scholarly journals Prebiotic Combinations Effects on the Colonization of Staphylococcal Skin Strains

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Silvia Di Lodovico ◽  
Franco Gasparri ◽  
Emanuela Di Campli ◽  
Paola Di Fermo ◽  
Simonetta D’Ercole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bacteriostatic Effect ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
Planktonic Phase ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Biomass Quantification ◽  
General Reduction

Background: An unbalanced skin microbiota due to an increase in pathogenic vs. commensal bacteria can be efficiently tackled by using prebiotics. The aim of this work was to identify novel prebiotic combinations by exerting species-specific action between S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains. Methods: First, the antimicrobial/antibiofilm effect of Xylitol-XYL and Galacto-OligoSaccharides–GOS combined with each other at different concentrations (1, 2.5, 5%) against S. aureus and S. epidermidis clinical strains was evaluated in time. Second, the most species-specific concentration was used to combine XYL with Fructo-OligoSaccharides–FOS, IsoMalto-Oligosaccharides–IMO, ArabinoGaLactan–LAG, inulin, dextran. Experiments were performed by OD600 detection, biomass quantification and LIVE/DEAD staining. Results: 1% XYL + 1% GOS showed the best species-specific action with an immediate antibacterial/antibiofilm action against S. aureus strains (up to 34.54% ± 5.35/64.68% ± 4.77) without a relevant effect on S. epidermidis. Among the other prebiotic formulations, 1% XYL plus 1% FOS (up to 49.17% ± 21.46/37.59% ± 6.34) or 1% IMO (up to 41.28% ± 4.88/36.70% ± 10.03) or 1% LAG (up to 38.21% ± 5.31/83.06% ± 5.11) showed antimicrobial/antibiofilm effects similar to 1% XYL+1% GOS. For all tested formulations, a prevalent bacteriostatic effect in the planktonic phase and a general reduction of S. aureus biofilm formation without loss of viability were recorded. Conclusion: The combinations of 1% XYL with 1% GOS or 1% FOS or 1% IMO or 1% LAG may help to control the balance of skin microbiota, representing good candidates for topic formulations.

scholarly journals Species-Specific Segregation of Gender-Associated Mitochondrial DNA Types in an Area Where Two Mussel Species (Mytilus edulis and M. trossulus) Hybridize

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 1359-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Saavedra ◽  
Donald T Stewart ◽  
Rebecca R Stanwood ◽  
Eleftherios Zouros
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Allozyme Analysis ◽  
Mussel Species ◽  
Species Origin ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Nuclear Background ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Dna Types ◽  
Fertile Hybrids

Abstract In each of the mussel species Mytilus edulis and M. trossulus there exist two types of mtDNA, the F type transmitted through females and the M type transmitted through males. Because the two species produce fertile hybrids in nature, F and M types of one may introgress into the other. We present the results from a survey of a population in which extensive hybridization occurs between these two species. Among specimens classified as “pure” M. edulis or “pure” M. trossulus on the basis of allozyme analysis, we observed no animal that carried the F or the M mitotype of the other species. In most animals of mixed nuclear background, an individual's mtDNA came from the species that contributed the majority of the individual's nuclear genes. Most importantly, the two mtDNA types in post-F1 male hybrids were of the same species origin. We interpret this to mean that there are intrinsic barriers to the exchange of mtDNA between these two species. Because such barriers were not noted in other hybridizing species pairs (many being even less interfertile than M. edulis and M. trossulus), their presence in Mytilus could be another feature of the unusual mtDNA system in this genus.

scholarly journals Biological and microbiological interactions of Ti-35Nb-7Zr alloy and its basic elements on bone marrow stromal cells: good prospects for bone tissue engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne de Camargo Reis Mello ◽  
Lais Morandini Rodrigues ◽  
Fabia Zampieri D’Antola Mello ◽  
Thais Fernanda Gonçalves ◽  
Bento Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bone Marrow Stromal Cells ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Marrow Stromal Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Based Therapy

Abstract Background An effective biomaterial for bone replacement should have properties to avoid bacterial contamination and promote bone formation while inducing rapid cell differentiation simultaneously. Bone marrow stem cells are currently being investigated because of their known potential for differentiation in osteoblast lineage. This makes these cells a good option for stem cell-based therapy. We have aimed to analyze, in vitro, the potential of pure titanium (Ti), Ti-35Nb-7Zr alloy (A), niobium (Nb), and zirconia (Zr) to avoid the microorganisms S. aureus (S.a) and P. aeruginosa (P.a). Furthermore, our objective was to evaluate if the basic elements of Ti-35Nb-7Zr alloy have any influence on bone marrow stromal cells, the source of stem cells, and observe if these metals have properties to induce cell differentiation into osteoblasts. Methods Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) were obtained from mice femurs and cultured in osteogenic media without dexamethasone as an external source of cell differentiation. The samples were divided into Ti-35Nb-7Zr alloy (A), pure titanium (Ti), Nb (niobium), and Zr (zirconia) and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). After predetermined periods, cell interaction, cytotoxicity, proliferation, and cell differentiation tests were performed. For monotypic biofilm formation, standardized suspensions (106 cells/ml) with the microorganisms S. aureus (S.a) and P. aeruginosa (P.a) were cultured for 24 h on the samples and submitted to an MTT test. Results All samples presented cell proliferation, growth, and spreading. All groups presented cell viability above 70%, but the alloy (A) showed better results, with statistical differences from Nb and Zr samples. Zr expressed higher ALP activity and was statistically different from the other groups (p < 0.05). In contrast, no statistical difference was observed between the samples as regards mineralization nodules. Lower biofilm formation of S.a and P.a. was observed on the Nb samples, with statistical differences from the other samples. Conclusion Our results suggest that the basic elements present in the alloy have osteoinductive characteristics, and Zr has a good influence on bone marrow stromal cell differentiation. We also believe that Nb has the best potential for reducing the formation of microbial biofilms.

scholarly journals Bacterial lipopolysaccharides variably modulate in vitro biofilm formation of Candida species

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1225-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. H. N. Bandara ◽  
O. L. T. Lam ◽  
R. M. Watt ◽  
L. J. Jin ◽  
L. P. Samaranayake
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Biofilm Development

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the bacterial endotoxin LPS on Candida biofilm formation in vitro. The effect of the LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Salmonella typhimurium on six different species of Candida, comprising Candida albicans ATCC 90028, Candida glabrata ATCC 90030, Candida krusei ATCC 6258, Candida tropicalis ATCC 13803, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 and Candida dubliniensis MYA 646, was studied using a standard biofilm assay. The metabolic activity of in vitro Candida biofilms treated with LPS at 90 min, 24 h and 48 h was quantified by XTT reduction assay. Viable biofilm-forming cells were qualitatively analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to visualize the biofilm structure. Initially, adhesion of C. albicans was significantly stimulated by Pseudomonas and Klebsiella LPS. A significant inhibition of Candida adhesion was noted for the following combinations: C. glabrata with Pseudomonas LPS, C. tropicalis with Serratia LPS, and C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis or C. dubliniensis with Salmonella LPS (P<0.05). After 24 h of incubation, a significant stimulation of initial colonization was noted for the following combinations: C. albicans/C. glabrata with Klebsiella LPS, C. glabrata/C. tropicalis/C. krusei with Salmonella LPS. In contrast, a significant inhibition of biofilm formation was observed in C. glabrata/C. dubliniensis/C. krusei with Pseudomonas LPS, C. krusei with Serratia LPS, C. dubliniensis with Klebsiella LPS and C. parapsilosis/C. dubliniensis /C. krusei with Salmonella LPS (P<0.05). On further incubation for 48 h, a significant enhancement of biofilm maturation was noted for the following combinations: C. glabrata/C. tropicalis with Serratia LPS, C. dubliniensis with Klebsiella LPS and C. glabrata with Salmonella LPS, and a significant retardation was noted for C. parapsilosis/C. dubliniensis/C. krusei with Pseudomonas LPS, C. tropicalis with Serratia LPS, C. glabrata/C. parapsilosis/C. dubliniensis with Klebsiella LPS and C. dubliniensis with Salmonella LPS (P<0.05). These findings were confirmed by SEM and CLSM analyses. In general, the inhibition of the biofilm development of LPS-treated Candida spp. was accompanied by a scanty architecture with a reduced numbers of cells compared with the profuse and densely colonized control biofilms. These data are indicative that bacterial LPSs modulate in vitro Candida biofilm formation in a species-specific and time-dependent manner. The clinical and the biological relevance of these findings have yet to be explored.

Vocal Learning of Japanese and Rhesus Monkeys

Behaviour ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 109 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuo Masataka ◽  
Kazuo Fujita
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Japanese Monkey ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Vocal Learning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Biological Mothers ◽  
Japanese Monkeys ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractForaging vocalizations given by Japanese and rhesus momkeys reared by their biological mothers differed from each other in a single parameter. Calls made by a Japanese monkey fostered by a rhesus female were dissimilar to those of conspecifics reared by their biological mothers, but similar to those of rhesus monkeys reared by their biological mothers, and the vocalizations given by rhesus monkeys fostered by Japanese monkey mothers were dissimilar to those of conspecifics reared by their biological mothers, but similar to those of Japanese monkeys reared by their biological mothers. Playback experiments revealed that both Japanese and rhesus monkeys distinguished between the calls of Japanese monkeys reared by their biological mothers and of the cross-fostered rhesus monkeys on one hand, and the vocalizations of rhesus monkeys reared by their biological mothers and of the cross-fostered Japanese monkey on the other hand. Thus, production of species-specific vocalizations was learned by each species, and it was the learned species-difference which the monkeys themselves discriminated.

8-hydroxyquinoline-5-(N-4-chlorophenyl) sulfonamide and fluconazole combination as a preventive strategy for Candida biofilm in haemodialysis devices

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Letícia Fernandes da Rocha ◽  
Bruna Pippi ◽  
Angélica Rocha Joaquim ◽  
Saulo Fernandes de Andrade ◽  
Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Clinical Issue ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Time Kill

Introduction. The presence of Candida biofilms in medical devices is a concerning and important clinical issue for haemodialysis patients who require constant use of prosthetic fistulae and catheters. Hypothesis/Gap Statement. This prolonged use increases the risk of candidaemia due to biofilm formation. PH151 and clioquinol are 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives that have been studied by our group and showed interesting anti-Candida activity. Aim. This study evaluated the biofilm formation capacity of Candida species on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyurethane (PUR) and investigated the synergistic effects between the compounds PH151 and clioquinol and fluconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin against biofilm cells removed from those materials. Further, the synergistic combination was evaluated in terms of preventing biofilm formation on PTFE and PUR discs. Methodology. Susceptibility testing was performed for planktonic and biofilm cells using the broth microdilution method. The checkerboard method and the time–kill assay were used to evaluate the interactions between antifungal agents. Antibiofilm activity on PTFE and PUR materials was assessed to quantify the prevention of biofilm formation. Results. Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis showed ability to form biofilms on both materials. By contrast, Candida parapsilosis did not demonstrate this ability. Synergistic interaction was observed when PH151 was combined with fluconazole in 77.8 % of isolates and this treatment was shown to be concentration- and time-dependent. On the other hand, indifferent interactions were predominantly observed with the other combinations. A reduction in biofilm formation on PUR material of more than 50 % was observed when using PH151 combined with fluconazole. Conclusion. PH151 demonstrated potential as a local treatment for use in a combination therapy approach against Candida biofilm formation on haemodialysis devices.

Differential surface competition and biofilm invasion strategies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 and PAO1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swetha Kassety ◽  
Stefan Katharios-Lanwermeyer ◽  
George A. O’Toole ◽  
Carey D. Nadell
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Matrix Composition ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Biofilm Production ◽  
Direct Competition ◽  
Planktonic Phase ◽  
Do So

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains PA14 and PAO1 are among the two best characterized model organisms used to study the mechanisms of biofilm formation, while also representing two distinct lineages of P. aeruginosa . Previous work has shown that PA14 and PAO1 use different strategies for surface colonization; they also have different extracellular matrix composition and different propensities to disperse from biofilms back into the planktonic phase surrounding them. We expand on this work here by exploring the consequences of these different biofilm production strategies during direct competition. Using differentially labeled strains and microfluidic culture methods, we show that PAO1 can outcompete PA14 in direct competition during early colonization and subsequent biofilm growth, that they can do so in constant and perturbed environments, and that this advantage is specific to biofilm growth and requires production of the Psl polysaccharide. In contrast, the P. aeruginosa PA14 is better able to invade pre-formed biofilms and is more inclined to remain surface-associated under starvation conditions. These data together suggest that while P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 are both able to effectively colonize surfaces, they do so in different ways that are advantageous under different environmental settings. Importance Recent studies indicate that P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 use distinct strategies to initiate biofilm formation. We investigated whether their respective colonization and matrix secretion strategies impact their ability to compete under different biofilm-forming regimes. Our work shows that these different strategies do indeed impact how these strains fair in direct competition: PAO1 dominates during colonization of a naïve surface, while PA14 is more effective in colonizing a pre-formed biofilm. These data suggest that even for very similar microbes there can be distinct strategies to successfully colonize and persist on surfaces during the biofilm life cycle.

scholarly journals Effect of NaCl on seed germination in some Centaurium Hill. Species (Gentianaceae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zivkovic ◽  
M. Devic ◽  
B. Filipovic ◽  
Z. Giba ◽  
D. Grubisic
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
White Light ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
History Of ◽  
Species Specific

The influence of high NaCl concentrations on seed germination in both light and darkness was examined in the species Centaurium pulchellum, C. erythraea, C. littorale, C. spicatum, and C. tenuiflorum. Salt tolerance was found to depend on the life history of the seeds. To be specific, seeds of all five species failed to complete germination when exposed to continuous white light if kept all the time in the presence of 100-200 mM and greater NaCl concentrations. However, when after two weeks NaCl was rinsed from the seeds and the seeds were left in distilled water under white light for an additional two weeks, all species completed germination to a certain extent. The percent of germination not only depended on NaCl concentration in the prior medium, but was also species specific. Thus, seeds of C. pulchellum, C. erythraea, and C. littorale completed germination well almost irrespective of the salt concentration previously experienced. On the other hand, seeds of C. tenuiflorum completed germination poorly if NaCl concentrations in the prior media were greater than 200 mM. When seeds after washing were transferred to darkness for an additional 14 days, they failed to complete germination if previously imbibed on media containing NaCl concentrations greater than 400 mM. However, the seeds of all species, even if previously imbibed at 800 mM NaCl, could be induced to complete germination in darkness by 1 mM gibberellic acid. .

scholarly journals Repeated evolution of asymmetric genitalia and right-sided mating behavior in theDrosophila nannopteraspecies group

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Acurio ◽  
Flor T. Rhebergen ◽  
Sarah Paulus ◽  
Virginie Courtier-Orgogozo ◽  
Michael Lang
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Genital Morphology ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Outgroup Species ◽  
Repeated Evolution ◽  
Drosophila Pachea ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Group Species

AbstractBackgroundMale genitals have repeatedly evolved left-right asymmetries, and the causes of such evolution remain unclear. TheDrosophila nannopteragroup contains four species, among which three exhibit left-right asymmetries of distinct genital organs. In the most studied species,Drosophila pachea, males display asymmetric genital lobes and they mate right-sided on top of the female. Copulation position of the other species is unknown.ResultsTo assess whether the evolution of genital asymmetry could be linked to the evolution of one-sided mating, we examined phallus morphology and copulation position inD. pacheaand closely related species. The phallus was found to be symmetric in all investigated species exceptD. pachea, which display an asymmetric phallus with a right-sided gonopore, andD. acanthoptera, which harbor an asymmetrically bent phallus. In all examined species, males were found to position themselves symmetrically on top of the female, except inD. pacheaandD. nannoptera, where males mated right-sided, in distinctive, species-specific positions. In addition, the copulation duration was found to be increased innannopteragroup species compared to closely related outgroup species.ConclusionOur study shows that gains, and possibly losses, of asymmetry in genital morphology and mating position have evolved repeatedly in thenannopteragroup. Current data does not allow us to conclude whether genital asymmetry has evolved in response to changes in mating position, or vice versa.

Analyse de la morphogenèse du pied des Oiseaux à l'aide de mélanges cellulaires interspécifiques

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-196
Author(s):  
Par Marie-Paule Pautou
Keyword(s):  
Cell Suspension ◽  
The Other ◽  
Composite Type ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Host Embryo

Morphogenesis of the feet of birds, studied in limbs developed from reaggregated heterospecific mesoderm Experiments were undertaken to determine whether species-specific characters of chick and duck mesodermal leg-bud cells are retained after dissociation and reaggregation in homoand heterospecific mixtures. Prospective zeugopod and autopod mesoderm from chick and/or duck leg buds were isolated, dissociated into a cell suspension and pelleted by centrifugation. The reaggregated mesoderm was packed into a leg-bud ectodermal jacket; the recombined leg bud was then grafted on the wing stump of a host embryo. Recombinants whose mesoderm was a homospecific reaggregate developed into typical chick or duck leg parts according to the specific origin of the mesodermal component; the feet of nearly all these legs lacked antero-posterior polarity. Recombinants containing heterospecific reaggregates were also capable of forming reasonably organized leg structures. The foot was not, as a rule, of the specific type expected of the majority component. In a mixture of 75% chick mesoderm cells and 25% duck mesoderm cells, the feet which developed were either of chick type or of composite chick/duck type, where typical chick areas were next to typical or aberrant (steganoid) duck areas. When the ratio was reversed (25% chick, 75% duck), the majority of the feet were again of chick type or of composite chick/duck type, the typical duck phenotype being exceptional. Even in a mixture of 10% chick cells and 90% duck cells, duck-type feet were not obtained. They were all of composite type: half of their interdigital zones were of chick type, the other half were occupied, in most cases, by underdeveloped, indented webbing or by one or several discrete flaps, and, in a few cases, by normal webbing. The vast majority of the feet developed from heterospecific mesoderm were characterized by the profusion of the toes, which were not polarized along the a–p axis.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of pulp extracts from three populations of Ziziphus lotus L.

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1014-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaimae Rais ◽  
Asmae Driouch ◽  
Chaimae Slimani ◽  
Aymane Bessi ◽  
Mounyr Balouiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Bacteriostatic Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Antimicrobial And Antioxidant Activity

Purpose This paper aims to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of the jujube fruit. Design/methodology/approach The fruit samples were harvested from Ziziphus lotus L. in three regions of Morocco: Aïn Chifae (Immouzer), Saiss (Fez) and Guercif. The fruit extracts were obtained by Soxhlet method using ethanol, methanol and water, and then a phytochemical screening was done for each extract. Total phenolic and total flavonoids contents were also determined. Afterward, the antimicrobial activity of the studied extracts was evaluated using the broth microdilution method. To estimate the total antioxidant effect of these extracts, the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging and phosphomolybdate tests were performed. Findings Results showed that the highest content of polyphenols and flavonoids was found for ethanol and methanol extracts, while the lowest content was found in the aqueous extracts for all populations studied. Thus, results showed that the highest content of phenolic compounds was recorded in the population of Fez. Methanol extract of this population was the richest in polyphenols (30.36 mg/g) and in flavonoids (13.03 mg/g). The antimicrobial tests showed that Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most sensitive (6.25 mg/ml), compared to the other tested strains. Based on the minimal bactericidal concentrations/minimal fungicidal concentration or MFC/MIC ratio, it seems that ethanol extracts showed a bactericidal effect against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtillis, and a bacteriostatic effect against Enterococcus faecalis. On the other hand, the methanol extract showed bacteriostatic effect against Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, methanol extracts of Ziziphus lotus have significant antioxidant potent. Originality/value Methanol and ethanol extracts of Ziziphus lotus fruit have demonstrated strong antimicrobial effect. Moreover, the authors were able to show that the extract of Ziziphus lotus fruit has a very important antioxidant power.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document