scholarly journals The Durability of Concrete Modified by Waste Limestone Powder in the Chemically Aggressive Environment

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Kępniak ◽  
Piotr Woyciechowski ◽  
Paweł Łukowski ◽  
Justyna Kuziak ◽  
Rafał Kobyłka
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Desirability Function ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Limestone Powder ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Concrete Technology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Durability Of Concrete

The idea of sustainable development assumes that natural resources must be treated as limited goods and that waste must be managed rationally. This idea and the constant striving to reduce production costs make the use of waste materials as substitutes for traditionally used raw materials from non-renewable sources increasingly popular. In cement concrete technology, there are many possibilities to use waste as components of mortars and concretes. The subject of this paper is a fine-grained material, obtained as a by-product during the preparation of aggregate for mineral-asphalt mixtures. The aim of the research was to test the suitability of the selected type of powder, namely limestone powder, as a component of cement composites. The paper presents an evaluation of the potential of using the limestone powder as a substitute for the fine aggregate, focusing on the impact of such a modification on aspects of durability. The sulfate degradation and chloride ion diffusion in concrete were investigated. The overall desirability function has been determined. It was demonstrated that the satisfactory value of the general desirability can be attributed to most of the investigated concretes. Positive test results support the potential of replacing part of natural fine aggregate with the tested waste limestone dust without a negative impact on the durability of concrete.

scholarly journals Organization of Business Activities Taking into Account Environmental and Economic Aspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
Oleksandr V. Kubatko ◽  
Oleksandra V. Kubatko ◽  
Tetyana I. Sachnenko ◽  
Odevole O. Oluwaseun
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
The Impact

One of the most urgent environmental problems today is the pollution of the environment by emissions of harmful substances and industrial waste. The negative impact on the environment and people is becoming more widespread, and its disposal methods inhibit the development of the economic system. In a market economy, entrepreneurs are not interested in increasing environmental costs, which naturally lead to higher production costs and reduce profits. The impact on the environment is becoming more widespread every year and has led to an ecological crisis in some parts of the world. Waste recycling has been constantly discussed since a person “produces” more than 250 kg of household waste per year. At the enterprise, these figures reach 10 000 kg. In recent years, Ukraine has imported about 30-50 thousand tons of PET granulate, which is gradually accumulating in landfills in the form of packaging, bottles, films. Such hazardous pollutants affect the environment through soil and water. In contrast, Ukraine does not yet have successful experience in waste management. In our opinion, such behavior is the ignorance of the population about waste disposal and replacement of a particular product with a more environmentally friendly one. The functioning of enterprises and farms does not always have the equipment to dispose of waste, and there is no room for the disposal of unnecessary products and raw materials. However, the problem of lack of innovative equipment arises due to a lack of adequate funding. Therefore, the lack of possibilities for a comprehensive solution to the situation creates a barrier, which does not allow to take proper measures to eliminate and reduce the amount of garbage. Despite many regulations and legal frameworks for regulating waste management, there is no cost-effective policy, and there is no regional waste management program and plan for their proper disposal. It can be concluded that the recycling and disposal of waste will reduce the need for waste incineration, create conditions for improving the economic component of the region and the country as a whole with an account of environmental quality standards. The paper pays attention to the essence of waste disposal; identified ways to recycle garbage.

scholarly journals The Impact of Environmental Regulation on the Location of Pollution-Intensive Industries in China under Agglomeration Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4045
Author(s):  
Yinhao Wu ◽  
Shumin Yu ◽  
Xiangdong Duan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Agglomeration Effect ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pollutant Discharge ◽  
The Impact

Pollution-intensive industries (PIIs) have both scale effect and environmental sensitivity. Therefore, this paper studies how environmental regulation (ER) affects the location dynamics of PIIs under the agglomeration effect. Our results show that, ER can increase the production costs of pollution-intensive firms (PIFs) by internalizing the negative impact of pollutant discharge in a region, and thus, directly reduces the region’s attractiveness to PIFs. Meanwhile, ER can indirectly reduce the attractiveness of a region to PIFs by reducing the externality of the regional agglomeration effect. Moreover, these influences are regulated by the level of local economic development. Based on the moderated mediating effect model, we find evidence from the site selection activities of newly built chemical firms in cities across China. The empirical test shows that compared with 2014, the proportion of the direct effect of ER to the total effects significantly decreased in 2018, while the proportion of indirect effects under the agglomeration effect increased significantly. Our findings provide reference for the government to design effective environmental policies to guide the location choice of new PIFs.

scholarly journals Efektywność produkcji FAME na podstawie wymagań normy ISO 14045:2012

Nafta-Gaz ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-214
Author(s):  
Michał Pajda ◽  
◽  
Wojciech Mazela ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Materials ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of the work was to present the issue of eco-efficiency, based on the PN-EN ISO 14045:2012 standard in relation to the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The ecoefficiency analysis takes into account economic and environmental aspects in the improvement of products and processes / technologies. Eco-efficiency considers the product and technology throughout the life cycle, from the construction phase, through use to decommissioning. The impact on the natural environment is assessed on the basis of: consumption of energy, materials, dust and gas emissions, waste and sewage. Total costs include: production costs, raw material costs, costs during the use phase including maintenance, repair and operating costs, product disposal or recycling. The eco-efficiency analysis is helpful in making decisions regarding the selection of a new product or designing a new technology, and enables the selection of the variant that is the most economical and has the least possible impact on the natural environment. These issues are particularly important in the case of biofuels. The rapid growth of their production and the European Union’s policy, which aims to increase the share of energy from renewable sources, cause concerns of many experts regarding the threats related to the production of biofuels, both for the environment and food security. In particular, efforts are made to minimize the amount of waste and residues by implementing the idea of a circular economy. This approach promotes the development of new technologies that are more environmentally friendly. Due to the regulations set out in the RED and RED II Directives, there is a chance that the biofuels will have a less negative impact on the environment. This results from the obligation to certify compliance with the sustainability criteria, which is carried out by voluntary systems recognized by the European Commission, such as the KZR INiG System.

Reduction of Radioactive Waste Production: Where Is the Optimum?

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Havard
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intermediate Storage ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Low and medium level waste management means reducing the amount of waste generated during maintenance and operation of the plant, in accordance with the ALARA concept, while keeping not only the quality of the product but also the associated costs under control. All this waste is managed by ONDRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian Federal Agency responsible for waste management, including conditioning, intermediate storage and final disposal. Unfortunately, the actions taken by ONDRAF/NIRAS and the producers in order to reduce waste production have had a negative impact on waste treatment tariffs. It has become necessary to re-examine the relationship between ONDRAF/NIRAS and the producers, in order to control the costs of waste management. This problem concerns not only the treatment costs but also the disposal costs. The volume of waste has fallen from 30M3/Thwh in 1985 to 4.m3/Twh in 2000, not by chance but as the result of a new site organisation geared towards achieving this aim. This paper presents firstly the history of Belgian waste management, taking into account the impact on the associated costs, and secondly the measures that have to be taken in order to be able to decide which new technologies are necessary to go further with the objective of waste volume reduction in a new environment, namely deregulation and consequently high pressure on production costs. Finally, it presents a few conclusions.

scholarly journals Rectified ethanol production cost analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Budimir ◽  
Marko Jaric ◽  
Branislav Jacimovic ◽  
Srbislav Genic ◽  
Nikola Jacimovic
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Total Production ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Total Investment ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact

This paper deals with the impact of the most important factors of the total production costs in bioethanol production. The most influential factors are: total investment costs, price of raw materials (price of biomass, enzymes, yeast), and energy costs. Taking into account these factors, a procedure for estimation total production costs was establish. In order to gain insight into the relationship of production and selling price of bioethanol, price of bioethanol for some countries of the European Union and the United States are given.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF ELIMINATION EIGHT MAJOR LOSSES IN CO-GENERATION POWER PLANT TO INCREASE PROFITS IN THE PULP & PAPER MILLS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 6574-6583
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ayip Fathani, Erry Rimawan, Antonius Setyadi, Bambang Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Success Factor ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Pulp Paper ◽  
The Impact

In the industrialized world, increasing productivity and profitability is very important for companies as a benchmark of success in business processes. Some literature has defined the success factor of the successful application of the concept of TPM as a tool to improve the productivity performance of the company, therefore improving the productivity performance of the company becomes the main thing in improving long-term sustainable profitability for the company . In the manufacturing industry pulp and paper mills, the contribution of the highest production costs is in raw materials (Pulp and chemical raw materials), followed by energy and packaging. The energy sector occupies the top three in the cost contributor to variable costs, it is triggered because in the pulp paper industry sector, the consumption value for electrical energy and heat is very high. Therefore, success in eliminating eight major losses is a major success factor in improving the profitability of the company. To analyze the effects of elimination of eight major losses, reduction of production costs and increase in profitability can be solved by evaluating the influence of all indicators of eight major losses using PLS-SEM. The data used is operational data co-generation plant production of PT. XYZ in 2019. From the research conducted it is known that the variable Overall Plant Effectiveness (OPE) is significantly influenced by 2 (two) of the 3 (three) constituent indicators, namely Availability and Performance, both indicators affect: Productivity Improvement, Decreased Production Costs and Increased Profitability of the Company. The priority of improvement that must be done by considering the production cost performance data from the review of variable costs of energy is elimination: Loss Shutdown losses (A1), Loss Production adjustment loss (A2), Equipment failure (A3), Process failure ( A4), Normal Production (A5), and abnormal production (A6).

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI KENDALA DALAM PROSES PRODUKSI DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP BIAYA PRODUKSI PADA UD. RISKY

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Intan Purwatianingsih Sihadi ◽  
Sifrid S. Pangemanan ◽  
Hendrik Gamaliel
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Internal Constraints ◽  
Industrial Companies ◽  
Constraint Theory ◽  
The Impact ◽  
A Company ◽  
Theory Of Constraint

Constraints are activities that prevent companies from carrying out production activities. Along with the increasingly competitive world economy today, industrial companies are required to be more sensitive in anticipating constraints that occur both internally and externally. These constraints must be considered by the company because it can hamper the production process which has an impact on production costs as well as sales volumes which ultimately cause losses to the company. One tool that can identify constraints of a company is the Constraint Theory. This study aims to find out what constraints occur in the production process and the impact of these constraints on production costs. The method used in this study is descriptive. The results of this study are internal constraints are engine damage and external constraints are delays in the delivery of raw materials. The impact of these constraints on production costs is the loss of raw material costs and an increase in factory overhead costs.Keywords: Constraints, Production Cost, Theory of Constraint

China and the Greater Middle East: Globalization No Longer Equals Westernization

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 389-416
Author(s):  
Kurt Radtke
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Large Area ◽  
The Us ◽  
Security Relations ◽  
Historical Memories ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe reshaping of the domestic social, political, and economic structures all over East Asia takes place in the context of a restructuring of the international (security) order. Despite China's increasing acceptance of international institutions and regimes the divergence of vital security interests of the United States (US) and Japan vis-a-vis those of China has raised the specter of increased polarization. This article will seek to answer the question of whether China is about to consciously challenge the power of the US and its allies not only in Asia, but also in the Greater Middle East (GME), mainly through China's impact on the economics, political, and social structure of those countries rather than through rivalry in the field of military power. China's conceptualization of the current global order is also shaped by historical memories of an age in which China was merely an object of Great Power politics which also directly affected the wider region, including the heartland of Eurasia, Southeast Asia, and in particular Japan and the Korean peninsula with their direct impact on China's security equation. To some Chinese strategists the Indian Ocean and countries of the GME have acquired a vital importance not only with regard to the supply of raw materials (including those obtained from Africa). Continuing Western strategic dominance in this large area would also have an important negative impact on China's global strategic position. For the first time in its history, China has become critically dependent on the acquisition of foreign resources—raw materials, investment and technology, as well as earnings from exports. China's economic activities in near neighbors such as Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, ailand, and Iran are also strategically important due to the impact on domestic and international politics of these countries. The US tends to interpret such influence in terms of Chinese power projection. This article interprets the linkages between domestic events and international strategies on the network of global (security) relations in terms of neogeopolitics rather than mainstream US scholarship.

Properties of Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete

2014 ◽  
Vol 803 ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhd Fadhil Nuruddin ◽  
Fareed Ahmed Memon
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Cement Manufacture ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact

Concrete has been used in the construction industry since long times. It is probably the most widely used construction material in the world, largely due to the abundance of the raw materials for cement manufacture, low relative cost and the versatility and adaptability of concrete in forming various structural shapes. Massive production of concrete and the associated substantial manufacture of cement have however been observed to have a very negative impact. One of the biggest issues of growing concern at the moment faced by concrete industries is the impact of cement production on the environment. The production of cement not only depletes significant amount of natural resources, but also liberates a considerable amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as a result of decarbonation of limestone and the combustion of fossil fuels. In addition, cement is among the most energy intensive construction materials, after aluminium and steel [1].

scholarly journals Electronic Waste, an Environmental Problem Exported to Developing Countries: The GOOD, the BAD and the UGLY

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 5302
Author(s):  
Samuel Abalansa ◽  
Badr El Mahrad ◽  
John Icely ◽  
Alice Newton
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
The Impact

Electronic waste (e-waste) is a rapidly developing environmental problem particularly for the most developed countries. There are technological solutions for processing it, but these are costly, and the cheaper option for most developed countries has been to export most of the waste to less developed countries. There are various laws and policies for regulating the processing of e-waste at different governance scales such as the international Basel Convention, the regional Bamoko Convention, and various national laws. However, many of the regulations are not fully implemented and there is substantial financial pressure to maintain the jobs created for processing e-waste. Mexico, Brazil, Ghana Nigeria, India, and China have been selected for a more detailed study of the transboundary movements of e-waste. This includes a systematic review of existing literature, the application of the Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response (DPSIR) framework for analysing complex problems associated with social ecological systems, and the application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for evaluating the environmental impact of electronic devices from their manufacture through to their final disposal. Japan, Italy, Switzerland, and Norway have been selected for the LCA to show how e-waste is diverted to developing countries, as there is not sufficient data available for the assessment from the selected developing countries. GOOD, BAD and UGLY outcomes have been identified from this study: the GOOD is the creation of jobs and the use of e-waste as a source of raw materials; the BAD is the exacerbation of the already poor environmental conditions in developing countries; the UGLY is the negative impact on the health of workers processing e-waste due to a wide range of toxic components in this waste. There are a number of management options that are available to reduce the impact of the BAD and the UGLY, such as adopting the concept of a circular economy, urban mining, reducing loopholes and improving existing policies and regulations, as well as reducing the disparity in income between the top and bottom of the management hierarchy for e-waste disposal. The overarching message is a request for developed countries to help developing countries in the fight against e-waste, rather than exporting their environmental problems to these poorer regions.

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