scholarly journals Priming Maritime Pine Megagametophytes during Somatic Embryogenesis Improved Plant Adaptation to Heat Stress

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 446
Author(s):  
María Amparo Pérez-Oliver ◽  
Juan Gregorio Haro ◽  
Iva Pavlović ◽  
Ondřej Novák ◽  
Juan Segura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Maritime Pine ◽  
Induction Phase ◽  
Putative Transcription Factor

In the context of global climate change, forest tree research should be addressed to provide genotypes with increased resilience to high temperature events. These improved plants can be obtained by heat priming during somatic embryogenesis (SE), which would produce an epigenetic-mediated transgenerational memory. Thereby, we applied 37 °C or 50 °C to maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) megagametophytes and the obtained embryogenic masses went through the subsequent SE phases to produce plants that were further subjected to heat stress conditions. A putative transcription factor WRKY11 was upregulated in priming-derived embryonal masses, and also in the regenerated P37 and P50 plants, suggesting its role in establishing an epigenetic memory in this plant species. In vitro-grown P50 plants also showed higher cytokinin content and SOD upregulation, which points to a better responsiveness to heat stress. Heat exposure of two-year-old maritime pine plants induced upregulation of HSP70 in those derived from primed embryogenic masses, that also showed better osmotic adjustment and higher increases in chlorophyll, soluble sugars and starch contents. Moreover, ɸPSII of P50 plants was less affected by heat exposure. Thus, our results suggest that priming at 50 °C at the SE induction phase is a promising strategy to improve heat resilience in maritime pine.

scholarly journals Fate of forest tree biotechnology facing climate change

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-136
Author(s):  
M. R. Ahuja
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Forest Tree Species ◽  
Tree Biotechnology

Abstract Woody plants have been cultured in vitro since the 1930s. After that time much progress has been made in the culture of tissues, organs, cells, and protoplasts in tree species. Tree biotechnology has been making strides in clonal propagation by organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. These regeneration studies have paved the way for gene transfer in forest trees. Transgenics from a number of forest tree species carrying a variety of recombinant genes that code for herbicide tolerance, pest resistance, lignin modification, increased woody bio-mass, and flowering control have been produced by Agrobacterium-mediated and biolistic methods, and some of them are undergoing confined field trials. Although relatively stable transgenic clones have been produced by genetic transformation in trees using organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis, there were also unintended unstable genetic events. In order to overcome the problems of randomness of transgene integration and instability reported in Agrobacterium-mediated or biolistically transformed plants, site-specific transgene insertion strategies involving clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9) platform offer prospects for precise genome editing in plants. Nevertheless, it is important to monitor phenotypic and genetic stability of clonal material, not just under greenhouse conditions, but also under natural field conditions. Genetically modified poplars have been commercialized in China, and eucalypts and loblolly pine are expected to be released for commercial deployment in USA. Clonal forestry and transgenic forestry have to cope with rapid global climate changes in the future. Climate change is impacting species distributions and is a significant threat to biodiversity. Therefore, it is important to deploy Strategies that will assist the survival and evolution of forest tree species facing rapid climate change. Assisted migration (managed relocation) and biotechnological approaches offer prospects for adaptation of forest trees to climate change.

scholarly journals The Prospect of Physiological Events Associated with the Micropropagation of Eucalyptus sp.

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1211
Author(s):  
Rambod Abiri ◽  
Narges Atabaki ◽  
Hazandy Abdul-Hamid ◽  
Ruzana Sanusi ◽  
Nor Aini Ab Shukor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Industrial Level

Micropropagation is a reliable technique in biotechnology and genetic engineering domain, which has been widely applied for rapid mass propagation of plants in vitro condition. Through micropropagation techniques, reproduction of plants can be attained from different explants using organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Over the decades, micropropagation techniques have offered tremendous potential for forest tree improvement. Eucalyptus is a woody plant species recalcitrant to in vitro culture. In general, the micropropagation of Eucalyptus culture processes and the genotype, environment surroundings, and age of explants in culture media is frequently linked with the occurrence of micropropagation variation. In the current review paper, an update of the most important physiological and molecular phenomena aspects of Eucalyptus micropropagation was linked to the most profound information. To achieve the mentioned target, the effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs), nutrients, other adjuvant and environmental features, as well as genetic interaction with morpho- and physiological mechanisms was studied from the induction to plant acclimatisation. On the other hand, important mechanisms behind the organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis of Eucalyptus are discussed. The information of current review paper will help researchers in choosing the optimum condition based on the scenario behind the tissue culture technique of Eucalyptus. However, more studies are required to identify and overcome some of the crucial bottlenecks in this economically important forest species to establish efficient micropropagation protocol at the industrial level.

scholarly journals Heat Stress in Pinus halepensis Somatic Embryogenesis Induction: Effect in DNA Methylation and Differential Expression of Stress-Related Genes

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2333
Author(s):  
Cátia Pereira ◽  
Ander Castander-Olarieta ◽  
Ester Sales ◽  
Itziar A. Montalbán ◽  
Jorge Canhoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Induction Effect ◽  
Somatic Plants ◽  
Stress Related Genes

In the current context of climate change, plants need to develop different mechanisms of stress tolerance and adaptation to cope with changing environmental conditions. Temperature is one of the most important abiotic stresses that forest trees have to overcome. Recent research developed in our laboratory demonstrated that high temperatures during different stages of conifer somatic embryogenesis (SE) modify subsequent phases of the process and the behavior of the resulting ex vitro somatic plants. For this reason, Aleppo pine SE was induced under different heat stress treatments (40 °C for 4 h, 50 °C for 30 min, and 60 °C for 5 min) in order to analyze its effect on the global DNA methylation rates and the differential expression of four stress-related genes at different stages of the SE process. Results showed that a slight decrease of DNA methylation at proliferating embryonal masses (EMs) can correlate with the final efficiency of the process. Additionally, different expression patterns for stress-related genes were found in EMs and needles from the in vitro somatic plants obtained; the DEHYDRATION INDUCED PROTEIN 19 gene was up-regulated in response to heat at proliferating EMs, whereas HSP20 FAMILY PROTEIN and SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE [Cu–Zn] were down-regulated in needles.

Physiologically relevant increase in temperature causes an increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (2) ◽  
pp. G204-G212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karol Dokladny ◽  
Pope L. Moseley ◽  
Thomas Y. Ma
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Tight Junction ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Epithelial Tight Junction ◽  
Shock Proteins

The effects of physiologically relevant increase in temperature (37–41°C) on intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier have not been previously studied. Additionally, the role of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in the regulation of intestinal TJ barrier during heat stress remains unknown. Because heat-induced disturbance of intestinal TJ barrier could lead to endotoxemia and bacterial translocation during physiological thermal stress, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of modest, physiologically relevant increases in temperature (37–41°C) on intestinal epithelial TJ barrier and to examine the protective role of HSPs on intestinal TJ barrier. Filter-grown Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells were used as an in vitro intestinal epithelial model system to assess the effects of heat exposure on intestinal TJ barrier. Exposure of filter-grown Caco-2 monolayers to modest increases in temperatures (37–41°C) resulted in a significant time- and temperature-dependent increases in Caco-2 TJ permeability. Exposure to modest heat (39 or 41°C) resulted in rapid and sustained increases in HSP expression; and inhibition of HSP expression produced a marked increase in heat-induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability ( P < 0.001). Heat exposure (41°C) resulted in a compensatory increase in Caco-2 occludin protein expression and an increase in junctional localization. Inhibition of HSP expression prevented the compensatory upregulation of occludin protein expression and produced a marked disruption in junctional localization of occludin protein during heat stress. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate for the first time that a modest, physiologically relevant increase in temperature causes an increase in intestinal epithelial TJ permeability. Our data also show that HSPs play an important protective role in preventing the heat-induced disruption of intestinal TJ barrier and suggest that HSP mediated upregulation of occludin expression may be an important mechanism involved in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial TJ barrier function during heat stress.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation Enhances Endurance to Severe Heat Stress in Three Horticultural Crops

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Maxym Reva ◽  
Custodia Cano ◽  
Miguel-Angel Herrera ◽  
Alberto Bago
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Severe Heat Stress

Global climate change is increasing temperatures worldwide, which greatly affects all biological relationships. Plant and soil ecosystems are also suffering in this new scenario, especially in semi-arid areas where water resources are limited. Regarding agricultural crops, temperatures that increase dramatically negatively affect fruit production and quality, making it mandatory to find sustainable practices to cope with these new situations. Symbiotic microorganisms in general and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in particular have been revealed as promising methods of alleviating stress that are respectful of the environment and soil equilibrium. In this work, we demonstrate the suitability of an ultra-pure, in vitro-issued arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculant for alleviating severe heat stress when applied to three important agricultural crops (tomato: Solanum lycopersicum L.; pepper: Capiscum annuum L.; cucumber: Cucumis sativus L.) under agronomic conditions. Inoculated plants had greatly improved endurance under heat stress because of increased vigor, productivity, and fruit quality. Considering the actual scenario of global climate change, our results shed a light of hope and indicate more sustainable cultivation practices adapted to global change.

Effect of heat stress on the fertility of male mice in vivo and in vitro

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 647 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Yaeram ◽  
B. P. Setchell ◽  
S. Maddocks
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Testis Weight ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Infertile Male ◽  
Unselected Sample ◽  
And Control

A study was conducted to determine whether following exposure of male mice to high temperatures, the ability of their spermatozoa to fertilise ova was reduced, especially during the period before the males became completely infertile. Male mice placed in a microclimate chamber at 36°C for two periods, each of 12 h on successive days, were less able to fertilise control females in vivo when mated and, even in those females that became pregnant, litter size was reduced. However, these effects were associated with falls in testis weight and numbers of spermatozoa in the testis and epididymis. To determine whether the effect on fertility was a result of the decreased spermatozoa numbers, spermatozoa were collected from the epididymides of heated and control males. Equal numbers of motile spermatozoa from an unselected sample or those subjected to a swim-up procedure to separate those that were motile from the immotile ones in the sample were then mixed in vitro with oocytes from superovulated normal females. Similar numbers of spermatozoa from both control and heated males bound to the zona pellucida but smaller percentages of the oocytes were fertilised by spermatozoa from the heated males and fewer of these spermatozoa penetrated the ova. The effects were first seen 7 days after the heat exposure and became more obvious after 10 or 14 days.

Somatic Embryogenesis and In vitro Plant Regeneration in Vigna trilobata (L.) Verd. - A Potential Pasture Legume

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
K. Choudhary ◽  
M. Singh ◽  
M. S. Rathore ◽  
N. S. Shekhawat
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
First Time ◽  
Pasture Legume

This long term study demonstrates for the first time that it is possible to propagate embryogenic Vigna trilobata and to subsequently initiate the differentiation of embryos into complete plantlets. Initiation of callus was possible on 2,4-D. Somatic embryos differentiated on modified MS basal nutrient medium with 1.0 mg/l  of 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/l  of Kn. Sustained cell division resulted in globular and heart shape stages of somatic embryos. Transfer of embryos on to a fresh modified MS basal medium with 0.5 mg/l of Kn and 0.5 mg/l of GA3 helped them to attain maturation and germination. However, the propagation of cells, as well as the differentiation of embryos, were inhibited by a continuous application of these growth regulators. For this reason, a long period on medium lacking these growth regulators was necessary before the differentiation of embryos occurred again. The consequences for improving the propagation of embryogenic cultures in Vigna species are discussed. Key words: Pasture  legume, Vigna trilobata, Globular, Heart shape, somatic embryogenesis D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v19i1.4990 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 19(1): 89-99, 2009 (June)

scholarly journals Telomere Length in Norway Spruce during Somatic Embryogenesis and Cryopreservation

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Tuija Aronen ◽  
Susanna Virta ◽  
Saila Varis
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
One Year ◽  
Plant Telomeres

Telomeres i.e., termini of the eukaryotic chromosomes protect chromosomes during DNA replication. Shortening of telomeres, either due to stress or ageing is related to replicative cellular senescence. There is little information on the effect of biotechnological methods, such as tissue culture via somatic embryogenesis (SE) or cryopreservation on plant telomeres, even if these techniques are widely applied. The aim of the present study was to examine telomeres of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) during SE initiation, proliferation, embryo maturation, and cryopreservation to reveal potential ageing or stress-related effects that could explain variation observed at SE process. Altogether, 33 genotypes from 25 families were studied. SE initiation containing several stress factors cause telomere shortening in Norway spruce. Following initiation, the telomere length of the embryogenic tissues (ETs) and embryos produced remains unchanged up to one year of culture, with remarkable genotypic variation. Being prolonged in vitro culture can, however, shorten the telomeres and should be avoided. This is achieved by successful cryopreservation treatment preserving telomere length. Somatic embryo production capacity of the ETs was observed to vary a lot not only among the genotypes, but also from one timepoint to another. No connection between embryo production and telomere length was found, so this variation remains unexplained.

scholarly journals Response of altitudinal vegetation belts of the Tianshan Mountains in northwestern China to climate change during 1989–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Lu-yu Liu ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Man Zhang ◽  
Cheng-bang An
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Tianshan Mountains ◽  
Northwestern China ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Altitudinal Belts ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWithin the mountain altitudinal vegetation belts, the shift of forest tree lines and subalpine steppe belts to high altitudes constitutes an obvious response to global climate change. However, whether or not similar changes occur in steppe belts (low altitude) and nival belts in different areas within mountain systems remain undetermined. It is also unknown if these, responses to climate change are consistent. Here, using Landsat remote sensing images from 1989 to 2015, we obtained the spatial distribution of altitudinal vegetation belts in different periods of the Tianshan Mountains in Northwestern China. We suggest that the responses from different altitudinal vegetation belts to global climate change are different. The changes in the vegetation belts at low altitudes are spatially different. In high-altitude regions (higher than the forest belts), however, the trend of different altitudinal belts is consistent. Specifically, we focused on analyses of the impact of changes in temperature and precipitation on the nival belts, desert steppe belts, and montane steppe belts. The results demonstrated that the temperature in the study area exhibited an increasing trend, and is the main factor of altitudinal vegetation belts change in the Tianshan Mountains. In the context of a significant increase in temperature, the upper limit of the montane steppe in the eastern and central parts will shift to lower altitudes, which may limit the development of local animal husbandry. The montane steppe in the west, however, exhibits the opposite trend, which may augment the carrying capacity of pastures and promote the development of local animal husbandry. The lower limit of the nival belt will further increase in all studied areas, which may lead to an increase in surface runoff in the central and western regions.

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