems include mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), metal organic frame works and quantum dots. In the present review, various nanocarrier based drug delivery systems along with their applications in the management of cancer have been described with special emphasis on MSNs.

Nanotechnology Based Delivery Systems of Drugs Currently Used to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-247
Author(s):  
Niloufar Choubdar ◽  
Sara Avizheh
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Sustained Drug Release ◽  
The Past ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Therapeutic Compound

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia affecting over 46 million people, according to AD International. Over the past few decades, there has been considerable interest in developing nanomedicines. Using nanocarriers, the therapeutic compound could be delivered to the site of action where it gets accumulated. This accumulation, therefore, reduces the required doses for therapy. Alternatively, using nanocarriers decreases the side effects. Nanotechnology has had a great contribution in developing Drug Delivery Systems (DDS). These DDS could function as reservoirs for sustained drug release or control the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the drugs. In the current review, we have collected 38 original research articles using nanotechnology as DDS for the clinically used cholinesterase inhibitor drugs donepezil (DPZ), Rivastigmine (Riv), and galantamine (Gal) used for AD treatment from 2002 to 2017 from Scopus and PubMed databases. Regarding DDS used for DPZ, most of the research in recent years dealt with polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) including Poly-D, L-Lactide-Co-Glycolide (PLGA), and chitosans (CHs), then Liposomes (LPs), nanogels, and natural products, respectively. In terms of Riv most of the research performed was focused on polymeric NPs including PLGA, polylactic acid (PLA), Poly-Ε-Caprolactone (PCL), poly-alkyl-cyanoacrylates, CH, gelatin and then LPs. The highest application of NPs in regard to Gal was related to modified LPs and polymeric NPs. Polymeric NPs demonstrate safety, higher stability in biological fluids and against enzymatic metabolism, biocompatibility, bioavailability, and improved encapsulation efficacy. LPs, another major delivery system used, demonstrate biocompatibility, ease of surface modification, and amphiphilic nature.

scholarly journals Polyhydroxyalkanoate Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery: Interaction with Lung Surfactant

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1482
Author(s):  
Olga Cañadas ◽  
Andrea García-García ◽  
M. Auxiliadora Prieto ◽  
Jesús Pérez-Gil
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Lung Surfactant ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Pulmonary Drug Delivery ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Energy Storage Materials ◽  
The Stability

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are polyesters produced intracellularly by many bacterial species as energy storage materials, which are used in biomedical applications, including drug delivery systems, due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, we evaluated the potential application of this nanomaterial as a basis of inhaled drug delivery systems. To that end, we assessed the possible interaction between PHA nanoparticles (NPs) and pulmonary surfactant using dynamic light scattering, Langmuir balances, and epifluorescence microscopy. Our results demonstrate that NPs deposited onto preformed monolayers of DPPC or DPPC/POPG bind these surfactant lipids. This interaction facilitated the translocation of the nanomaterial towards the aqueous subphase, with the subsequent loss of lipid from the interface. NPs that remained at the interface associated with liquid expanded (LE)/tilted condensed (TC) phase boundaries, decreasing the size of condensed domains and promoting the intermixing of TC and LE phases at submicroscopic scale. This provided the stability necessary for attaining high surface pressures upon compression, countering the destabilization induced by lipid loss. These effects were observed only for high NP loads, suggesting a limit for the use of these NPs in pulmonary drug delivery.

scholarly journals Fate of β-Carotene within Loaded Delivery Systems in Food: State of Knowledge

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 426
Author(s):  
Vaibhav Kumar Maurya ◽  
Amita Shakya ◽  
Manjeet Aggarwal ◽  
Kodiveri Muthukaliannan Gothandam ◽  
Torsten Bohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Bioactive Agents ◽  
Unique Composition ◽  
Targeted Release ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Regulatory Challenges

Nanotechnology has opened new opportunities for delivering bioactive agents. Their physiochemical characteristics, i.e., small size, high surface area, unique composition, biocompatibility and biodegradability, make these nanomaterials an attractive tool for β-carotene delivery. Delivering β-carotene through nanoparticles does not only improve its bioavailability/bioaccumulation in target tissues, but also lessens its sensitivity against environmental factors during processing. Regardless of these benefits, nanocarriers have some limitations, such as variations in sensory quality, modification of the food matrix, increasing costs, as well as limited consumer acceptance and regulatory challenges. This research area has rapidly evolved, with a plethora of innovative nanoengineered materials now being in use, including micelles, nano/microemulsions, liposomes, niosomes, solidlipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipids and nanostructured carriers. These nanodelivery systems make conventional delivery systems appear archaic and promise better solubilization, protection during processing, improved shelf-life, higher bioavailability as well as controlled and targeted release. This review provides information on the state of knowledge on β-carotene nanodelivery systems adopted for developing functional foods, depicting their classifications, compositions, preparation methods, challenges, release and absorption of β-carotene in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and possible risks and future prospects.

scholarly journals Aging-associated distinctive DNA methylation changes of LINE-1 retrotransposons in pure cell-free DNA from human blood

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wardah Mahmood ◽  
Lars Erichsen ◽  
Pauline Ott ◽  
Wolfgang A. Schulz ◽  
Johannes C. Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Cell Free Dna ◽  
The Past ◽  
Free Dna ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Cancerous Cell ◽  
Pure Cell ◽  
Epigenetic Biomarker ◽  
Methylation Patterns ◽  
Cancerous Cells

AbstractLINE-1 hypomethylation of cell-free DNA has been described as an epigenetic biomarker of human aging. However, in the past, insufficient differentiation between cellular and cell-free DNA may have confounded analyses of genome-wide methylation levels in aging cells. Here we present a new methodological strategy to properly and unambiguously extract DNA methylation patterns of repetitive, as well as single genetic loci from pure cell-free DNA from peripheral blood. Since this nucleic acid fraction originates mainly in apoptotic, senescent and cancerous cells, this approach allows efficient analysis of aged and cancerous cell-specific DNA methylation patterns for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Using this methodology, we observe a significant age-associated erosion of LINE-1 methylation in cfDNA suggesting that the threshold of hypomethylation sufficient for relevant LINE-1 activation and consequential harmful retrotransposition might be reached at higher age. We speculate that this process might contribute to making aging the main risk factor for many cancers.

scholarly journals The Past, Present and Future of Flow Cytometry in Central Nervous System Malignancies

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Evrysthenis Vartholomatos ◽  
George Vartholomatos ◽  
George A. Alexiou ◽  
Georgios S. Markopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Review

Central nervous system malignancies (CNSMs) are categorized among the most aggressive and deadly types of cancer. The low median survival in patients with CNSMs is partly explained by the objective difficulties of brain surgeries as well as by the acquired chemoresistance of CNSM cells. Flow Cytometry is an analytical technique with the ability to quantify cell phenotype and to categorize cell populations on the basis of their characteristics. In the current review, we summarize the Flow Cytometry methodologies that have been used to study different phenotypic aspects of CNSMs. These include DNA content analysis for the determination of malignancy status and phenotypic characterization, as well as the methodologies used during the development of novel therapeutic agents. We conclude with the historical and current utility of Flow Cytometry in the field, and we propose how we can exploit current and possible future methodologies in the battle against this dreadful type of malignancy.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Hydrogel-Based Drug Delivery for Melanoma Cancer Therapy: A Mini Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sowmya Vishnubhakthula ◽  
Ravinder Elupula ◽  
Esteban F. Durán-Lara
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Melanoma Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cell Death ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Hyperthermia Therapy ◽  
Bioactive Agents ◽  
Cancerous Cells ◽  
Melanoma Therapy

The purpose of this study is to describe some of the latest advances in using hydrogels for cancer melanoma therapy. Hydrogel formulations of polymeric material from natural or synthetic sources combined with therapeutic agents have gained great attention in the recent years for treating various maladies. These formulations can be categorized according to the strategies that induce cancer cell death in melanoma. First of all, we should note that these formulations can only play a supporting role that releases bioactive agents against cancer cells rather than the main role. This strategy involves delivering the drug via transdermal pathways, resulting in the death of cancerous cells. Another strategy utilizes magnetic gel composites to combat melanoma via hyperthermia therapy. This review discusses both transdermal and hyperthermia therapies and the recent advances that have occurred in the field.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document