The Valorisation of Olive Mill Wastewater from Slovenian Istria by Fe3O4 Particles to Recover Polyphenolic Compounds for the Chemical Specialties Sector

Olive oil production using three-phase decanter systems creates olive oil and two by-products: olive mill wastewater (OMWW) and pomace. These by-products contain the highest share of polyphenolic compounds that are known to be associated with beneficial effects on human health. Therefore, they are an attractive source of phenolic compounds for further industrial use in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. The use of these phenolics is limited due to difficulties in recovery, high reactivity, complexity of the OMWW matrix and different physiochemical properties of phenolic compounds. This research, focused on OMWW, was performed in two phases. First, different polyphenol extraction methods were compared to obtain the method that yields the highest polyphenol concentration. Twenty-five phenolic compounds and their isomers were determined. Acidifying OMWW, followed by five minutes of ultrasonication, resulted in the highest measured polyphenol content of 27 mg/L. Second, the collection of polyphenolic compounds from OMWW via adsorption on unmodified iron (II, III) oxide particles was investigated. Although low yields were obtained for removed polyphenolic compounds in one removal cycle, the process has a high capability to be repeated.

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Enrichment of Phenolic Compounds from Olive Mill Wastewater and In Vitro Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Activities

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2017/3706915 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Saleh Abu-Lafi ◽

Mahmoud Sami Al-Natsheh ◽

Reem Yaghmoor ◽

Fuad Al-Rimawi

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Acid Value ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Olive Mill Wastewater ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

The Stability ◽

Olive Mill

The production of olive oil generates massive quantities of by-product called olive mill wastewater (OMWW). The uncontrolled disposal of OMWW poses serious environmental problems. The OMWW effluent is rich in several polyphenolic compounds. Liquid-liquid extraction of OMWW using ethyl acetate solvent was used to enrich phenolic compounds under investigation. Total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the extract were determined. HPLC coupled to photodiode array (PDA) detector was used to analyze the main three phenolic compounds of OMWW, namely, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and oleuropein. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was also investigated. Additionally, the OMWW extract was used as natural preservative and antioxidants for olive oil. Results showed that OMWW is very rich in phenolic compounds and has strong antioxidant activity. HPLC analysis showed that the extract contains mainly hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol but no oleuropein. The OMWW extract showed also positive activities as antibacterial (gram positive and gram negative) and antifungal as well as activities against yeast. The addition of OMWW extract to olive oil samples has an effect on the stability of olive oil as reflected by its acid value, peroxide value, K232 and K270, and total phenolic content.

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Olive mill wastewater biological treatment by fungi biomass

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2007.311 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 55 (10) ◽

pp. 89-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. Caffaz ◽

C. Caretti ◽

M. Morelli ◽

C. Lubello ◽

E. Azzari

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Biological Treatment ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Food Industries ◽

Olive Mill Wastewaters ◽

Biomass Activity ◽

The One ◽

By Products ◽

Olive Mill

Olive oil extraction is one of the most important traditional food industries in the Mediterranean region, especially in Italy. In addition to olive oil, this industry produces by-products, in particular olive mill wastewaters (OMWs) and olive husks, which represent a serious environmental problem. OMWs can be rarely treated in a municipal WWTP, using conventional wastewater treatments. A novel biological process has to be considered in order to treat OMWs. Literature data show that yeasts and different kinds of fungi are able to reduce both the organic and the phenolic content of the OMW. The present work is aimed at investigating the growth of a biomass rich in fungi in a batch reactor filled with OMW and its capacity to degrade the organic and phenolic load. The aerobic OMW degradation obtained using this biomass reached a COD and TP removal efficiency of 86 and 70%, respectively. Respirometric tests have been carried out in order to measure the biomass activity on different substrates: OMW and phenolic compounds (gallic and p-coumaric acids). The polyphenolic biodegradation efficiency of fungi biomass was higher than the one of a non-acclimated activated sludge biomass. Fungi biomass was able to completely degrade pure phenolic compounds.

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Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater through Integrated Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes10110334 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 334

Author(s):

Aldo Bottino ◽

Gustavo Capannelli ◽

Antonio Comite ◽

Camilla Costa ◽

Raffaella Firpo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Ceramic Membrane ◽

Membrane Surface ◽

Olive Mill Wastewater ◽

Permeate Flux ◽

Membrane Processes ◽

Produce Water ◽

Olive Mill ◽

Pressure Driven

The disposal of wastewater resulting from olive oil production (olive mill wastewater, OMW) is a major issue for olive oil producers. This wastewater is among the most polluting due to the very high concentration of organic substances and the presence of hardly degradable phenolic compounds. The systems proposed for OMW treatment are essentially based either on conventional chemical-physical, biological and thermal processes, or on membrane processes. With respect to conventional methods, membrane processes allow to separate different species without the use of chemicals or heat. This work deals with the use of the integrated pressure-driven membrane processes for the treatment of OMW. They consist of a first stage (microfiltration, MF) in which a porous multichannel ceramic membrane retains suspended materials and produces a clarified permeate for a second stage (reverse osmosis, RO), in order to separate (and concentrate) dissolved substances from water. Laboratory scale experiments with different small flat sheet RO membranes were first carried out in order to select the most appropriate one for the successive bench scale tests with a spiral wound module having a large membrane surface. The aim of this test was to concentrate the dissolved substances and to produce water with low salinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and reduced phytotoxicity due to a low content of phenolic compounds. The trend of the permeate flux and membrane retention as a function of the volume concentration ratio was investigated. The influence of OMW origin and its aging on the membrane performance was also studied.

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Olive oil enrichment in phenolic compounds during malaxation in the presence of olive leaves or olive mill wastewater extracts

European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology ◽

10.1002/ejlt.201600425 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 119 (9) ◽

pp. 1600425 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Konstantinos Kiritsakis ◽

Celia Rodríguez-Pérez ◽

Dimitrios Gerasopoulos ◽

Antonio Segura- Carretero

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Olive Mill Wastewater ◽

Olive Leaves ◽

Olive Mill

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Olive Mill Wastewater as Renewable Raw Materials to Generate High Added-Value Ingredients for Agro-Food Industries

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11167511 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (16) ◽

pp. 7511

Author(s):

Paola Foti ◽

Flora V. Romeo ◽

Nunziatina Russo ◽

Alessandra Pino ◽

Amanda Vaccalluzzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Olive Mill Wastewater ◽

Added Value ◽

Future Research ◽

Food Industries ◽

Functional Additives ◽

Mediterranean Countries ◽

By Products ◽

Olive Mill

Olive oil production represents an agro-industrial activity of vital economic importance for many Mediterranean countries. However, it is associated with the generation of a huge amount of by-products, both in solid and liquid forms, mainly constituted by olive mill wastewater, olive pomace, wood, leaves, and stones. Although for many years olive by-products have only been considered as a relevant environmental issue, in the last decades, numerous studies have deeply described their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anticancer, anti-hyperglycemic activities. Therefore, the increasing interest in natural bioactive compounds represents a new challenge for olive mills. Studies have focused on optimizing methods to extract phenols from olive oil by-products for pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications and attempts have been made to describe microorganisms and metabolic activity involved in the treatment of such complex and variable by-products. However, few studies have investigated olive oil by-products in order to produce added-value ingredients and/or preservatives for food industries. This review provides an overview of the prospective of liquid olive oil by-products as a source of high nutritional value compounds to produce new functional additives or ingredients and to explore potential and future research opportunities.

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From olive to olive oil: a general approach

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i3.13408 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. e32210313408

Author(s):

Bruna Sanches Silva ◽

Marcio Schmiele

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Olive Tree ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

International Standards ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Fatty Acids Profile ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

By Products

This study aimed to carry out a systematic literature review about olives, extraction methods, physical and chemical characterization and identity and quality parameters of olive oils, as well as technological alternatives for using by-products. Olive oil is the oil extracted from the ripe fruits of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.). Trees have been cultivated in the Mediterranean Region for several centuries and thousands of cultivars differ by weight, size and chemical characteristics of the fruits. Currently, olive oil is produced worldwide and the olive plant was recently introduced in the city of Diamantina, Minas Gerais. The lipid content is mostly composed of oleic acid and smaller fractions of phenolic compounds, phytosterols and pigments, substances with antioxidant and bioactive activities that promote oxidative stability of the oil and beneficial effects on human health. The main extraction of olive oil consists of crushing, pressing and centrifuging, generating by-products that can be reused for recovery of compounds or generation of new products in the food industry. After extraction, the oil is submitted to several physical and chemical analyzes to define the identity and quality parameters, according to international standards. The main characteristics that define the quality of olive oil are free acidity, peroxide index, specific extinction index, instrumental color and fatty acids profile.

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Antioxidant Properties of Olive Mill Wastewater Polyphenolic Extracts on Human Endothelial and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10040800 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 800

Author(s):

Anna Maria Posadino ◽

Annalisa Cossu ◽

Roberta Giordo ◽

Amalia Piscopo ◽

Wael M Abdel-Rahman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Cell Death ◽

Smooth Muscle ◽

Vascular Smooth Muscle ◽

Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Muscle Cells ◽

Olive Mill Wastewater ◽

Olive Mill

This work aims to analyze the chemical and biological evaluation of two extracts obtained by olive mill wastewater (OMW), an olive oil processing byproduct. The exploitation of OMW is becoming an important aspect of development of the sustainable olive oil industry. Here we chemically and biologically evaluated one liquid (L) and one solid (S) extract obtained by liquid–liquid extraction followed by acidic hydrolysis (LLAC). Chemical characterization of the two extracts indicated that S has higher phenol content than L. Hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol were the more abundant phenols in both OMW extracts, with hydroxytyrosol significantly higher in S as compared to L. Both extracts failed to induce cell death when challenged with endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells in cell viability experiments. On the contrary, the higher extract dosages employed significantly affected cell metabolic activity, as indicated by the MTT tests. Their ability to counteract H2O2-induced oxidative stress and cell death was assessed to investigate potential antioxidant activities of the extracts. Fluorescence measurements obtained with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) probe H2DCF-DA indicated strong antioxidant activity of the two OMW extracts in both cell models, as indicated by the inhibition of H2O2-induced ROS generation and the counteraction of the oxidative-induced cell death. Our results indicate LLAC-obtained OMW extracts as a safe and useful source of valuable compounds harboring antioxidant activity.

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Intergraded Applied Methodology for the Treatment of Heavy Polluted Waste Waters from Olive Oil Industries

Applied and Environmental Soil Science ◽

10.1155/2011/537814 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Antonis A. Zorpas ◽

Vassilis J. Inglezakis

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Oil Production ◽

Olive Mill Wastewater ◽

Fenton Process ◽

Waste Waters ◽

Warm Climate ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Integrated Method ◽

Third Stage ◽

Olive Mill

The annual olive oil production in Cyprus is in the range of 2700–3100 t y−1, resulting in the generation of significant amount of waste. The cocomposting of the olive oil solid residue (OOSR) and the treated wastewaters (with Fenton) from the olive oil production process with the application of reed beds has been studied as an integrated method for the treatment of wastewater containing high organic and toxic pollutants under warm climate conditions. The experimental results indicated that the olive mill wastewater (OMW) is detoxified at the end of the Fenton process. Specifically, COD is reduced up to 65% (minimum 54.32%) by the application of Fenton and another 10–28% by the application of red beds as a third stage. The final cocomposted material of OOSR with the treated olive mile wastewater (TOMW) presents optimum characteristics and is suitable for agricultural purpose.

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Olive Mill Wastewater Inhibits Growth and Proliferation of Cisplatin- and Gemcitabine-Resistant Bladder Cancer Cells In Vitro by Down-Regulating the Akt/mTOR-Signaling Pathway

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu14020369 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 369

Author(s):

Jochen Rutz ◽

Sebastian Maxeiner ◽

Eva Juengel ◽

Felix K.-H. Chun ◽

Igor Tsaur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Bladder Cancer ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Olive Mill Wastewater ◽

Mtor Signaling ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Cycle Arrest ◽

Bladder Cancer Cells ◽

Olive Mill

Bladder cancer patients whose tumors develop resistance to cisplatin-based chemotherapy often turn to natural, plant-derived products. Beneficial effects have been particularly ascribed to polyphenols, although their therapeutic relevance when resistance has developed is not clear. The present study evaluated the anti-tumor potential of polyphenol-rich olive mill wastewater (OMWW) on chemo-sensitive and cisplatin- and gemcitabine-resistant T24, RT112, and TCCSUP bladder cancer cells in vitro. The cells were treated with different dilutions of OMWW, and tumor growth and clone formation were evaluated. Possible mechanisms of action were investigated by evaluating cell cycle phases and cell cycle-regulating proteins. OMWW profoundly inhibited the growth and proliferation of chemo-sensitive as well as gemcitabine- and cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells. Depending on the cell line and on gemcitabine- or cisplatin-resistance, OMWW induced cell cycle arrest at different phases. These differing phase arrests were accompanied by differing alterations in the CDK-cyclin axis. Considerable suppression of the Akt-mTOR pathway by OMWW was observed in all three cell lines. Since OMWW blocks the cell cycle through the manipulation of the cyclin-CDK axis and the deactivation of Akt-mTOR signaling, OMWW could become relevant in supporting bladder cancer therapy.

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A focus on pressure-driven membrane technology in olive mill wastewater reclamation: state of the art

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2012.506 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 66 (12) ◽

pp. 2505-2516 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

J. M. Ochando-Pulido ◽

A. Martinez-Ferez

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Large Scale ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Olive Mill Wastewater ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Added Value ◽

Wastewater Reclamation ◽

Starting Point ◽

Olive Mill

Direct disposal of the heavily polluted effluent from olive oil industry (olive mill wastewater, OMW) to the environment or to domestic wastewater treatment plants is actually prohibited in most countries, and conventional treatments are ineffective. Membranes are currently one of the most versatile technologies for environmental quality control. Notwithstanding, studies on OMW reclamation by membranes are still scarce, and fouling inhibition and prediction to improve large-scale membrane performance still remain unresolved. Consequently, adequately targeted pretreatment for the specific binomium membrane-feed, as well as optimized operating conditions for the proper membranes, is today's challenge to ensure threshold flux values. Several membrane materials, configurations and pore sizes have been elucidated, and also different pretreatments including sedimentation, centrifugation, biosorption, sieving, filtration and microfiltration, various types of flocculation as well as advance oxidation processes have been applied so far. Recovery of potential-value compounds, such as a variety of polyphenols highlighting oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, has been attempted too. All this research should constitute the starting point to proceed with OMW purification beyond recycling for irrigation or depuration for sewer discharge, with the aim of complying with standards to reuse the effluent in the olive oil production process, together with cost-effective recovery of added-value compounds.

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