scholarly journals Protective Roles of Cytosolic and Plastidal Proteasomes on Abiotic Stress and Pathogen Invasion

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 832
Author(s):  
Md. Sarafat Ali ◽  
Kwang-Hyun Baek
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Abiotic Stressors ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Clp Proteases

Protein malfunction is typically caused by abiotic stressors. To ensure cell survival during conditions of stress, it is important for plant cells to maintain proteins in their respective functional conformation. Self-compartmentalizing proteases, such as ATP-dependent Clp proteases and proteasomes are designed to act in the crowded cellular environment, and they are responsible for degradation of misfolded or damaged proteins within the cell. During different types of stress conditions, the levels of misfolded or orphaned proteins that are degraded by the 26S proteasome in the cytosol and nucleus and by the Clp proteases in the mitochondria and chloroplasts increase. This allows cells to uphold feedback regulations to cellular-level signals and adjust to altered environmental conditions. In this review, we summarize recent findings on plant proteolytic complexes with respect to their protective functions against abiotic and biotic stressors.

scholarly journals Link between Lipid Second Messengers and Osmotic Stress in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2658
Author(s):  
Beatriz A. Rodas-Junco ◽  
Graciela E. Racagni-Di-Palma ◽  
Michel Canul-Chan ◽  
Javier Usorach ◽  
S. M. Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Protein Conformation ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Transient Molecules ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Different Types

Plants are subject to different types of stress, which consequently affect their growth and development. They have developed mechanisms for recognizing and processing an extracellular signal. Second messengers are transient molecules that modulate the physiological responses in plant cells under stress conditions. In this sense, it has been shown in various plant models that membrane lipids are substrates for the generation of second lipid messengers such as phosphoinositide, phosphatidic acid, sphingolipids, and lysophospholipids. In recent years, research on lipid second messengers has been moving toward using genetic and molecular approaches to reveal the molecular setting in which these molecules act in response to osmotic stress. In this sense, these studies have established that second messengers can transiently recruit target proteins to the membrane and, therefore, affect protein conformation, activity, and gene expression. This review summarizes recent advances in responses related to the link between lipid second messengers and osmotic stress in plant cells.

scholarly journals Death Receptor-Induced Activation of Initiator Caspase 8 Is Antagonized by Serine/Threonine Kinase PAK4

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (21) ◽  
pp. 7838-7848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerina Gnesutta ◽  
Audrey Minden
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Death Receptor ◽  
Caspase 8 ◽  
Death Domain ◽  
Serine Threonine Kinase ◽  
Threonine Kinase ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Promote Cell Survival

ABSTRACT Normal cell growth requires a precisely controlled balance between cell death and survival. This involves activation of different types of intracellular signaling cascades within the cell. While some types of signaling proteins regulate apoptosis, or programmed cell death, other proteins within the cell can promote survival. The serine/threonine kinase PAK4 can protect cells from apoptosis in response to several different types of stimuli. As is the case for other members of the p21-activated kinase (PAK) family, one way that PAK4 may promote cell survival is by phosphorylating and thereby inhibiting the proapoptotic protein Bad. This leads in turn to the inhibition of effector caspases such as caspase 3. Here we show that in response to cytokines which activate death domain-containing receptors, such as the tumor necrosis factor and Fas receptors, PAK4 can inhibit the death signal by a different mechanism. Under these conditions, PAK4 inhibits apoptosis early in the caspase cascade, antagonizing the activation of initiator caspase 8. This inhibition, which does not require PAK4's kinase activity, may involve inhibition of caspase 8 recruitment to the death domain receptors. This role in regulating initiator caspases is an entirely novel role for the PAK proteins and suggests a new mechanism by which these proteins promote cell survival.

scholarly journals Mapping blood biochemistry by Raman Spectroscopy at the cellular level

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor V Volkov ◽  
Jonathan McMaster ◽  
Joanna Aizenberg ◽  
Carole Celia Perry
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Blood Biochemistry ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Cellular Biochemistry ◽  
Difference Imaging

We report how Raman difference imaging provides insight on cellular biochemistry in vivo as a function of sub-cellular dimensions and the cellular environment. We show that this approach offers a...

scholarly journals Cloning and Characterization of TaSAP7-A, a Member of the Stress-Associated Protein Family in Common Wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenlu Li ◽  
Yixue Wang ◽  
Runzhi Li ◽  
Xiaoping Chang ◽  
Xiangyang Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Germination Stage

Stress association proteins (SAPs) are A20/AN1 zinc-finger domain proteins, which play important roles in plant adaptation to abiotic stress and plant development. The functions of SAPs in some plants were reported, but little is known about it in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, we characterized a novel 2AN1-type stress association protein gene TaSAP7-A, which was mapped to chromosome 5A in wheat. Subcellular localization indicated that TaSAP7-A was distributed in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Unlike previously known A20/AN1-type SAP genes, TaSAP7-A was negatively regulated to abiotic stress tolerance. Overexpressing TaSAP7-A Arabidopsis lines were hypersensitive to ABA, osmotic and salt stress at germination stage and post-germination stage. Overexpression of TaSAP7-A Arabidopsis plants accelerated the detached leaves’ chlorophyll degradation. Association analysis of TaSAP7-A haplotypes and agronomic traits showed that Hap-5A-2 was significantly associated with higher chlorophyll content at jointing stage and grain-filling stage. These results jointly revealed that TaSAP7-A is related to the chlorophyll content in the leaves of Arabidopsis and wheat. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that TaSAP7-A interacted with TaS10B, which was the component of regulatory subunit in 26S proteasome. In general, TaSAP7-A was a regulator of chlorophyll content, and favorable haplotypes should be helpful for improving plant chlorophyll content and grain yield of wheat.

scholarly journals Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids Biosynthesis in the Model Legume Lotus japonicus; Connections to Nitrogen Metabolism and Photorespiration

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita García-Calderón ◽  
Carmen M. Pérez-Delgado ◽  
Peter Palove-Balang ◽  
Marco Betti ◽  
Antonio J. Márquez
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Metabolism ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Model Legume ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Made In

Phenylpropanoid metabolism represents an important metabolic pathway from which originates a wide number of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine, such as flavonoids and isoflavonoids, crucial molecules in plants implicated in a large number of biological processes. Therefore, various types of interconnection exist between different aspects of nitrogen metabolism and the biosynthesis of these compounds. For legumes, flavonoids and isoflavonoids are postulated to play pivotal roles in adaptation to their biological environments, both as defensive compounds (phytoalexins) and as chemical signals in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress made in the characterization of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathways in the model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) Larsen under different abiotic stress situations, such as drought, the impairment of photorespiration and UV-B irradiation. Emphasis is placed on results obtained using photorespiratory mutants deficient in glutamine synthetase. The results provide different types of evidence showing that an enhancement of isoflavonoid compared to standard flavonol metabolism frequently occurs in Lotus under abiotic stress conditions. The advance produced in the analysis of isoflavonoid regulatory proteins by the use of co-expression networks, particularly MYB transcription factors, is also described. The results obtained in Lotus japonicus plants can be also extrapolated to other cultivated legume species, such as soybean, of extraordinary agronomic importance with a high impact in feeding, oil production and human health.

scholarly journals The p38 MAPK Components and Modulators as Biomarkers and Molecular Targets in Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Laura García-Hernández ◽  
María Belén García-Ortega ◽  
Gloria Ruiz-Alcalá ◽  
Esmeralda Carrillo ◽  
Juan Antonio Marchal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Intracellular Signals ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Different Tissues

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family is an important bridge in the transduction of extracellular and intracellular signals in different responses at the cellular level. Within this MAPK family, the p38 kinases can be found altered in various diseases, including cancer, where these kinases play a fundamental role, sometimes with antagonistic mechanisms of action, depending on several factors. In fact, this family has an immense number of functionalities, many of them yet to be discovered in terms of regulation and action in different types of cancer, being directly involved in the response to cancer therapies. To date, three main groups of MAPKs have been identified in mammals: the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and the different isoforms of p38 (α, β, γ, δ). In this review, we highlight the mechanism of action of these kinases, taking into account their extensive regulation at the cellular level through various modifications and modulations, including a wide variety of microRNAs. We also analyze the importance of the different isoforms expressed in the different tissues and their possible role as biomarkers and molecular targets. In addition, we include the latest preclinical and clinical trials with different p38-related drugs that are ongoing with hopeful expectations in the present/future of developing precision medicine in cancer.

scholarly journals The Small GTPase OsRac1 forms two distinct immune receptor complexes containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Akamatsu ◽  
Masayuki Fujiwara ◽  
Satoshi Hamada ◽  
Megumi Wakabayashi ◽  
Ai Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Protein Complex ◽  
Small Gtpase ◽  
Surface Pattern ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Large Protein ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Immune Receptors ◽  
Different Types

AbstractPlants employ two different types of immune receptors, cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding and Leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLRs), to cope with pathogen invasion. Both immune receptors often share similar downstream components and responses but it remains unknown whether a PRR and an NLR assemble into the same protein complex or two distinct receptor complexes. We have previously found that the small GTPase OsRac1 plays key roles in the signaling of OsCERK1, a PRR for fungal chitin, and of Pit, an NLR for rice blast fungus, and associates directly and indirectly with both of these immune receptors. In this study, using biochemical and bioimaging approaches, we reveal that OsRac1 formed two distinct receptor complexes with OsCERK1 and with Pit. Supporting this result, OsCERK1 and Pit utilized different transport systems for anchorage to the plasma membrane. Activation of OsCERK1 and Pit led to OsRac1 activation and, concomitantly, OsRac1 shifted from a small to a large protein complex fraction. We also found that the chaperone Hsp90 contributed to the proper transport of Pit to the plasma membrane and the immune induction of Pit. These findings illuminate how the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit orchestrate rice immunity through the small GTPase OsRac1.

Psychological Stress and Cellular Aging

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idan Shalev ◽  
Waylon J. Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Cellular Aging ◽  
Biological Stress ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Different Types

Stress is a multistage process during which an organism perceives, interprets, and responds to threatening environmental stimuli. Physiological activity in the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems mediates the biological stress response. Although the stress response is adaptive in the short term, exposure to severe or chronic stressors dysregulates these biological systems, promoting maladaptive physiology and an accelerated aging phenotype, including aging on the cellular level. Two structures implicated in this process of stress and cellular aging are telomeres, whose length progressively decreases with age, and mitochondria, whose respiratory activity becomes increasingly inefficient with advanced age. Stress in its various forms is suggested to influence the maintenance and stability of these structures throughout life. Elucidating the interrelated connection between telomeres and mitochondria and how different types of stressors are influencing these structures to drive the aging process is of great interest. A better understanding of this subject can inform clinical treatments and intervention efforts to reduce (or even reverse) the damaging effects of stress on the aging process.

scholarly journals Evidence of necroptosis in hearts subjected to various forms of ischemic insults

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1163-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Adameova ◽  
Jaroslav Hrdlicka ◽  
Adrian Szobi ◽  
Veronika Farkasova ◽  
Katarina Kopaskova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Necrotic Cell Death ◽  
Necrotic Cell ◽  
Ischemic Insult ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Promote Cell Survival

Long-lasting ischemia can result in cell loss; however, repeated episodes of brief ischemia increase the resistance of the heart against deleterious effects of subsequent prolonged ischemic insult and promote cell survival. Traditionally, it is believed that the supply of blood to the ischemic heart is associated with release of cytokines, activation of inflammatory response, and induction of necrotic cell death. In the past few years, this paradigm of passive necrosis as an uncontrolled cell death has been re-examined and the existence of a strictly regulated form of necrotic cell death, necroptosis, has been documented. This controlled cell death modality, resembling all morphological features of necrosis, has been investigated in different types of ischemia-associated heart injuries. The process of necroptosis has been found to be dependent on the activation of RIP1–RIP3–MLKL axis, which induces changes leading to the rupture of cell membrane. This pathway is activated by TNF-α, which has also been implicated in the cardioprotective signaling pathway of ischemic preconditioning. Thus, this review is intended to describe the TNF-α-mediated signaling leading to either cell survival or necroptotic cell death. In addition, some experimental data suggesting a link between heart dysfunction and the cellular loss due to necroptosis are discussed in various conditions of myocardial ischemia.

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