scholarly journals Immune Response of Galleria mellonella against Human Fungal Pathogens

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Trevijano-Contador ◽  
Oscar Zaragoza
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Great Specificity

In many aspects, the immune response against pathogens in insects is similar to the innate immunity in mammals. This has caused a strong interest in the scientific community for the use of this model in research of host–pathogen interactions. In recent years, the use of Galleria mellonella larvae, an insect belonging to the Lepidoptera order, has emerged as an excellent model to study the virulence of human pathogens. It is a model that offers many advantages; for example, it is easy to handle and establish in every laboratory, the larvae have a low cost, and they tolerate a wide range of temperatures, including human temperature 37 °C. The immune response of G. mellonella is innate and is divided into a cellular component (hemocytes) and humoral component (antimicrobial peptides, lytic enzymes, and peptides and melanin) that work together against different intruders. It has been shown that the immune response of this insect has a great specificity and has the ability to distinguish between different classes of microorganisms. In this review, we delve into the different components of the innate immune response of Galleria mellonella, and how these components manifest in the infection of fungal pathogens including Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Histoplasma capsulatum.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Use of Galleria mellonella Model to Study Immune Responses against Human Pathogens

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thais Pereira ◽  
Patrícia de Barros ◽  
Luciana Fugisaki ◽  
Rodnei Rossoni ◽  
Felipe Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Radical Production ◽  
Humoral Responses

The use of invertebrates for in vivo studies in microbiology is well established in the scientific community. Larvae of Galleria mellonella are a widely used model for studying pathogenesis, the efficacy of new antimicrobial compounds, and immune responses. The immune system of G. mellonella larvae is structurally and functionally similar to the innate immune response of mammals, which makes this model suitable for such studies. In this review, cellular responses (hemocytes activity: phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation) and humoral responses (reactions or soluble molecules released in the hemolymph as antimicrobial peptides, melanization, clotting, free radical production, and primary immunization) are discussed, highlighting the use of G. mellonella as a model of immune response to different human pathogenic microorganisms.

scholarly journals RNA N6-Methyladenosine Modifications and the Immune Response

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Nan Wang ◽  
Chen-Yang Yu ◽  
Hong-Zhong Jin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Higher Eukaryotes

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most important modification of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in higher eukaryotes. Modulation of m6A modifications relies on methyltransferases and demethylases. The discovery of binding proteins confirms that the m6A modification has a wide range of biological effects and significance at the molecular, cellular, and physiological levels. In recent years, techniques for investigating m6A modifications of RNA have developed rapidly. This article reviews the biological significance of RNA m6A modifications in the innate immune response, adaptive immune response, and viral infection.

scholarly journals UtilisingGalleria mellonella larvae for studying in vivo activity of conventional and novel antimicrobial agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Piatek ◽  
Gerard Sheehan ◽  
Kevin Kavanagh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
In Vivo Toxicity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Accuracy Of Results ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

ABSTRACT The immune response of insects displays many structural and functional similarities to the innate immune response of mammals. As a result of these conserved features, insects may be used for evaluating microbial virulence or for testing the in vivo efficacy and toxicity of antimicrobial compounds and results show strong similarities to those from mammals. Galleria mellonella larvae are widely used in this capacity and have the advantage of being easy to use, inexpensive to purchase and house, and being free from the ethical and legal restrictions that relate to the use of mammals in these tests. Galleria mellonella larvae may be used to assess the in vivo toxicity and efficacy of novel antimicrobial compounds. A wide range of antibacterial and antifungal therapies have been evaluated in G. mellonella larvae and results have informed subsequent experiments in mammals. While insect larvae are a convenient and reproducible model to use, care must be taken in their use to ensure accuracy of results. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive account of the use of G. mellonella larvae for assessing the in vivo toxicity and efficacy of a wide range of antibacterial and antifungal agents.

scholarly journals Suppression of the Interferon-Mediated Innate Immune Response by Pseudorabies Virus

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (13) ◽  
pp. 6345-6356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Brukman ◽  
L. W. Enquist
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus related to the human pathogens herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus. PRV is capable of infecting and killing a wide variety of mammals. How it avoids innate immune defenses in so many hosts is not understood. While the anti-interferon (IFN) strategies of HSV-1 have been studied, little is known about how PRV evades the IFN-mediated immune response. In this study, we determined if wild-type PRV infection can overcome the establishment of a beta interferon (IFN-β)-induced antiviral state in primary rat fibroblasts. Using microarray technology, we found that the expression of a subset of genes normally induced by IFN-β in these cells was not induced when the cells were simultaneously infected with a wild-type PRV strain. Expression of transcripts associated with major histocompatibility complex class I antigen presentation and NK cell activation was reduced, while transcripts associated with inflammation either were unaffected or were induced by viral infection. This suppression of IFN-stimulated gene expression occurred because IFN signal transduction, in particular the phosphorylation of STAT1, became less effective in PRV-infected cells. At least one virion-associated protein is involved in inhibition of STAT1 tyrosine phosphorylation. This ability to disarm the IFN-β response offers an explanation for the uniform lethality of virulent PRV infection of nonnatural hosts.

scholarly journals PATTERN-RECOGNIZING RECEPTORS AND THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VIRAL INFECTION

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Viral Antigens ◽  
Wide Range

The innate immune response to viral pathogens is crucial in mobilizing defensive reactions of an organism during the development of an acute viral infection. Cells of the innate immunity system detect viral antigens due to genetically programmed pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which are located either on the cell surface or inside the certain intracellular components. These image-recognizing receptors include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RIG-I-like receptors), nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors (NOD-like receptors), also known as NACHT, LRR and PYD domains of the protein, and cytosolic DNA sensors. The trigger mechanisms for these receptors are viral proteins, and nucleic acids serve as activators. The presence of PRRs that are responsible for the determination of viral antigens in cellular components allows the cells of innate immunity to recognize a wide range of viral agents that replicate in various cellular structures, and develop an immune response to them. This article summarizes the disparate data presented in modern English literature on the role of PRRs and the associated signaling pathways. Understanding the recognition of viral pathogens required triggering a cascade of cytokine and interferon production provides insights into how viruses activate the signal paths of PRRs and the effect of the interaction of viral antigens and these receptors on the formation of the antiviral immune response.

scholarly journals Bromodomain protein Brd3 promotes Ifnb1 transcription via enhancing IRF3/p300 complex formation and recruitment to Ifnb1 promoter in macrophages

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhui Ren ◽  
Chunmei Wang ◽  
Qinlan Wang ◽  
Dezhi Zhao ◽  
Kai Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Type I ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bromodomain Proteins ◽  
Protein Scaffolding

AbstractAs members of bromodomain and extra-terminal motif protein family, bromodomain-containing proteins regulate a wide range of biological processes including protein scaffolding, mitosis, cell cycle progression and transcriptional regulation. The function of these bromodomain proteins (Brds) in innate immune response has been reported but the role of Brd3 remains unclear. Here we find that virus infection significantly downregulate Brd3 expression in macrophages and Brd3 knockout inhibits virus-triggered IFN-β production. Brd3 interacts with both IRF3 and p300, increases p300-mediated acetylation of IRF3, and enhances the association of IRF3 with p300 upon virus infection. Importantly, Brd3 promotes the recruitment of IRF3/p300 complex to the promoter of Ifnb1, and increases the acetylation of histone3/histone4 within the Ifnb1 promoter, leading to the enhancement of type I interferon production. Therefore, our work indicated that Brd3 may act as a coactivator in IRF3/p300 transcriptional activation of Ifnb1 and provided new epigenetic mechanistic insight into the efficient activation of the innate immune response.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans innate immune response to Coxiella burnetii

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M Battisti ◽  
Lance A Watson ◽  
Myo T Naung ◽  
Adam M Drobish ◽  
Ekaterina Voronina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Intestinal Distension

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is well established as a system for characterization and discovery of molecular mechanisms mediating microbe-specific inducible innate immune responses to human pathogens. Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes a flu-like syndrome in humans (Q fever), as well as abortions in domesticated livestock, worldwide. Initially, when wild type C. elegans (N2 strain) was exposed to mCherry-expressing C. burnetii (CCB) a number of overt pathological manifestations resulted, including intestinal distension, deformed anal region and a decreased lifespan. However, nematodes fed autoclave-killed CCB did not exhibit these symptoms. Although vertebrates detect C. burnetii via TLRs, pathologies in tol-1(–) mutant nematodes were indistinguishable from N2, and indicate nematodes do not employ this orthologue for detection of C. burnetii. sek-1(–) MAP kinase mutant nematodes succumbed to infection faster, suggesting that this signaling pathway plays a role in immune activation, as previously shown for orthologues in vertebrates during a C. burnetii infection. C. elegans daf-2(–) mutants are hyper-immune and exhibited significantly reduced pathological consequences during challenge. Collectively, these results demonstrate the utility of C. elegans for studying the innate immune response against C. burnetii and could lead to discovery of novel methods for prevention and treatment of disease in humans and livestock.

scholarly journals Combinational clustering of receptors following stimulation by bacterial products determines lipopolysaccharide responses

2004 ◽  
Vol 381 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha TRIANTAFILOU ◽  
Klaus BRANDENBURG ◽  
Shoichi KUSUMOTO ◽  
Koichi FUKASE ◽  
Alan MACKIE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Receptor Clusters ◽  
Molecular Patterns

The innate immune system has the capacity to recognize a wide range of pathogens based on conserved PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). In the case of bacterial LPS (lipopolysaccharide) recognition, the best studied PAMP, it has been shown that the innate immune system employs at least three cell-surface receptors: CD14, TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) and MD-2 protein. CD14 binds LPS from Enterobacteriaceae and then transfers it to MD-2, leading to TLR4 aggregation and signal transduction. LPS analogues such as lipid IVa seem to act as LPS antagonists in human cells, but exhibit LPS mimetic activity in mouse cells. Although TLR4 has been shown to be involved in this species-specific discrimination, the mechanism by which this is achieved has not been elucidated. The questions that remain are how the innate immune system can discriminate between LPS from different bacteria as well as different LPS analogues, and whether or not the structure of LPS affects its interaction with the CD14–TLR4–MD-2 cluster. Is it possible that the ‘shape’ of LPS induces the formation of different receptor clusters, and thus a different immune response? In the present study, we demonstrate using biochemical as well as fluorescence-imaging techniques that different LPS analogues trigger the recruitment of different receptors within microdomains. The composition of each receptor cluster as well as the number of TLR4 molecules that are recruited within the cluster seem to determine whether an immune response will be induced or inhibited.

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