scholarly journals Progress in Nanocarriers Codelivery System to Enhance the Anticancer Effect of Photodynamic Therapy

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1951
Author(s):  
YuLing Yang ◽  
Ke Lin ◽  
Li Yang
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Metastatic Tumor ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Synergistic Enhancement ◽  
Anticancer Effects ◽  
Multifunctional Nanocarriers ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising anticancer noninvasive method and has great potential for clinical applications. Unfortunately, PDT still has many limitations, such as metastatic tumor at unknown sites, inadequate light delivery and a lack of sufficient oxygen. Recent studies have demonstrated that photodynamic therapy in combination with other therapies can enhance anticancer effects. The development of new nanomaterials provides a platform for the codelivery of two or more therapeutic drugs, which is a promising cancer treatment method. The use of multifunctional nanocarriers for the codelivery of two or more drugs can improve physical and chemical properties, increase tumor site aggregation, and enhance the antitumor effect through synergistic actions, which is worthy of further study. This review focuses on the latest research progress on the synergistic enhancement of PDT by simultaneous multidrug administration using codelivery nanocarriers. We introduce the design of codelivery nanocarriers and discuss the mechanism of PDT combined with other antitumor methods. The combination of PDT and chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, photothermal therapy, hyperthermia, radiotherapy, sonodynamic therapy and even multidrug therapy are discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding.

scholarly journals Bimetallic Nanocrystals: Structure, Controllable Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis, Energy and Sensing

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1926
Author(s):  
Gaojie Li ◽  
Wenshuang Zhang ◽  
Na Luo ◽  
Zhenggang Xue ◽  
Qingmin Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Sensing ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Controlled Synthesis ◽  
Controllable Synthesis ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Bimetallic Nanocrystals ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In recent years, bimetallic nanocrystals have attracted great interest from many researchers. Bimetallic nanocrystals are expected to exhibit improved physical and chemical properties due to the synergistic effect between the two metals, not just a combination of two monometallic properties. More importantly, the properties of bimetallic nanocrystals are significantly affected by their morphology, structure, and atomic arrangement. Reasonable regulation of these parameters of nanocrystals can effectively control their properties and enhance their practicality in a given application. This review summarizes some recent research progress in the controlled synthesis of shape, composition and structure, as well as some important applications of bimetallic nanocrystals. We first give a brief introduction to the development of bimetals, followed by the architectural diversity of bimetallic nanocrystals. The most commonly used and typical synthesis methods are also summarized, and the possible morphologies under different conditions are also discussed. Finally, we discuss the composition-dependent and shape-dependent properties of bimetals in terms of highlighting applications such as catalysis, energy conversion, gas sensing and bio-detection applications.

scholarly journals Biophysical Characterization and Anticancer Activities of Photosensitive Phytoanthraquinones Represented by Hypericin and Its Model Compounds

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 5666
Author(s):  
Valéria Verebová ◽  
Jiří Beneš ◽  
Jana Staničová
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Model Compounds ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Biophysical Characterization ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Photosensitive compounds found in herbs have been reported in recent years as having a variety of interesting medicinal and biological activities. In this review, we focus on photosensitizers such as hypericin and its model compounds emodin, quinizarin, and danthron, which have antiviral, antifungal, antineoplastic, and antitumor effects. They can be utilized as potential agents in photodynamic therapy, especially in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. We aimed to give a comprehensive summary of the physical and chemical properties of these interesting molecules, emphasizing their mechanism of action in relation to their different interactions with biomacromolecules, specifically with DNA.

The reliability of radiocarbon dates of different carbon fractions in the Australian tropical savannas: A case study from Sanamere Lagoon, northeast Australia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rivera-Araya ◽  
Michael Bird ◽  
Cassandra Rowe ◽  
Sean Ulm ◽  
Vladimir Levchenko
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Tropical Lake ◽  
Tropical Lakes ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Carbon Fractions ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Organic Fractions ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Physical And Chemical

<p>The selection and pre-treatment of a reliable organic fraction from which to acquire radiocarbon dates is fundamental to obtain accurate chronologies. Sampling from tropical lakes is particularly challenging given the adverse preservation conditions and diagenesis in these environments. Our research is the first to examine and quantify the differences between the radiocarbon date results from different carbon fractions and pretreatments from the same depths from a tropical lake sediment core (1.72 m long) located in north Australia to assess which one(s) are more reliable. Six different organic fractions (bulk organics, pollen concentrate, cellulose, stable polycyclic aromatic carbon (SPAC), charcoal >250 um and charcoal >63 um), for a total of 27 radiocarbon dates, were compared in six different depths along the core. Acid-base-acid (ABA), modified ABA (30 % hydrogen peroxide + ABA), 2chlorOx (a novel cellulose pre-treatment method) and hydrogen pyrolysis (hypy) were used to pre-treat the correspondent organic fractions. The oldest date is 31,295 calibrated years before present (cal yr BP) and the youngest is 2,048 cal yr BP, spanning 29,247 years. The smallest offset between the minimum and the maximum age in a given depth was found to be 975 years (between SPAC and charcoal >63 um) and the largest 16,527 years (between pollen concentrate and SPAC). The SPAC fractions pre-treated with hypy consistently yielded older ages compared to all other fraction in most cases, while bulk organics yielded consistently younger ones. The magnitude and consistency of the offsets and the physical and chemical properties of the tested organic fractions suggest that SPAC is the most reliable fraction to date in tropical lake sediments and that hypy successfully removes contamination sourced from exogenous carbon.</p>

Preparation, pharmacokinetic and application of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) in tumor treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Yang ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Yao Yu ◽  
Taolei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Stokes Shift ◽  
Gold Nanoclusters ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Tumor Treatment ◽  
Synthesis Strategy ◽  
Physical And Chemical

: As a new type of nanomaterials, the gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) perform many special physical and chemical properties, such as large Stokes shift, relatively simple preparation, good water solubility, low toxicity and good biocompatibility, which make them show infinite potential in various fields, especially in cancer treatment. In recent years, the great progress has been made in the preparation, functionalization and biomedical applications of the AuNCs. In this article, the latest research progress and synthesis methods of the AuNCs have been summarized, emphasizing the preparation using the "bottom-up" synthesis strategy. Furthermore, we introduced the in vivo pharmacokinetic performance of the AuNCs. The last part, we exemplified the applications of the AuNCs in biomedicine, including photothermal therapy (PTT), bioimaging, drug delivery and radiotherapy sensitization, which further confirmed the great potential of the AuNCs in tumor treatment.

Effect of Nickel on Living Organism and the Research Progress

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 310-314
Author(s):  
Ming Da Liu ◽  
Xiao Ming Ji ◽  
Yao Jing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Rare Metal ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Nickel is a kind of rare metal which is widely distributed in the earth's crust, and is mainly used in manufacturing alloy. Nickel is a trace element essential to animals and plants growth and development, but high concentration of nickel will hamper the growth of plants and animals, and even produce toxic effects. This paper summarizes the physical and chemical properties of nickel, the sources of organisms exposed to nickel and the influence of different concentrations of nickel on animal and plant, and summarizes the relevant research progress.

scholarly journals Outlook and overview of microplastics pollution in ecological environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 02027
Author(s):  
Zhao Bin ◽  
Cheng Yongqiang ◽  
Guo Cuilian ◽  
Liu Maoke ◽  
Yao Puyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
New Type ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Microplastics are attracting more and more attention as a new type of pollutant in the ecological environment. Microplastics are difficult to degrade because of their unique physical and chemical properties. Some microplastics adsorbed toxic chemicals (e.g. heavy metals or organic pollutants) will cause a series of toxicological effects in organisms. This paper summarized the research progress in microplastics from the aspects of the types, distribution, detection and the toxicological effects. In addition, future research directions were also proposed and discussed.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Applications of Functional Nanomaterials

2021 ◽  
Vol 2133 (1) ◽  
pp. 012006
Author(s):  
Yujia Li ◽  
Hanzheng Xia ◽  
Jingyi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Graphene Quantum Dots ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Self Assembled ◽  
Reflective Coatings ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract The unique physical and chemical properties and variable application potential of nanomaterials are continuously devoted to stimulating scientists’ studying enthusiasm. Extremely fine grains bring quantities excellent properties such as low density, low elastic modulus, high resistance and low thermal conductivity to nanomaterials, which has extensive use in the photoelectric field, environment, bioengineering and other fields. The research progress of graphene quantum dots, transparent reflective coatings and self-assembled nanotubes are mainly demonstrated. This paper shows the role of graphene quantum dots in solar cells, summarizes the synthesis methods of self-assembled nanotubes and their applications in bioengineering, and describes the development of transparent thermal reflective coatings for energy-saving glass attributed to providing relevant reference and basis for the development and research of nanomaterials.

scholarly journals Atomic-Level Functionalized Graphdiyne for Electrocatalysis Applications

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 929
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Qian ◽  
Yongshen Zheng ◽  
Songhua Chen ◽  
Jialiang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Atomic Level ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Coupling Reactions ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
Synthesis Strategy ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Graphdiyne (GDY) is a two-dimensional (2D) electron-rich full-carbon planar material composed of sp2- and sp-hybridized carbon atoms, which features highly conjugated structures, uniformly distributed pores, tunable electronic characteristics and high specific surface areas. The synthesis strategy of GDY by facile coupling reactions under mild conditions provides more convenience for the functional modification of GDY and offers opportunities for realizing the special preparation of GDY according to the desired structure and unique properties. These structural characteristics and excellent physical and chemical properties of GDY have attracted increasing attention in the field of electrocatalysis. Herein, the research progress in the synthesis of atomic-level functionalized GDYs and their electrocatalytic applications are summarized. Special attention was paid to the research progress of metal-atom-anchored and nonmetallic-atom-doped GDYs for applications in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalytic processes. In addition, several potential development prospects and challenges of these 2D highly conjugated electron-rich full-carbon materials in the field of electrocatalysis are presented.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Optical Characterization of 2D Materials

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2263
Author(s):  
Linlin Zhou ◽  
Huange Fu ◽  
Ting Lv ◽  
Chengbo Wang ◽  
Hui Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stimulated Raman Scattering ◽  
2D Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
2D Material ◽  
Equipment Construction ◽  
Device Applications ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Characterizing the physical and chemical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials is of great significance for performance analysis and functional device applications. As a powerful characterization method, nonlinear optics (NLO) spectroscopy has been widely used in the characterization of 2D materials. Here, we summarize the research progress of NLO in 2D materials characterization. First, we introduce the principles of NLO and common detection methods. Second, we introduce the recent research progress on the NLO characterization of several important properties of 2D materials, including the number of layers, crystal orientation, crystal phase, defects, chemical specificity, strain, chemical dynamics, and ultrafast dynamics of excitons and phonons, aiming to provide a comprehensive review on laser-based characterization for exploring 2D material properties. Finally, the future development trends, challenges of advanced equipment construction, and issues of signal modulation are discussed. In particular, we also discuss the machine learning and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) technologies which are expected to provide promising opportunities for 2D material characterization.

scholarly journals Recent Advances of Upconversion Nanomaterials in the Biological Field

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2474
Author(s):  
Cunjin Gao ◽  
Pengrui Zheng ◽  
Quanxiao Liu ◽  
Shuang Han ◽  
Dongli Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Upconversion Luminescence ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Bio Imaging ◽  
Anti Stokes

Rare Earth Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are a type of material that emits high-energy photons by absorbing two or more low-energy photons caused by the anti-stokes process. It can emit ultraviolet (UV) visible light or near-infrared (NIR) luminescence upon NIR light excitation. Due to its excellent physical and chemical properties, including exceptional optical stability, narrow emission band, enormous Anti-Stokes spectral shift, high light penetration in biological tissues, long luminescent lifetime, and a high signal-to-noise ratio, it shows a prodigious application potential for bio-imaging and photodynamic therapy. This paper will briefly introduce the physical mechanism of upconversion luminescence (UCL) and focus on their research progress and achievements in bio-imaging, bio-detection, and photodynamic therapy.

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