Statistical Design of Biocarbon Reinforced Sustainable Composites from Blends of Polyphthalamide (PPA) and Polyamide 4,10 (PA410)

A full factorial design with four factors (the ratio of polyphthalamide (PPA) and polyamide 4,10 (PA410) in the polymer matrix, content percent of biocarbon (BioC), the temperature at which it was pyrolyzed and the presence of a chain extender (CE)), each factor with two levels (high and low), was carried out to optimize the mechanical properties of the resulting composites. After applying a linear model, changes in tensile strength, elongation at break and impact energy were not statistically significant within the considered material space, while the ones in the flexural modulus, the tensile modulus, density and heat deflection temperature (HDT) were. The two most influential factors were the content of BioC and its pyrolysis temperature, followed by the content of PPA. The affinity of PPA with a high-temperature biocarbon and the affinity of PA410 with a lower-temperature biocarbon, appear to explain the mechanical properties of the resulting composites. The study also revealed that the addition of CE hindered the mechanical properties. By maximizing the flexural modulus, tensile modulus and HDT, while minimizing the density, the optimal composite predicted is an 80 [PPA:PA410 (25:75)] wt% polymer composite, with 20 wt% of a BioC, pyrolyzed at a calculated 823 °C.

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Mechanical properties of jute fiber reinforced polypropylene composite: Effect of chemical treatment by benzenediazonium salt in alkaline medium

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.5.3.1618-1625 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 1618-1625

Author(s):

M. Alamgir Kabir ◽

M. Monimul Huque ◽

M. Rabiul Islam ◽

Andrzej K. Bledzki

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Alkaline Medium ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Tensile Modulus ◽

Charpy Impact ◽

Alkaline Media ◽

Jute Fiber ◽

Composite Effect ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Pp Composites

Raw jute fiber was treated with o-hydroxybenzenediazonium salt (o-HBDS) in alkaline media. Raw and modified jute fiber were used to prepare composites by mixing with polypropylene (PP) plastic in different weight fractions (20, 25, 30, and 35%) of jute fiber. The mechanical properties except elongation at break of o-HBDS-treated (in alkaline medium) jute fiber-PP composite were higher than those of PP alone, raw jute fiber-PP composites, and alkali-treated jute fiber-PP composites. The elongation at break of treated jute-PP composite decreased to a large extent as compared to that of PP. The increase of tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and Charpy impact strength were found to be exceptionally high (in some cases ~200%) as compared to those of literature values.

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The Structure and Mechanical Properties of Hemp Fibers-Reinforced Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Composites Modified by Electron Beam Irradiation

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11125317 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 5317

Author(s):

Rafał Malinowski ◽

Aneta Raszkowska-Kaczor ◽

Krzysztof Moraczewski ◽

Wojciech Głuszewski ◽

Volodymyr Krasinskyi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Natural Fibers ◽

High Energy ◽

Electron Radiation ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Hemp Fibers

The need for the development of new biodegradable materials and modification of the properties the current ones possess has essentially increased in recent years. The aim of this study was the comparison of changes occurring in poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) due to its modification by high-energy electron beam derived from a linear electron accelerator, as well as the addition of natural fibers in the form of cut hemp fibers. Changes to the fibers structure in the obtained composites and the geometrical surface structure of sample fractures with the use of scanning electron microscopy were investigated. Moreover, the mechanical properties were examined, including tensile strength, elongation at break, flexural modulus and impact strength of the modified PCL. It was found that PCL, modified with hemp fibers and/or electron radiation, exhibited enhanced flexural modulus but the elongation at break and impact strength decreased. Depending on the electron radiation dose and the hemp fibers content, tensile strength decreased or increased. It was also found that hemp fibers caused greater changes to the mechanical properties of PCL than electron radiation. The prepared composites exhibited uniform distribution of the dispersed phase in the polymer matrix and adequate adhesion at the interface between the two components.

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Improving the mechanical properties of polypropylene composites with coconut shell particles

Composites and Advanced Materials ◽

10.1177/26349833211007497 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 263498332110074

Author(s):

Henry C Obasi ◽

Uchechi C Mark ◽

Udochukwu Mark

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Particle Size ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Filler Particle ◽

Tensile Modulus ◽

Coconut Shell ◽

Polypropylene Composites ◽

Increase With Increase ◽

Pp Composites ◽

Shell Particles

Conventional inorganic fillers are widely used as fillers for polymer-based composites. Though, their processing difficulties and cost have demanded the quest for credible alternatives of organic origin like coconut shell fillers. Dried shells of coconut were burnt, ground, and sifted to sizes of 63, 150, 300, and 425 µm. The ground coconut shell particles (CSP) were used as a filler to prepare polypropylene (PP) composites at filler contents of 0% to 40% via injection melt blending process to produce PP composite sheets. The effect of the filler particle size on the mechanical properties was investigated. The decrease in the size of filler (CSP) was found to improve the yield strength, tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and hardness of PP by 8.5 MPa, 15.75 MPa, 1.72 GPa, 7.5 MPa, 100 MPa, and 10.5 HR for 63 µm at 40%, respectively. However, the elongation at break and modulus of resilience of the PP composites were seen to increase with increase in the filler size. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed that fillers with 63 µm particle size had the best distribution and interaction with the PP matrix resulting in enhanced properties.

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Application of Machine Learning Techniques to Predict Mechanical Properties for Polyamide 2200 (PA12) in Additive Manufacturing

10.20944/preprints201903.0051.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ivanna Baturynska

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Mechanical Properties ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Prediction Accuracy ◽

Regression Models ◽

Tensile Modulus ◽

Machine Learning Techniques ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Elongation At Break

Additive manufacturing (AM) is an attractive technology for manufacturing industry due to flexibility in design and functionality, but inconsistency in quality is one of the major limitations that does not allow utilizing this technology for production of end-use parts. Prediction of mechanical properties can be one of the possible ways to improve the repeatability of the results. The part placement, part orientation, and STL model properties (number of mesh triangles, surface, and volume) are used to predict tensile modulus, nominal stress and elongation at break for polyamide 2200 (also known as PA12). EOS P395 polymer powder bed fusion system was used to fabricate 217 specimens in two identical builds (434 specimens in total). Prediction is performed for XYZ, XZY, ZYX, and Angle orientations separately, and all orientations together. The different non-linear models based on machine learning methods have higher prediction accuracy compared with linear regression models. Linear regression models have prediction accuracy higher than 80% only for Tensile Modulus and Elongation at break in Angle orientation. Since orientation-based modeling has low prediction accuracy due to a small number of data points and lack of information about material properties, these models need to be improved in the future based on additional experimental work.

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Application of Machine Learning Techniques to Predict the Mechanical Properties of Polyamide 2200 (PA12) in Additive Manufacturing

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9061060 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1060

Author(s):

Ivanna Baturynska

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Mechanical Properties ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Prediction Accuracy ◽

Regression Models ◽

Tensile Modulus ◽

Machine Learning Techniques ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Elongation At Break

Additive manufacturing (AM) is an attractive technology for the manufacturing industry due to flexibility in its design and functionality, but inconsistency in quality is one of the major limitations preventing utilizing this technology for the production of end-use parts. The prediction of mechanical properties can be one of the possible ways to improve the repeatability of results. The part placement, part orientation, and STL model properties (number of mesh triangles, surface, and volume) are used to predict tensile modulus, nominal stress, and elongation at break for polyamide 2200 (also known as PA12). An EOS P395 polymer powder bed fusion system was used to fabricate 217 specimens in two identical builds (434 specimens in total). Prediction is performed for XYZ, XZY, ZYX, and Angle orientations separately, and all orientations together. The different non-linear models based on machine learning methods have higher prediction accuracy compared with linear regression models. Linear regression models only have prediction accuracy higher than 80% for Tensile Modulus and Elongation at break in Angle orientation. Since orientation-based modeling has low prediction accuracy due to a small number of data points and lack of information about the material properties, these models need to be improved in the future based on additional experimental work.

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Effect of MWCNT on Thermal, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of Polybutylene Terephthalate/Polycarbonate Blends

Journal of Polymers ◽

10.1155/2014/157137 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. P. Rejisha ◽

S. Soundararajan ◽

N. Sivapatham ◽

K. Palanivelu

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

High Performance ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Tensile Modulus ◽

Nucleating Agent ◽

Mechanical Analysis ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Multiwall Carbon Nanotube ◽

Polybutylene Terephthalate ◽

The Impact

This paper evaluated the effect of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) on the properties of PBT/PC blends. The nanocomposites were obtained by melt blending MWCNT in the weight percentages 0.15, 0.3, and 0.45 wt% with PBT/PC blends in a high performance corotating twin screw extruder. Samples were characterized by tensile testing, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Concentrations of PBT and PC are optimized as 80 : 20 based on mechanical properties. A small amount of MWCNT shows better increase in the thermal and mechanical properties of the blends of PBT/PC nanocomposite when compared to nanoclays or inorganic fillers. The ultimate tensile strength of the nanocomposites increased from 54 MPa to 85 MPa with addition of MWCNT up to 0.3% and then decreased.The tensile modulus values were increased to about 60% and the flexural modulus was more than about 80%. The impact strength was also improved with 20% PC to about 60% and with 0.15% MWCNT to about 50%. The HDT also improved from 127°C to 205°C. It can be seen from XRD result that the crystallinity of PBT is less affected by incorporating MWCNT. The crystallizing temperature was increased and the MWCNT may act as a strong nucleating agent.

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Investigation of Cure Reaction, Rheology, Volume Shrinkage and Thermomechanical Properties of Nano-TiO2 Filled Epoxy/DDS Composites

Journal of Polymers ◽

10.1155/2013/183463 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai ◽

Abhilash George ◽

Jürgen Pionteck ◽

Sabu Thomas

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Tensile Modulus ◽

Thermomechanical Properties ◽

Diglycidyl Ether ◽

Volume Shrinkage ◽

Heat Of Reaction ◽

Nano Tio2 ◽

Cure Reaction ◽

Good Improvement

The cure reaction, rheology, volume shrinkage, and thermomechanical behavior of epoxy-TiO2 nanocomposites based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone have been investigated. The FTIR results show that, at the initial curing stage, TiO2 acts as a catalyst and facilitates the curing. The catalytic effect of TiO2 was further confirmed by the decrease in maximum exothermal peak temperature (DSC results); however, it was also found that the addition of TiO2 decreases the overall degree of cure, as evidenced by lower total heat of reaction of the cured composites compared to neat epoxy. The importance of cure rheology in the microstructure formation during curing was explored by using rheometry. From the PVT studies, it was found that TiO2 decreases the volume shrinkage behavior of the epoxy matrix. The mechanical properties of the cured epoxy composites, such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength, and fracture toughness of the polymer composites, were examined. The nanocomposites exhibited good improvement in dimensional, thermal, and mechanical properties with respect to neat cross-linked epoxy system. FESEM micrographs of fractured surfaces were examined to understand the toughening mechanism.

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Effects of the Size of Wood Flour on Mechanical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composites

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.76 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 393-395 ◽

pp. 76-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hai Bing Huang ◽

Hu Hu Du ◽

Wei Hong Wang ◽

Hai Gang Wang

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Wood Flour ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Tensile Modulus ◽

Inorganic Filler ◽

Full Potential ◽

Wood Plastic Composites ◽

Plastic Composites

In this article, wood-plastic composites(WPCs) were manufactured with wood flour(80～120mesh、40～80mesh、20～40mesh、10～20mesh) combing with high density polyethylene(HDPE). Effects of the size of wood flour on mechanical properies and density of composites were investigated. Results showed that particle size of wood flour had an important effect on properitiesof WPCs. Change of mesh number had a outstanding effect on flexural modulus, tensile modulus and impact strength, howere, little effect on flexural strength and tensile strength. When mesh number of wood flour changed from 80～120mesh to 10～20mesh,flexural modulus and tensile modulus were respectively enhanced by 42.4% and 28.4%, respectively, and impact strength was decreased by 35.5%.Size of wood flour basically had no effect on density of composite within 10～120mesh. The use of wood flour or fiber as fillers and reinforcements in thermoplastics has been gaining acceptance in commodity plastics applications in the past few years. WPCs are currently experiencing a dramatic increase in use. Most of them are used to produce window/door profiles,decking,railing,ang siding. Wood thermoplastic composites are manufactured by dispering wood fiber or wood flour(WF) into molten plastics to form composite materials by processing techniques such as extrusion,themoforming, and compression or injection molding[1]. WPCs have such advantages[2]：(1)With wood as filler can improve heat resistance and strength of plastic, and wood has a low cost, comparing with inorganic filler, wood has a low density. Wood as strengthen material has a great potential in improving tensile strength and flexural modulus[3]；(2) For composite of same volume, composites with wood as filler have a little abrasion for equipment and can be regenerated；(3)They have a low water absorption and low hygroscopic property, They are not in need of protective waterproof paint, at the same time, composite can be dyed and painted for them own needs；(4)They are superior to wood in resistantnce to crack、leaf mold and termite aspects, composites are the same biodegradation as wood；(5)They can be processed or connected like wood；（6）They can be processed into a lots of complicated shape product by means of extrusion or molding and so on, meanwhile, they have high-efficiency raw material conversion and itself recycle utilization[4]. While there are many sucesses to report in WPCs, there are still some issues that need to be addressed before this technology will reach its full potential. This technology involves two different types of materials: one hygroscopic(biomass) and one hydrophobic(plastic), so there are issues of phase separation and compatibilization[5]. In this paper, Effects of the size of wood powder on mechanical properties of WPCs were studied.

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A Study of Physico-Mechanical Properties of Hollow Glass Bubble, Jute Fibre and Rubber Powder Reinforced Polypropylene Compounds with and without MuCell® Technology for Lightweight Applications

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12112664 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 2664

Author(s):

Yinping Tao ◽

Srichand Hinduja ◽

Robert Heinemann ◽

Anselmo Gomes ◽

Paulo Jorge Bártolo

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Tensile Modulus ◽

Tensile Yield Strength ◽

Small Scale ◽

Scale Production ◽

Hollow Glass ◽

Rubber Powder ◽

Density Reduction ◽

Base Polymer

Lightweighting is one of the key solutions to reduce the carbon footprint of vehicles. Nowadays, it is still challenging to achieve this target because there is a conflict between the cost and final material performance, as well as the fact that many lightweight solutions are restricted to laboratory or small-scale production. In this work, a commercially feasible strategy was adopted to fabricate materials for lightweight applications. Hollow glass bubbles, jute fibres, and rubber powder were used as fillers with polypropylene as the base polymer. Various samples were fabricated using conventional and MuCell® injection moulding. Their performance was then characterised by their density and morphological, mechanical, and rheological properties. A comparison among hybrid fillers/polypropylene compounds with and without MuCell® technology was investigated. The filler hybridisation resulted in not only a density reduction of up to approximately 10%, but also improved tensile/flexural modulus and strength. The use of MuCell® led to a further reduction in density of roughly 10%. Meanwhile, although some compounds fabricated by MuCell® exhibited some deterioration in their tensile yield strength, tensile modulus, and impact strength, they maintained acceptable mechanical properties for automotive applications.

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Mechanical and Interfacial Properties of Hydrolyzed Kevlar Fiber Reinforced Wood Flour/HDPE Composites

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.221.27 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 221 ◽

pp. 27-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rong Xian Ou ◽

Qing Wen Wang ◽

Fei Pin Yuan ◽

Bao Yu Liu ◽

Wei Jun Yang

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Wood Flour ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Tensile Modulus ◽

Screw Extruder ◽

Kevlar Fiber ◽

Single Screw ◽

Single Screw Extruder ◽

Twin Screw ◽

Matrix Morphology

Hydrolyzed Kevlar fibers (KFs) were compouded into high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with wood flour (WF) by twin-screw/single-screw extruder to investigate the reinforcement effects of KFs on the mechanical properties of conventional WF/HDPE composites. Maleated HDPE (MAPE) was used as a compatibilizer. The mechanical properties significantly improved as the KFs loading increases in the presence of 4% MAPE, such as tensile strength 14.7%, tensile modulus 12.4%, flexural strength 22.2%, flexural modulus 22.4%, and impact strength 41.7% with 2 wt.% KFs compared to WF/HDPE composite with MAPE. The fiber matrix morphology of the interface region in the composites was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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