scholarly journals Species-Specific Segregation of Gender-Associated Mitochondrial DNA Types in an Area Where Two Mussel Species (Mytilus edulis and M. trossulus) Hybridize

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 1359-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Saavedra ◽  
Donald T Stewart ◽  
Rebecca R Stanwood ◽  
Eleftherios Zouros
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Allozyme Analysis ◽  
Mussel Species ◽  
Species Origin ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Nuclear Background ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Dna Types ◽  
Fertile Hybrids

Abstract In each of the mussel species Mytilus edulis and M. trossulus there exist two types of mtDNA, the F type transmitted through females and the M type transmitted through males. Because the two species produce fertile hybrids in nature, F and M types of one may introgress into the other. We present the results from a survey of a population in which extensive hybridization occurs between these two species. Among specimens classified as “pure” M. edulis or “pure” M. trossulus on the basis of allozyme analysis, we observed no animal that carried the F or the M mitotype of the other species. In most animals of mixed nuclear background, an individual's mtDNA came from the species that contributed the majority of the individual's nuclear genes. Most importantly, the two mtDNA types in post-F1 male hybrids were of the same species origin. We interpret this to mean that there are intrinsic barriers to the exchange of mtDNA between these two species. Because such barriers were not noted in other hybridizing species pairs (many being even less interfertile than M. edulis and M. trossulus), their presence in Mytilus could be another feature of the unusual mtDNA system in this genus.

scholarly journals Prebiotic Combinations Effects on the Colonization of Staphylococcal Skin Strains

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Silvia Di Lodovico ◽  
Franco Gasparri ◽  
Emanuela Di Campli ◽  
Paola Di Fermo ◽  
Simonetta D’Ercole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bacteriostatic Effect ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
Planktonic Phase ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Biomass Quantification ◽  
General Reduction

Background: An unbalanced skin microbiota due to an increase in pathogenic vs. commensal bacteria can be efficiently tackled by using prebiotics. The aim of this work was to identify novel prebiotic combinations by exerting species-specific action between S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains. Methods: First, the antimicrobial/antibiofilm effect of Xylitol-XYL and Galacto-OligoSaccharides–GOS combined with each other at different concentrations (1, 2.5, 5%) against S. aureus and S. epidermidis clinical strains was evaluated in time. Second, the most species-specific concentration was used to combine XYL with Fructo-OligoSaccharides–FOS, IsoMalto-Oligosaccharides–IMO, ArabinoGaLactan–LAG, inulin, dextran. Experiments were performed by OD600 detection, biomass quantification and LIVE/DEAD staining. Results: 1% XYL + 1% GOS showed the best species-specific action with an immediate antibacterial/antibiofilm action against S. aureus strains (up to 34.54% ± 5.35/64.68% ± 4.77) without a relevant effect on S. epidermidis. Among the other prebiotic formulations, 1% XYL plus 1% FOS (up to 49.17% ± 21.46/37.59% ± 6.34) or 1% IMO (up to 41.28% ± 4.88/36.70% ± 10.03) or 1% LAG (up to 38.21% ± 5.31/83.06% ± 5.11) showed antimicrobial/antibiofilm effects similar to 1% XYL+1% GOS. For all tested formulations, a prevalent bacteriostatic effect in the planktonic phase and a general reduction of S. aureus biofilm formation without loss of viability were recorded. Conclusion: The combinations of 1% XYL with 1% GOS or 1% FOS or 1% IMO or 1% LAG may help to control the balance of skin microbiota, representing good candidates for topic formulations.

Vocal Learning of Japanese and Rhesus Monkeys

Behaviour ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 109 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuo Masataka ◽  
Kazuo Fujita
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Japanese Monkey ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Vocal Learning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Biological Mothers ◽  
Japanese Monkeys ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractForaging vocalizations given by Japanese and rhesus momkeys reared by their biological mothers differed from each other in a single parameter. Calls made by a Japanese monkey fostered by a rhesus female were dissimilar to those of conspecifics reared by their biological mothers, but similar to those of rhesus monkeys reared by their biological mothers, and the vocalizations given by rhesus monkeys fostered by Japanese monkey mothers were dissimilar to those of conspecifics reared by their biological mothers, but similar to those of Japanese monkeys reared by their biological mothers. Playback experiments revealed that both Japanese and rhesus monkeys distinguished between the calls of Japanese monkeys reared by their biological mothers and of the cross-fostered rhesus monkeys on one hand, and the vocalizations of rhesus monkeys reared by their biological mothers and of the cross-fostered Japanese monkey on the other hand. Thus, production of species-specific vocalizations was learned by each species, and it was the learned species-difference which the monkeys themselves discriminated.

scholarly journals Effect of NaCl on seed germination in some Centaurium Hill. Species (Gentianaceae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zivkovic ◽  
M. Devic ◽  
B. Filipovic ◽  
Z. Giba ◽  
D. Grubisic
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
White Light ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
History Of ◽  
Species Specific

The influence of high NaCl concentrations on seed germination in both light and darkness was examined in the species Centaurium pulchellum, C. erythraea, C. littorale, C. spicatum, and C. tenuiflorum. Salt tolerance was found to depend on the life history of the seeds. To be specific, seeds of all five species failed to complete germination when exposed to continuous white light if kept all the time in the presence of 100-200 mM and greater NaCl concentrations. However, when after two weeks NaCl was rinsed from the seeds and the seeds were left in distilled water under white light for an additional two weeks, all species completed germination to a certain extent. The percent of germination not only depended on NaCl concentration in the prior medium, but was also species specific. Thus, seeds of C. pulchellum, C. erythraea, and C. littorale completed germination well almost irrespective of the salt concentration previously experienced. On the other hand, seeds of C. tenuiflorum completed germination poorly if NaCl concentrations in the prior media were greater than 200 mM. When seeds after washing were transferred to darkness for an additional 14 days, they failed to complete germination if previously imbibed on media containing NaCl concentrations greater than 400 mM. However, the seeds of all species, even if previously imbibed at 800 mM NaCl, could be induced to complete germination in darkness by 1 mM gibberellic acid. .

scholarly journals Cecidomyiidae (Diptera, Insecta): richness of species and distribution in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valéria Cid Maia
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Gall Midges ◽  
Species Origin ◽  
Neotropical Species ◽  
Fauna Composition ◽  
Almost All

Abstract: Most Neotropical species of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) have been described from Brazil, but a list of species with occurrence in the country has never been published. Little is known about their distribution and richness in the Brazilian phytogeographic domains. Additionally, a list of host plant species has never been gathered. The present study aims to fill these knowledge gaps and provides an overview of this family in Brazil. For this, data were obtained mainly from the literature, but also from the Cecidomyiidae collection of Museu Nacional and two herbaria (RB and R). Based on the site "Flora do Brasil 2020", botanical names were updated and plant species origin and distribution were verified. A total of 265 gall midge species have been recorded in Brazil, most from the Atlantic Forest (183), followed by Cerrado (60), and Amazon Forest (29). The other phytogeographic domains shelter from five to ten species. Phytophagous gall midges occur on 128 plant species of 52 families, almost all native, being 43 endemic to Brazil (21 endemic to Atlantic Forest, five to Cerrado, and one to Amazon). Although, the taxonomical knowledge is focused on the Atlantic Forest, each domain has its own fauna composition and these informations can be useful for environmental conservational purposes. About 58% of the Brazilian fauna are known only from the type-locality. In order to fill these gaps, it is necessary and important to collect in uninvestigated areas.

scholarly journals Repeated evolution of asymmetric genitalia and right-sided mating behavior in theDrosophila nannopteraspecies group

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Acurio ◽  
Flor T. Rhebergen ◽  
Sarah Paulus ◽  
Virginie Courtier-Orgogozo ◽  
Michael Lang
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Genital Morphology ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Outgroup Species ◽  
Repeated Evolution ◽  
Drosophila Pachea ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Group Species

AbstractBackgroundMale genitals have repeatedly evolved left-right asymmetries, and the causes of such evolution remain unclear. TheDrosophila nannopteragroup contains four species, among which three exhibit left-right asymmetries of distinct genital organs. In the most studied species,Drosophila pachea, males display asymmetric genital lobes and they mate right-sided on top of the female. Copulation position of the other species is unknown.ResultsTo assess whether the evolution of genital asymmetry could be linked to the evolution of one-sided mating, we examined phallus morphology and copulation position inD. pacheaand closely related species. The phallus was found to be symmetric in all investigated species exceptD. pachea, which display an asymmetric phallus with a right-sided gonopore, andD. acanthoptera, which harbor an asymmetrically bent phallus. In all examined species, males were found to position themselves symmetrically on top of the female, except inD. pacheaandD. nannoptera, where males mated right-sided, in distinctive, species-specific positions. In addition, the copulation duration was found to be increased innannopteragroup species compared to closely related outgroup species.ConclusionOur study shows that gains, and possibly losses, of asymmetry in genital morphology and mating position have evolved repeatedly in thenannopteragroup. Current data does not allow us to conclude whether genital asymmetry has evolved in response to changes in mating position, or vice versa.

Analyse de la morphogenèse du pied des Oiseaux à l'aide de mélanges cellulaires interspécifiques

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-196
Author(s):  
Par Marie-Paule Pautou
Keyword(s):  
Cell Suspension ◽  
The Other ◽  
Composite Type ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Host Embryo

Morphogenesis of the feet of birds, studied in limbs developed from reaggregated heterospecific mesoderm Experiments were undertaken to determine whether species-specific characters of chick and duck mesodermal leg-bud cells are retained after dissociation and reaggregation in homoand heterospecific mixtures. Prospective zeugopod and autopod mesoderm from chick and/or duck leg buds were isolated, dissociated into a cell suspension and pelleted by centrifugation. The reaggregated mesoderm was packed into a leg-bud ectodermal jacket; the recombined leg bud was then grafted on the wing stump of a host embryo. Recombinants whose mesoderm was a homospecific reaggregate developed into typical chick or duck leg parts according to the specific origin of the mesodermal component; the feet of nearly all these legs lacked antero-posterior polarity. Recombinants containing heterospecific reaggregates were also capable of forming reasonably organized leg structures. The foot was not, as a rule, of the specific type expected of the majority component. In a mixture of 75% chick mesoderm cells and 25% duck mesoderm cells, the feet which developed were either of chick type or of composite chick/duck type, where typical chick areas were next to typical or aberrant (steganoid) duck areas. When the ratio was reversed (25% chick, 75% duck), the majority of the feet were again of chick type or of composite chick/duck type, the typical duck phenotype being exceptional. Even in a mixture of 10% chick cells and 90% duck cells, duck-type feet were not obtained. They were all of composite type: half of their interdigital zones were of chick type, the other half were occupied, in most cases, by underdeveloped, indented webbing or by one or several discrete flaps, and, in a few cases, by normal webbing. The vast majority of the feet developed from heterospecific mesoderm were characterized by the profusion of the toes, which were not polarized along the a–p axis.

Cloth-Based Hybridization Array System for Expanded Identification of the Animal Species Origin of Derived Materials in Feeds

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 2900-2905 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHANNA MURPHY ◽  
JENNIFER ARMOUR ◽  
BURTON W. BLAIS
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Specific Detection ◽  
Animal Feeds ◽  
Species Origin ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Immunoenzymatic Assay

A cloth-based hybridization array system (CHAS) previously developed for the detection of animal species for which prohibited materials have been specified (cattle, sheep, goat, elk, and deer) has been expanded to include the detection of animal species for which there are no prohibitions (pig and horse) in Canadian and American animal feeds. Animal species were identified by amplification of mitochondrial DNA sequences by PCR and subsequent hybridization of the amplicons with an array of species-specific oligonucleotide capture probes immobilized on a polyester cloth support, followed by an immunoenzymatic assay of the bound PCR products. The CHAS permitted sensitive and specific detection of meat meals from different animal species blended in a grain-based feed and should provide a useful adjunct to microscopic examination for the identification of prohibited materials in animal feeds.

scholarly journals Daily Activity Patterns and Co-Occurrence of Duikers Revealed by an Intensive Camera Trap Survey across Central African Rainforests

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2200
Author(s):  
Fructueux G. A. Houngbégnon ◽  
Daniel Cornelis ◽  
Cédric Vermeulen ◽  
Bonaventure Sonké ◽  
Stephan Ntie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Camera Trap ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
The Other ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
First Time ◽  
Daily Activity Patterns ◽  
Temporal Overlap

The duiker community in Central African rainforests includes a diversity of species that can coexist in the same area. The study of their activity patterns is needed to better understand habitat use or association between the species. Using camera traps, we studied the temporal activity patterns, and quantified for the first time the temporal overlap and spatial co-occurrence between species. Our results show that: (i) Two species are strongly diurnal: Cephalophus leucogaster, and Philantomba congica, (ii) two species are mostly diurnal: C.callipygus and C. nigrifrons, (iii) one species is strongly nocturnal: C.castaneus, (iv) and one species is mostly nocturnal: C.silvicultor. Analyses of temporal activities (for five species) identified four species pairs that highly overlapped (Δ^≥ 0.80), and six pairs that weakly overlapped (Δ^ between 0.06 and 0.35). Finally, co-occurrence tests reveal a truly random co-occurrence (plt > 0.05 and pgt > 0.05) for six species pairs, and a positive co-occurrence (pgt < 0.05) for four pairs. Positive co-occurrences are particularly noted for pairs formed by C.callipygus with the other species (except C. nigrifrons). These results are essential for a better understanding of the coexistence of duikers and the ecology of poorly known species (C. leucogaster and C. nigrifrons), and provide clarification on the activity patterns of C. silvicultor which was subject to controversy. Camera traps proved then to be a powerful tool for studying the activity patterns of free-ranging duiker populations.

Dispersal and survival of Anopheles funestus and A. gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) during the rainy season in southeast Tanzania

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Takken ◽  
J.D. Charlwood ◽  
P.F. Billingsley ◽  
G. Gort
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Fluorescent Powder ◽  
Local Topography ◽  
Release Area ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractIn a rural area of southeastern Tanzania, studies were undertaken on the dispersal and survival of Anopheles funestus Giles and A. gambiae Giles s.l. during the rainy season. Blood fed, resting mosquitoes were collected indoors, marked with fluorescent powder and released on the same day from two different sites in the study area. For two weeks indoor resting mosquitoes were collected from 11 houses in the release area. Additional collections were made with a light trap from a sentinel house in the centre of the study area. Anopheles funestus was more abundant than A. gambiae s.l. Of 4262 A. funestus and 645 A. gambiae s.l. released, 4.3% and 7.4%, respectively, were recaptured. Dispersal of mosquitoes was not random: one of three areas was favoured significantly more than the other areas, as shown by the recapture and movement rates of marked mosquitoes. Based on the regression of the recapture rate, estimated daily survival rates of A. funestus and A. gambiae s.l. were 0.63 and 0.78, respectively. These were significantly different. The differences in dispersal and survival rates between the two species are discussed in view of local topography and species-specific characteristics.

Variability in the Proportion and Type of Subunits in Lupin Storage Globulins

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Gillespie ◽  
RJ Blagrove
Keyword(s):  
Protein Structure ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobility ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subunit Composition ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Conglutin Γ

The seeds of 12 species of lupin were examined and were found to contain two major globulins, conglutins α and β, while some contained a third minor globulin, conglutin �. There were considerable differences between species in the electrophoretic mobility and proportions of conglutins α and β, and in their subunit composition in terms of the number of components, their molecular weights and the importance of disulphide bonding between them. However, the electrophoretic behaviour and subunit composition of conglutins α and β did appear to be species-specific. Conglutin γ, on the other hand, did not seem to vary in molecular size or electrophoretic mobility within this genus. The 18 cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius examined appeared to be more closely related in terms of the number and size of subunits, although variations were apparent in the relative proportion of these subunits, especially with wild types. It is suggested that this variability in the protein structure of lupin globulins may provide evidence that substantial changes can be induced by genetic selection in the composition of these proteins without upsetting their structure-function relations.

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