scholarly journals Formulation of Environmentally Safe Graffiti Remover Containing Esterified Plant Oils and Sugar Surfactant

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4706
Author(s):  
Marcin Bartman ◽  
Sebastian Balicki ◽  
Kazimiera A. Wilk
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Plant Oils ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Surface Destruction ◽  
The City

The removal of graffiti or over-painting requires special attention in order to not induce the surface destruction but to also address all of the important eco-compatibility concerns. Because of the necessity to avoid the use of volatile and toxic petroleum-based solvents that are common in cleaning formulations, much attention has recently been paid to the design of a variety of sustainable formulations that are based on biodegradable raw materials. In the present contribution we propose a new approach to graffiti cleaning formulations that are composed of newly synthesized green solvents such as esterified plant oils, i.e., rapeseed oil (RO), sunflower oil (SO), or used cooking oil (UCO), ethyl lactate (EL), and alkylpolyglucosides (APGs) as surfactants. Oil PEG-8 ester solvents were synthesized through the direct esterification/transesterification of these oils using monobutyltin(IV) tris(2-ethylhexanoate) and titanium(IV) butoxide catalysts under mild process conditions. The most efficient formulations, determined by optimization through the response surface methodology (RSM) was more effective in comparison to the reference solvents such as the so-called Nitro solvent (denoting a mixture of toluene and acetone) and petroleum ether. Additionally, the optimal product was found to be effective in removing graffiti from glass, metal, or sandstone surfaces under open-field conditions in the city of Wrocław. The performed studies could be an invaluable tool for developing future green formulations for graffiti removal.

scholarly journals KRITERIA RUMAH MAKAN SUPPLIER MINYAK JELANTAH DALAM RANGKA PERENCANAAN BAHAN BAKU BIODIESEL

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
D.U.M. Susilo ◽  
Th. Candra Wasis A.S. ◽  
Zakwan .
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
A Value ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
The City

The using of biodiesel as an environmentally friendly fuel has received attention from consumers to producers. So, a lot of research was done on the potential raw material to become biodiesel. One of the raw materials for biodiesel was waste cooking oil. Pontianak City have many sources including waste cooking oil from restaurants. Therefore restaurants in the city of Pontianak might be used as suppliers of waste cooking oil in biodiesel production. This study aims to determine the priority of criteria and sub-criteria for restaurants as suppliers and determine good restaurants as suppliers of used cooking in Pontianak City . Purposive technique sampling using a sample of 61 house dining, interviewed to obtain alternative data suppliers. Expert survey questionnaire contains priority weighting of criteria and supplier criteria, analyzed using AHP ( Analytic Hierarchy Process ). Grouping of restaurants based on alternative supplier values ​​is used to determine good restaurants to be suppliers. The priority criteria for restaurants as consecutive suppliers are experience (0.289), quality (0.279), capacity (0.231), service (0.148) and price (0.053). Sub-criteria priority of restaurants as suppliers in a row is the time span of used cooking oil sold(0.161), length of time used cooking oil (0.155), income (0.129), type of cooking oil (0.107), type of fried food products (0.092), volume of cooking oil (0.090), frying volume (0.085), transaction convenience (0.082), subject to used cooking oil (0.056), used cooking oil price (0.030) and ease of payment (0.013). A value of ≥ 0.325 is a dining value that shows a very better priority as a supplier. The number of restaurants as suppliers is 8 % of the population of restaurants in the city of Pontianak..

Оrganic Meat Production of Broiler Chickens Hubbard Redbro Cross

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
The Impact

This article presents the results of studying the impact of housing and feeding conditions on broiler chickens of Hubbard RedBro cross, as well as the quality of products obtained when using floor and cage content, in a farm. It established that when receiving a mixed feed of own production using feed raw materials grown on a farm without the use of pesticides, a statistically significant decrease in potentially dangerous substances for animal health is recorded. Compared with factory feed, it has reduced the content of pesticides by 14 times, and mercury and arsenic by 24 times, cadmium by five times, and lead by ten times. The results of the study of economic indicators of growing Hubbard RedBro cross broiler chickens, as well as the chemical composition and quality of carcasses, indicated that there was no significant difference between the floor and cell conditions of keeping. Still, the use of a diet based on eco-feeds contributed to a statistically significant decrease in the concentration of toxic metals in the muscles of the poultry of the experimental groups. As a result, it found that the use of the studied compound feed in the diets of broiler chickens increased the indicators of Biosafety and ensured the production of environmentally safe ("organic") poultry meat products.

scholarly journals Using maize wastes, fermented by co-cultures of Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens, as grain dressing against m maize diseases under field conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherien M. M. Atalla ◽  
Mokhtar M. Abdel-Kader ◽  
Nadia G. El-Gamal ◽  
Nehal S. El-Mougy
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Optimum Ratio ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Uv Visible

Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most economic crops in Egypt. Production of amylase from the waste of maize is the most economic and cheap renewable and most abundant raw materials present in environment. Biosynthesis of Cu-chitosan nanoparticles for amylase production by co-culturing between Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens at different ratios compared to free conditions was the main purpose of this study. The optimum ratio 8:2, recorded between P. fluorescens: T. harzianum, was the most promising for production of amylase produce 22.47 and 28.60 U/ml for free and nano, respectively. The UV visible spectral analysis Cu-chitosan NPs was 220 nm, while the mean diameter, using transmission electron microscopy was 0.5 μm. Application of fermented maize wastes by co-cultivation of P. fluorescence and T. harzianum, as a grain dressing before sowing declared the reduction in both root and foliar diseases during the maize growing season, starting from germination up to 70 days of its vegetative growth under field conditions. A promising approach is the creation and use of environmentally safe products, whose protective effect is based on the induction of hydrolase inhibitors in plants.

scholarly journals Study on microcrystalline cellulose/chitosan blend foam gel material

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 424-432
Author(s):  
Hongkai Zhao ◽  
Kehan Zhang ◽  
Shoupeng Rui ◽  
Peipei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Water ◽  
Aldehyde Group ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Bet Analysis

AbstractIn the present contribution, an environmental-friendly and cost-effective adsorbent was reported for soil treatment and desertification control. A novel foam gel material was synthesized here by the physical foaming in the absence of catalyst. By adopting modified microcrystalline cellulose and chitosan as raw materials and sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) as foaming agent, a microcrystalline cellulose/chitosan blend foam gel was synthesized. It is expected to replace polymers derived from petroleum for agricultural applications. In addition, a systematical study was conducted on the adsorbability, water holding capacity and re-expansion performance of foam gel in deionized water and brine under different SDS concentrations (2%–5%) as well as adsorption time. To be specific, the adsorption capacity of foam gel was up to 105g/g in distilled water and 54g/g in brine, indicating a high water absorption performance. As revealed from the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, both the amino group of chitosan and the aldehyde group modified by cellulose were involved. According to the results of Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, the foam gel was found to exhibit an interconnected pore network with uniform pore space. As suggested by Bet analysis, the macroporous structure was formed in the sample, and the pore size ranged from 0 to 170nm. The mentioned findings demonstrated that the foam gel material of this study refers to a potential environmental absorbent to improve soil and desert environments. It can act as a powerful alternative to conventional petroleum derived polymers.

scholarly journals An Ecosystem Innovation Framework: Assessing Mobility as a Service in Budapest

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3753
Author(s):  
Athena Roumboutsos ◽  
Ioanna Pagoni ◽  
Athena Tsirimpa ◽  
Amalia Polydoropoulou
Keyword(s):  
Urban Transport ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
First Year ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Modal Shift ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Document Collection ◽  
Smart Mobility ◽  
The City

Smart Mobility and the introduction of innovation in the complex and dynamic actor ecosystem of urban transport is faced with the need to manage change in order to secure sustainability and protect against negative externalities. The present contribution provides decision-makers with a tool to assess innovation strategies and monitor change over time. The proposed EcoSystem Innovation Framework (ESIF) is applied to a flagship innovation: Mobility as a Service (MaaS). The application concerns the City of Budapest, a location with highly-utilized resources and low car ownership, in contrast to other locations where MaaS is implemented. The ESIF is constructed through qualitative research (stakeholder workshops, interviews, document collection and analysis) for three (3) points in time: Summer 2018; Summer 2019 and end of 2020 (first year of the COVID-19 pandemic). The ESIF analysis was able to guide decision-makers and highlight potential future trends demonstrating the potential of the ESIF framework. For the City of Budapest, the ESIF highlighted the delicate balance in the promotion of MaaS, as the dichotomy between public and private on-demand mobility may trigger a negative modal shift. The COVID-19 pandemic has enhanced this potential. Despite public sector efforts, market opportunity has surfaced leading to contrasting interests in the ecosystem.

Synthesis of Polyurethane Dendrimers and Transfer Properties of Dye

2013 ◽  
Vol 457-458 ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Jing Ru Jia
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Orange ◽  
Phase Transfer ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Toluene Diisocyanate ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Addition Polymerization ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Transfer Properties

The polyfunctional organic compounds 2- hydroxymethyl -1,4- butanediol (trihydric alcohol) and toluene diisocyanate -2, 4- diisocyanate (TDI) were taken as the raw materials in this study. A polyurethane dendrimer was synthesized by utilizing the difference in the reaction activity of two isocyanate groups of TDI at different temperatures. The polymerization process conditions were studied. The addition polymerization of para-position NCO groups occurred at 50 °C, and that of ortho NCO groups occurred at 90 °C. According to the structure of the dendrimer synthesized, methyl orange was used as the guest molecule. Consequently, the aqueous methyl orange showed a phase transfer. With the increase of dendrimer concentration, the transfer rate of methyl orange increased.

scholarly journals Determinants of Ready-to-eat Products Purchase Intentions: An Empirical Study among the Italian Consumers

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 656-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Sgroi ◽  
Fabrizio Piraino ◽  
Enrica Donia
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Consumer Decisions ◽  
The City

The considerable diffusion of ready-to-eat products has focused attention on the reasons for their increasingly prominent success in the market. Although their prices are much higher than the prices of simple raw materials, their consumption has increased rapidly and with no end in sight, a situation that has challenged the conclusions of the classical literature on the importance of price and/or income in consumer decisions. In fact, more recent literature has broadened the classical vision by introducing potential additional variables that could influence consumer choice of certain foods. These variables, however, are not always easy and clear to identify because they reflect the cultural characteristics of a society. For this reason, the French scholar Malassis has introduced the concept of a model of food consumption, which, in fact, stems from a concept of food consumption as driven by factors that are not the same for all the societies that might be studied. Among these variables, regarding the consumption of ready-to-eat products, a factor that certainly acts as a driving force in an increasingly frenetic and dynamic society is the time saving that they are able to provide. Thus, it was considered essential to analyze this in a concrete way, through the variance analysis of a sample of 77 subjects resident in the city of Palermo, noting their characteristics in terms of age, education level, and number of nuclear family members. The results obtained indicate that subjects who consumed ready-to-eat products at a higher frequency belonged to a higher age group, had a higher level of education, and belonged to a family that was not particularly numerous. With these results, it can be stated that the consumption of ready-to-eat products is influenced by people’s need to optimize their available time, considered as a real, scarce resource.

scholarly journals New Approach in Research of Quartzes and Quartzites for Ferroalloys and Silicon Production

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 670
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Legemza ◽  
Róbert Findorák ◽  
Branislav Buľko ◽  
Jaroslav Briančin
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Material Research ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Pure Silicon ◽  
Metallurgical Properties ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Grains

This article deals with material research of selected types of quartz and quartzites in order to determine the priority of their use in the production of ferrosilicon and pure silicon, respectively. The highest quality quartzes and quartzites are commonly used in metallurgy, but not all types of these silicon raw materials are suitable for the production of ferrosilicon and pure silicon, despite their similar chemical composition. Behavior differences can be observed in the process conditions of heating and carbothermic production of ferrosilicon and silicon. These differences depend, in particular, on the nature and content of impurities, and the granularity (lumpiness) and microstructure of individual grains. The research focused primarily on determining the physicochemical and metallurgical properties of silicon raw materials. An integral part of the research was also the creation of a new methodology for determining the reducibility of quartzes (or quartzites), which could be used for real industrial processes and should be very reliable. The results of the laboratory experiments and evaluation of the physicochemical and metallurgical properties of the individual quartzes (or quartzites) are presented in the discussion. Based on comparison of the tested samples’ properties, their priority of use was determined. This research revealed the highest quality in quartzite from Sweden (Dalbo deposit) and Ukraine (Ovruč deposit) and quartz from Slovakia (Švedlár deposit). The use of these raw materials in industrial conditions is expected to result in the achievement of better production parameters, such as higher yield and product quality and lower electricity consumption.

Processing Technogenic Raw Materials-Phosphorus Slags with the Production of Precipitated Nanosilica and Simultaneous Recovery of Valuable Components

2021 ◽  
Vol 316 ◽  
pp. 637-642
Author(s):  
Yelena G. Bochevskaya ◽  
Zaure B. Karshigina ◽  
Aynash S. Sharipova
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Nitric Acid Concentration ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Flow Sheet ◽  
Process Duration ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Component Content ◽  
Slag Processing ◽  
White Soot

The paper provides a flow sheet of the phosphorus slag processing to produce precipitated silica (white soot). The process conditions for opening phosphorus slag at the I stage of leaching have been selected: the nitric acid concentration is 3.5 mol/dm3; the ratio S:L = 1:3.5; the temperature is 60 oС; and the process duration is 1 hour. The parameters of the white soot production II stage have been determined: the HNO3 concentration is 6.5 mol/dm3; the ratio S:L = 1:3.5; the temperature is 50 oС; and the process duration is 1 hour. The temperature effect on the white soot structure and the specific surface have been established. At optimal process parameters, the white soot batches have been obtained with the main SiO2 component content of 88.2 and 90.5 %, and a specific surface of 170 and 182 m2/g, respectively. The through recovery of silicon into a commercial product is 98.0 % of its initial content in slag.

scholarly journals New methods of acid hydrolysis of cellulose and plant raw materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
V. S. Boltovsky
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Prospects for the development of hydrolysis production are determined by the relevance of industrial use of plant biomass to replace the declining reserves of fossil organic raw materials and increasing demand for ethanol, especially for its use as automobile fuel, protein-containing feed additives that compensate for protein deficiency in feed production, and other products. Based on the review of the research results presented in the scientific literature, the analysis of modern methods of liquid-phase acid hydrolysis of cellulose and various types of plant raw materials, including those that differ from traditional ones, is performed. The main directions of increasing its efficiency through the use of new catalytic systems and process conditions are identified. It is shown that the most promising methods for obtaining monosaccharides in hydrolytic processing of cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose, pentosan-containing agricultural waste and wood, are methods for carrying out the process at elevated and supercritical temperatures (high-temperature hydrolysis), the use of new types of solid-acid catalysts and ionic liquids. 

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