scholarly journals No Effect of Selective Maturation on Fruit Traits for a Bird-Dispersed Species, Sambucus racemosa

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 376
Author(s):  
Kohei Koyama ◽  
Mayu Tashiro
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Removal Experiment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fruit Traits ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Selective Abortion ◽  
Dispersal Mechanism ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Selective abortion, also called selective maturation, is a phenomenon wherein maternal plants selectively mature ovules that have the potential to grow into higher-quality fruits, such as those that contain more seeds. We hypothesized that the effects of selective maturation on fruit traits could be influenced by the dispersal mechanism. However, to date, limited studies have been conducted on selective maturation in bird-dispersed fruits. Unlike self- or wind-dispersed species, bird-dispersed species would not selectively mature fruits that contain more seeds because they are not preferred by birds. Here, we investigated the effect of selective abortion on the fruit traits of a bird-dispersed species, elderberry (Sambucus racemosa L. subsp. kamtschatica). We performed a flower-removal experiment. Half of the inflorescences on each individual tree were removed for the treatment group, whereas the control group was not manipulated. We found that the flower-removed trees showed higher fruit sets, suggesting the existence of resource limitation. The number of seeds per fruit did not increase by the experimental treatment. Additionally, the control individuals did not produce larger fruits. The lack of effects on fruit traits supported our hypothesis that the effect of selective maturation on fruit traits may differ among species with different dispersal mechanisms.

Cat dissection vs. sculpting human structures in clay: an analysis of two approaches to undergraduate human anatomy laboratory education

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Waters ◽  
Peggy Van Meter ◽  
William Perrotti ◽  
Salvatore Drogo ◽  
Richard J. Cyr
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
Student Attitudes ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Laboratory Education ◽  
Anatomy Laboratory

Many human anatomy courses are taught using cat dissection. Alternatives are available, but information regarding learning outcomes is incomplete. In 2003, ∼120 undergraduates enrolled in a human anatomy course were assigned to one of two treatment groups. In the control group, students performed cat dissections (emphasizing isolation and identification) of the muscular, digestive, and cardiovascular systems. In the experimental treatment group, students built clay sculptures of each human body system. Student learning was evaluated by using both low- and high-difficulty questions. On pre- and postexperiment control exams, there were no significant differences in student performance. On exams after a cat dissection vs. a human-clay sculpting experience, the students in the human-clay sculpting treatment group scored significantly higher than their classmates in the cat dissection group on both the low- and high-difficulty questions. Student attitudes toward dissection and taking future human anatomy courses were also measured. There were no differences in student attitudes at the beginning of the experiment; afterward, students exposed to a cat dissection experience viewed dissection more favorably than students in the human-clay sculpting treatment group. There were no treatment effects on student willingness to take future human anatomy courses. The experimental design makes it difficult to conclude precisely why students assigned to the human-clay sculpting experience performed better on exams, but as each method was performed in this particular human anatomy course, our data indicate that human-clay sculpting may be a viable alternative to cat dissection in an anatomy course in which the students focus on human anatomy.

scholarly journals The Effects Of Menu Calorie Labeling On Consumer Food Choice Behavior

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Bethany Schornack ◽  
Susan Rozensher
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Food Choice ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Calorie Labeling ◽  
Alternative Intervention ◽  
The Impact

Recent federal legislation mandating chain restaurants to disclose the number of calories in menu items was introduced in the hopes of influencing consumers to make more healthful food choices when eating out. However, many studies on the impact of including calorie labeling on restaurant menus and menu boards have relied on questionable methodologies, yielding inconsistent results and leaving unanswered the question of whether calorie information on menus indeed impacts food selection. In an effort to provide more definitive data, the present study employed a controlled posttest-only experimental design with random assignment. Students assigned to the control group ordered a meal from a typical fast-food menu board that did not display any calorie information, while students assigned to the experimental treatment group ordered from an identical menu board, with the exception that calorie information was displayed for each item. The results demonstrated that the display of calorie information did not cause members of the experimental treatment group to order items bearing significantly fewer calories than those ordered by the control group. Thus, contrary to the results of many previous studies, the present study strongly indicated that the presence of calorie labeling does not have a significant impact on consumer choices in fast-food restaurants. While studies have shown that consumers are strongly in favor of the inclusion of calorie information on menus, this study provides evidence that some further or alternative intervention is needed before such calorie information can translate into healthier food choice behavior. 

Effects of Knowledge of Semantic Roles on Recall of Written Prose

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L. Christopherson
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
And Control ◽  
Better Than

Readers in an experimental treatment group were taught semantic roles, such as Agent, Object, and Instrument. Delayed recall of prose which was read after learning semantic roles was significantly better than delayed recall by a control group. Immediate recall was not significantly affected. The influence of semantic roles on delayed recall apparently occurred at the time of reading the prose rather than during recall; when the semantic roles were learned after the prose reading and before recall, then the recall of the experimental and control groups did not differ. The results were not related to the attitudes of the two groups toward the respective treatments.

scholarly journals MANFAAT LIDAH BUAYA SEBAGAI MASKER UNTUK PERAWATAN KULIT TANGAN KERING

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Murnalis Murnalis
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Skin Moisture ◽  
Group 1

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the use of Aloe Vera to overcome dry hand with different frequency of use. This research is an experimental study, the method used is quasi-experimental, the number of samples is 9 people each of three people for each group. Control group (X1) without the use of aloe vera, experimental group 1 (X2) with a frequency of 1 x three days, and experimental group 2 (X3) with a frequency of 1 x 7 days. Data analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan test if there are significant differences in the results of analysis of variance. The results showed that 1) There was no change in the level of dry skin moisture in the control group 2) There was a change in the skin moisture level of the experimental treatment group 1 (X2) with the use of Aloe Vera 1 time 3 days, 3) A change in the moisture level of the hand skin dry in the experimental treatment group 2 (X3) with the use of Aloe Vera 1 time 7 days, 4) There were differences in the effect of dry hand care using Aloe Vera with three different treatments and treatment groups with a frequency of 1 time in 3 days had the best results.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOMUNIKASI KESEHATAN BERBASIS PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PRESTASI BELAJAR MAHASISWA KEBIDANAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Siti Noorbaya ◽  
Annisa Ul Mutmainnah ◽  
Mita Amriana
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Health Communication ◽  
Character Education ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Learning Achievement ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Improving Student Achievement

Health communication is one of the core compulsory subjects for midwifery students. The character-based health communication learning model is a study with the aim to find out the effectiveness of the character education-based health communication learning model with a specific target of improving student achievement. In this study the method used was Pre-Experimental with Posttest Only Control Group Design with a sample of 70 students divided into 2 groups: 35 treatment group respondents and 35 control group respondents. The results of the study of the effectiveness of health education learning models based on character education on improving learning achievement, interpretation of the results of the normality test data of the treatment group has a sig value of 0.200> 0.05, and the control group has a sig value of 0.129> 0.05, meaning that the data is normally distributed. Results of Data Analysis using the Independent Sample T-Test of 0.035 <0.05, there is a significant difference between the learning outcomes of the experimental / treatment group and the control group. Fromthe results of the study it can be concluded that the character-based health communication learning model given to midwifery students can improve student learning achievement

A Newspaper’s Effect on the Strength of Automatic Associations in Memory

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Arendt
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term Effect ◽  
Automatic Associations ◽  
Foreign Nationality ◽  
The Impact

A test was done to see if reading a newspaper which consistently overrepresents foreigners as criminals strengthens the automatic association between foreign country and criminal in memory (i.e., implicit cultivation). Further, an investigation was done to find out if reading articles from the same newspaper produces a short-term effect on the same measure and if (1) emotionalization of the newspaper texts, (2) emotional reactions of the reader (indicated by arousal), and (3) attributed text credibility moderate the short-term treatment effect. Eighty-five participants were assigned to one of three experimental conditions. Participants in the control group received short factual crime texts, where the nationality of the offender was not mentioned. Participants in the factual treatment group received the same texts, but the foreign nationality was mentioned. Participants in the emotionalized treatment group received emotionalized articles (i.e., texts which are high in vividness and frequency) covering the same crimes, with the foreign nationality mentioned. Supporting empirical evidence for implicit cultivation and a short-term effect was found. However, only emotionalized articles produced a short-term effect on the strength of the automatic association, indicating that newspaper texts must have a minimum of stimulus intensity to overcome an effect threshold. There were no moderating effects of arousal or credibility pertaining to the impact on the implicit measure. However, credibility moderated the short-term effect on a first-order judgment (i.e., estimated frequency of foreigners of all criminals). This indicates that a newspaper’s effect on the strength of automatic associations is relatively independent from processes of propositional reasoning.

Perbandingan Efek Suplementasi Tablet Tambah Darah Dengan Dan Tanpa Vitamin C Terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin Pada Ibu Hamil Dengan Usiakehamilan 16-32 Minggu Di Desa Keniten Kecamatan Mojo Kabupaten Kediri

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Siti Asiyah ◽  
Dwi Estuning Rahayu ◽  
Wiranti Dwi Novita Isnaeni
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Group Treatment ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Hemoglobin Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fetal Organ ◽  
And Control

The needed of Iron Tablet in pregnancy was increase than mother who not pregnant.  That  cause of  high metabolism at the pregnancy for formed of  fetal organ and energy. One of effort for prevent anemia in mother pregnant with giving the Iron tablet and vitamin c. The reason of  this research in 4 June – 11 July 2014 is for compare the effect of  iron tablet suplementation with and without vitamin C toward Hemoglobin level in mother pregnant With Gestational Age Of 16-32 Weeks In Desa Keniten Kecamatan Mojo Kabupaten Kediri. This research method using comparative analytical.  Research design type of Quasy Eksperiment that have treatment group and control group. Treatment group will giving by Iron tablet and 100 mg vitamin C, and control group just giving by iron tablet during 21 days. Population in this research are all of mother pregnant with Gestational Age Of 16-32 Weeks with Sampling technique is  cluster random sampling is 29 mother pregnant. Comparison analysis of  iron tablet suplementation effect with and without vitamin C toward Hemoglobin level in mother pregnant With Gestational Age Of 16-32 Weeks, data analysis using Mann Whitney U-test and the calculated U value (44,5) less than U-table (51). So there was difference of iron tablet suplementation effect with and without vitamin C toward Hemoglobin level in mother pregnant With Gestational Age Of 16-32 Weeks Therefore, the addition of vitamin C on iron intake is needed to increase the uptake of iron tablets. When the amount of iron uptake increases, the reserves of iron in the body will also increase, so as to prevent anemia in pregnant women; Keywords : Iron Tablet (Fe), Vitamin C, Hemoglobin level, Mother Pregnant

Effect of HylocereusPolyrhizus Rind Extract Toward Interleukin-1β, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression, Endometriosis Implant Area

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (08) ◽  
Author(s):  
YanuarEka P. ◽  
Hendy Hendarto ◽  
Widjiati .
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
Fruit Rind

Retrograde menstruation lead to I Kappa B Kinase (IKK) fosforilation in peritoneum macrophage and cause secretion of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin1β then stimulate endometriosis cell to produce Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor which lead to increasing of endometriosis lession seen as endometriosis implant area. Cytokine secretion was inhibited through prevention of NF-κB activation by dragon red fruit rind extract (Hylocereuspolyrhizus). The aim of this reserach is to know the effect of dragon red fuit rind extract with 0,25; 0,5; and 1 mg/g bodyweight dosage toward IL-1β, VEGF expression and implant area in endometriosis mice model. The design of this experiment was randomized post test only control group design.Endometrios mice model were made in 14 days and split into two group, positive control group and treatment group after two week negative control group and postive control group were given Na-CMC 0,5% solution consequetively, and treatment group were given dragon red fruit extract with different dosage. Signification number for IL-1β is p>0,05, signification number for VEGF is p>0,05, and implant area signification number is p>0,05. Administration of dragon red fruit rind extract can decrease IL-1β, VEGF, and implant area.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN TEKNIK COUNTERPRESSURE TERHADAP PENURUNAN INTENSITAS NYERI PADA KALA I PERSALINAN DI RSUD SAWERIGADING PALOPO

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (09) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Irmayanti. A.Oka
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
T Test ◽  
Labor Pain ◽  
Delivery Room ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Comparison ◽  
Treatment Data ◽  
Static Group ◽  
First Stage Of Labor

The research aimed at investigating the effect of giving counterpressure technique to decrease the intensity of pain in the first stage of labor in the delivery room of RSUD Sawerigading Palopo. This study was conducted in a preexperimental manner with static group comparison design, in subject static group comparison design divided into two groups, where the treatment group was followed by observation and observation result compared with the observation result in the control group which only received standard treatment. Data were analyzed using T test. Where t value hit 6.971> t table 2.05, so it can be concluded that the results obtained mean that there is influence of counterpressure technique is big enough to decrease the intensity of labor pain. Keyword: Counterpressure, Labor Pain, Kala I

Clinical Study of Qingpeng Ointment Treatment of Shoulder-Hand Syndrome After Cerebral Hemorrhage During the Rehabilitation Period

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruihuan Pan ◽  
Shanshan Ling ◽  
Haodong Yang ◽  
Yan Huang ◽  
Lechang Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Cerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Hand Function ◽  
Tibetan Medicine ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Difference

Background: Shoulder-hand syndrome (SHS) refers to a syndrome causing sudden edema, shoulder pain and limited hand function. Qingpeng ointment, a kind of Tibetan medicine, can reduce swelling, relieve pain, tonify stagnation and clear the meridians, which is consistent with the pathological mechanism of SHS after stroke. Therefore, if clinical trials can be used to explore the effectiveness of Qingpeng ointment for treatment of poststroke SHS and promote its application in clinical medicine, this is of specific significance for the treatment of poststroke SHS. Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of Qingpeng ointment in the treatment of poststroke SHS. To provide an objective basis for a better therapeutic treatment for poststroke SHS． Method: A prospective, randomized, controlled study was conducted. This study recruited 120 patients with poststroke SHS who met the inclusion criteria. They were randomized into the treatment group and the control group, with 60 patients allocated to each group. The treatment group received routine medical treatment and rehabilitative care after using the Qingpeng ointment, while the patients in the control group received only routine treatment without the ointment. All patients received clinical assessment with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), measurement of the range of motion (ROM) of the upper-limb joints, the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Upper Extremity (FMA-U) and the Modified Barthel Index Score (MBI) before and after the whole treatment. Results: After 4 weeks of treatment, the VAS scores of both groups were decreased significantly (P＜0.05), and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There is no statistical significance for the difference between the treatment group and control group in terms of the FMA-U and MBI scores and the forward bend, backward, outstretch, external rotation and pronation angles after treatment. The increases in the values of VAS, FMA-M and MBI in the treatment group were greater than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The increases in the values of the forward bend, outreach and external rotation angles in the treatment group were greater than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The treatment group showed better results than the control group in terms of the relief of pain symptoms, the improvement of motor function and the improvement of the activities of daily living for patients with shoulder-hand syndrome after cerebral hemorrhage. Qingpeng ointment is effective and safe in treating poststroke SHS.

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