Recent Advances in Saffron Soil Remediation: Activated Carbon and Zeolites Effects on Allelopathic Potential

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a highly valuable plant. Iran provides nearly 90% of the world’s total saffron and is the biggest global producer. The allelopathic effects of saffron corm (SC) and saffron field soil (SFS) have been hypothesized to play an important role in replanting. Recently, adsorbent materials have been used to neutralize the effects of allelochemicals. These materials, including activated carbon and zeolite, have large surface areas, pore volumes, as well as tremendous adsorptive capacity and complex chemical and physical properties. In this study, three independent experiments were conducted. In the first test, the allelopathic effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of SC remnant and 9-year-old SFS as well as filtered aqueous extract of soil were investigated. In the second assay, the effects of SC remnants and SFS with different ages (i.e., 4, 6, and 9 years old) in combination with adsorbents were examined on the germination and growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings by the sandwich method. In the third experiment, we examined the effects of SC remnants combined with adsorbents on lettuce growth parameters. Our results showed that the allelopathic effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of SC remnant were significantly superior to those of 9-year-old SFS. The aqueous extract of SC remnant reduced the root length of lettuce by 50%. The use of activated carbon and zeolites significantly decreased the observed allelopathic effect. Moreover, lettuce growth in rhizosphere soil was significantly inhibited by SC remnant and SFS extracts. The allelopathic effects of SC remnants caused a growth imbalance between the shoot and roots. Based on biochemical analyses, using the adsorbents increased the carotenoid content and chlorophyll index of lettuce by 23.33% and 5.25%, respectively. Adsorbents may play a role in treating soils contaminated by allelochemicals.

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Allelopathic potential of Artemisia herba-alba and Anthemis arvensis to control Weeds in Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.38150/sajeb.6(3).p95-100 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 95-100

Author(s):

Nadi Awwad Al Harbi

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Weed Management ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Weed Species ◽

Crop Species ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

Anthemis Arvensis ◽

Germination And Growth

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potentials for utilization of Artemisia herba-alba and Anthemis arvensis shoot aqueous extract at different concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%) to suppress the germination and growth of Panicum turgidum and Portulaca oleracea (weeds of crop fields) in Petri dish experiment. Results indicated that the degree of inhibition on seed germination and growth of the recipient species was largely dependent on the concentration of A. herba-alba and A.arvensis shoot aqueous extract. The aqueous extract of A.herba-alba showed the highest allelopathic effect on the germination of the seeds of P. turgidum, (10%,10% and 0%) while the effect of A. arvensis shoot aqueous extract was greater on the germination of the seeds P. oleracea (40%,0% and 0%). Percentage germination of the two selected crop species Triticum aestivum and Hordeum vulgare also de-creased as the A.herba-alba and A.arvensis shoot aqueous extract concentra-tion increased from 1% to 5% (90%,80% and 70%),(40%,40% and 20%). But the inhibition percentage was largely less than that of weed species. The results also showed that H.vulgare was more sensitive than T. aestivum and responds more strongly to the increase of concentration of A. herba-alba shoot aqueous extract . Results also showed that the radicle length of almost all tested species was more sensitive to allelochemicals from A.herba-alba and A.arvensis shoot aqueous extract than plumule length. Therefore, A. herba-alba and A. arvensis shoot aqueous extract may offer promises for their usefulness as a tool for weed management.

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Phytochemical Profile and Evaluation of the Allelopathic Effect of the Aqueous Extract of Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl (Cyperaceae)

Journal of Agricultural Studies ◽

10.5296/jas.v8i3.16353 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 310

Author(s):

Ana Claudia Martins Da Silva ◽

José Jailson Lima Bezerra ◽

Ana Paula Do Nascimento Prata ◽

Renan Cantalice De Souza ◽

Cynthiane Lins de Albuquerque Paulino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Extract ◽

High Performance ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

Phytotoxic Activity ◽

Lactuca Sativa L ◽

Phytochemical Profile ◽

Germination Bioassays

The allelopathic potential of some plant species has been scientifically proven over the years. The use of such natural compounds with phytotoxic activity is an alternative to synthetic herbicides. Thus, this research aims to analyze the phytochemical profile and the allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. The allelopathic potential was evaluated by germination bioassays using seeds from two receptor species (Lactuca sativa L. and Emilia fosbergii Nicolson) and seven concentrations of aqueous extracts of F. miliacea aerial and underground parts in triplicate. The variables evaluated were germination (G) and germination speed index (GSI). The data obtained were submitted to F test and the averages to regression analysis. In addition, phytochemical analyses were performed to analyze possible allelochemicals present in aqueous extracts of F. miliacea through phytochemical screening and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The aqueous extracts of aerial and underground parts of F. miliacea inhibit the germination of E. fosbergii seeds at all concentrations analyzed (0.94, 1.87, 3.75, 7.5, 15 and 30%). However, the same extracts do not show any effects when evaluated in L. sativa seeds. The aqueous extract of F. miliacea shows important chemical constituents (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, luteolin, apigenin, acacetin, and alkaloids) that can be directly related to the allelopathic effects observed in E. fosbergii seeds.

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Allelopathic Potential of Papaver Somniferum L. on Seed Germination Against Three Different Varities of Zea Mays

10.21203/rs.3.rs-181838/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muntaha Tul Sidra ◽

SAYEDA SARAH MUBARAK ◽

FATIMA KHAN SHERWANI ◽

NAZMA AZEEM

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Water Extract ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Papaver Somniferum ◽

Hot Water ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

Hot Water Extract

Abstract Aims To evaluate the allelopathic effect of Papaver somniferum against the 3 varieties of Zea mays seeds cv. Azam, Pahari and Iqbal. Methods Aqueous extracts were made by soaking the powder of dried leaves of Papaver somniferum. For the aqueous extract treatment, the extract was soaked in distilled water for 24 and 48 hours separately. For mulching treatment, the seeds were sowed in soil and sprinkled powder of leaves. For litter, the petri dishes were grounded with randomly cut pieces of filter paper wetted with extract. For hot water treatment the water was boiled for 5 minutes. The powder was then mixed in boil water. Results Azam got effected in 24h extract in aqueous extract treatment while Pahari in 48h treatment. In mulching all the three varieties got inhibited by extract. Azam showed resistance toward the inhibitory effect of extract in litter experiments. Iqbal was affected in hot water extract. Conclusion It is concluded that the extracts obtained from Papaver somniferum showed inhibitory effects on all the three varieties except few exceptions of maize. The plumule and radical growth got affected the most.

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Allelopathic Potential of Ethanolic Extract and Phytochemical Analysis of Paspalum maritimum Trind

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582019370100053 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

Author(s):

J.C. PEREIRA ◽

C.L.A. PAULINO ◽

L. ENDRES ◽

A.E.G. SANTANA ◽

F.R.S. PEREIRA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Condensed Tannins ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Active Fraction ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Allelopathic Effects ◽

Donor Species

ABSTRACT: Allelopathy is defined as the ability of certain plants and microorganisms to interfere with the metabolism of other species through substances released into the environment, being an alternative to control weeds and diseases. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the allelopathic potential and identify groups of secondary metabolites of Paspalum maritimum Trind. The species Lactuca sativa, Digitaria insularis, Emilia coccinea, and Portulaca oleracea were used as recipient plants. The ethanolic extract was obtained from shoot and root of donor species to evaluate the allelopathic potential. Potentially allelopathic effects were evaluated by means of germination tests, germination speed index, and initial seedling growth. A phytochemical analysis of the extract was also performed to identify the secondary metabolites. The ethanolic extract from both plant parts had an allelopathic effect on recipient species. The presence of condensed tannins, chalcones and aurones, flavonones, steroids, and saponins were detected in the most active fraction of the shoot of P. maritimum.

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Allelopathic Potential and Chemical Components of Aqueous Extract from Soil-Like Substrate

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.490 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 455-456 ◽

pp. 490-495

Author(s):

Le Yuan Li ◽

Bei Zhen Xie ◽

Wen Ting Fu ◽

Wen Ting He ◽

Hong Liu

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Extract ◽

Root Length ◽

Life Support ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Seed Vigor ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Allelopathic Potential

. Rice and wheat are the traditional food for Chinese people, as well as the main crop candidates for space bioregenerative life support systems. Recycling of inedible parts of rice and wheat is an important issue concerning the system. In order to determine whether the mixed-substrate of rice and wheat’s inedible parts is suitable for plant cultivation, soil-like substrate made from rice and wheat was tested in an aqueous extract germination experiment. The effects of different concentrations of aqueous extract on seed vigor, seedling growth and development situations and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat, lettuce and pumpkin were studied, and the presence and degrees of allelopathic effects were analyzed. The test results show that this type of soil-like substrate can exert different degrees of allelopathic effect on wheat and lettuce; this allelopathic effect is related to the concentration of soil-like substrate aqueous extract. With the increase of extract concentration, the seed germination, root length and shoot fresh weight of wheat decreased; and every concentration of aqueous extract showed significant inhibition on the root length and root fresh weight of lettuce. However, this type of soil-like substrate showed few effect on the growth of pumpkin seedlings. Content changes of chlorophyll and endogenous hormones in wheat and lettuce seedlings, and the chemical compositions of soil-like substrate were measured. Besides, the mechanism of allelopathic effect was analyzed.

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Allelopathic potential aqueous extract of tubers of tiririca in the growth and development of lettuce

Scientific Electronic Archives ◽

10.36560/1342020884 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 65

Author(s):

D. O. Souza ◽

R. Agustini ◽

G. S. Romero ◽

P.E. S. Rueda ◽

V. C. Galati

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Fresh Mass ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Root Extract ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

High Productivity ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Root Size

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) belongs to the asteraceae family, known worldwide and appreciated for generations. Due to the great acceptance, the lettuce is a vegetable of high consumption. In search of solutions for high productivity some techniques have been researched to reduce the stress suffered by the plant to the environment. This study aimed to verify that the aqueous extract of tiririca, in different strengths, present some allelopathic effect on the development of the lettuce. The use of the aqueous extract, which has in its composition the Indole Acetic Acid-AIA (Auxin), was used by capillary irrigation, with the following treatments: T0-control; T1- 25% of concentration; T2- 50% of concentration; T3- 100% of concentration. This study consisted of five replicates and five plants per treatment, with a total of 100 plants. The design was completely randomized. The analyzes were root size, shoot development by fresh mass plant, number of leaves and chlorophyll content. According to the data, it was observed that the concentration of the 100% root extract resulted in higher values of root development, however, affected shoot growth, a result verified in the fresh mass, in which the plants presented reduced weight when compared to the other treatments, and consequently affected the amount of leaves produced by the plants submitted to this treatment, the chlorophyll content was also lower for the plants treated with the maximum concentration of the extract. Therefore, it can be concluded that high dosages of the tiririca extract had an allelopathic effect inhibiting the growth and development of the lettuce plants, and did not present a satisfactory result.

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Allelopathic Potential of Celery Residues on Lettuce

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.117.2.308 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 117 (2) ◽

pp. 308-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Dorm G. Shilling ◽

Joan A. Dusky ◽

Mark A. Mossier ◽

Thomas A. Bewick

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Growth Medium ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Tissue Growth ◽

Tissue Type ◽

Soil Incubation ◽

Lettuce Seedling ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

Growing Medium ◽

Allelopathic Effects

Poor emergence of commercially grown lettuce has been observed when planted immediately after the removal of a celery crop. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the possible allelopathic effects of celery residue on the emergence and growth of lettuce. The influence of amount and type of celery tissue, growth medium and fertility, incubation time in soil, and amendment of growth medium containing celery residue with activated charcoal was evaluated with respect to the allelopathic potential of celery. Celery root tissue was 1.8 and 1.6 times more toxic to lettuce seedling growth than was celery petiole or lamina tissue, respectively. Lettuce shoot growth was inhibited to a greater extent when grown in sand amended with celery residue rather than either amended vermiculite or potting soil. Incubation of celery root residue in soil for 4 weeks increased phytotoxicity at 1% (v/v) and decreased it at 4% (v/v). Increasing the fertility of pure sand with varying amounts of Hoagland's solution did not reverse the allelopathic effects of celery residue. The addition of activated carbon to the medium increased the growth of lettuce exposed to celery residues. Celery residues possess allelopathic potential to developing lettuce seedlings. Celery tissue type and concentration, soil type, incubation of celery root residue in soil, and addition of activated carbon to the growing medium influenced the magnitude of the observed phytotoxicity.

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Allelopathic Potential of Aqueous Extract from Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. on Lactuca sativa

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9091228 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1228

Author(s):

M. Iftikhar Hussain ◽

Mohamed A. El-Sheikh ◽

Manuel J. Reigosa

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Lactuca Sativa ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

Acacia Melanoxylon ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Allelopathic Effects

We studied the polyphenol (phenolic compounds and flavonoids) composition and allelopathic effects of Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. aerial foliage aqueous extract (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) on the seedling growth and plant biomass of the general biotest species, lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Mean leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, root fresh weight and root dry weight were decreased following exposure to Acacia aerial foliage, flowers aqueous extract (AFE) and phyllodes aqueous extract (APE) after 6 days. The reduction in plant dry biomass was more than 50% following treatment with AFE. The decrease in mean root length was approximately 37.7% and 29.20% following treatment with Acacia flowers extract (AFE) at 75% and 100% concentration, respectively. Root dry weight of L. sativa was reduced by both flowers and phyllodes extract. The reduction of protein contents in lettuce leaves following Acacia foliage extract proved that both AFE and APE exhibit polyphenols that causes the toxicity which led to decrease in leaf protein contents. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was employed to analyze the A. melanoxylon flowers and phyllodes. A total of 13 compounds (accounting for most abundant compounds in flowers and phyllodes) include different flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The phytochemical compounds detected were: Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid. The major flavonoid compounds identified include rutin, luteolin, apigenin, and catechin. Allelopathic effects of flower and phyllodes extracts from A. melanoxylon may be due to the presence of above compounds identified by HPLC analysis.

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Allelopathic Potential of Sorghum bicolor at Different Phenological Stages

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582019370100019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. ZUCARELI ◽

E.M.P. COELHO ◽

W.V. FERNANDES ◽

E.M. PERES ◽

J. STRACIERI

Keyword(s):

Sorghum Bicolor ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Bioindicator Species ◽

Phenological Stages ◽

Allelopathic Potential

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to assess the allelopathic potential of the aqueous extract of the shoot of Sorghum bicolor at different phenological stages on seed germination and initial growth of kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) seedlings, which is considered a bioindicator species. The experiment was carried out at five development stages of S. bicolor (40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 days after emergence), which was used as aqueous extract at six concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%) applied in four replications per treatment in 10 or 50 kale seeds per plot. The percentage of germination, germination rate index, root growth, shoot length, and dry matter of kale seedlings were analyzed in the presence of this extract on different days of collection and concentrations. The aqueous extract of S. bicolor presented an allelopathic effect on germination and initial growth of kale seeds, with a higher inhibitory effect when more concentrated extracts from pre-flowering plants were used, which corresponds to 60 days after emergence. Thus, this stage should be recommended in the use of S. bicolor straw to help in controlling weeds.

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Potencial alelopático do extrato aquoso de aveia preta e azevém na germinação e crescimento inicial do capim-sudão

Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável ◽

10.18378/rvads.v11i5.4675 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 70

Author(s):

Márcio Cavalli ◽

Michele Da Silva Santos ◽

Mara Karinne Lopes Veriato Barros ◽

Helder Morais Mendes Barros ◽

Karina Xavier Leite Barosi

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Extract ◽

Block Design ◽

Statistical Design ◽

Production Cycle ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Livestock Farming ◽

Santa Catarina ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

Sudan Grass

A pecuária brasileira é sustentada em pastagens, pela sua praticidade e economia. Entre as espécies anuais de inverno mais utilizadas para pastejo na Região Sul do Brasil estão à aveia preta e o azevém, isolados ou em misturas, em função da facilidade na aquisição de sementes e em relação ao ciclo de produção das espécies. Entre as espécies de verão o Capim-Sudão vem se destacando, usado como alternativa para diminuir as dificuldades encontradas em obter forragem na época seca do ano, por facilidade de cultivo, rusticidade, tolerância à seca, rapidez no estabelecimento e crescimento, e facilidade de manejo sob corte e ou pelo pastejo direto. O presente estudo objetivou-se verificar o potencial alelopático do extrato aquoso em diferentes concentrações da aveia preta e azevém sobre a germinação e crescimento inicial do capim-Sudão. O experimento foi realizado na safra 2013/14, na Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), campus de São José do Cedro, Santa Catarina, em estufa. Para o delineamento estatístico foi utilizado o método DBC (delineamento em blocos casualizados) fatorial, com três tratamentos e cinco doses com quatro repetições. Pela porcentagem de germinação, comprimento de plantas e comprimento de raízes comparadas nas dosagens do extrato aquoso houve efeito alelopático na germinação do Capim-Sudão. E pelos índices de massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e radicular, e também visto no índice de velocidade de germinação que a partir das doses de 50% da solução aquosa dos extratos da aveia e azevém e da mistura aveia + azevém que ocorreu efeito alelopático sobre a germinação do Capim-Sudão.Allelopathic potential of the aqueous extract of black oats and ryegrass in the germination and initial growth of the sudan grassAbstract: The Brazilian livestock farming is sustained in pastures, due to its practicality and economy. Among the annual winter species most used for grazing in southern Brazil are black oats and ryegrass, isolated or in mixtures, due to the ease of seed acquisition and the production cycle of the species. Among the summer species, Sudan grass has been used as an alternative to reduce the difficulties encountered in obtaining fodder in the dry season of the year, for ease of cultivation, rusticity, drought tolerance, fast establishment and growth, and ease of cultivation. Handling under cut and / or by direct grazing. The objective of the present study was to verify the allelopathic potential of the aqueous extract in different concentrations of black oats and ryegrass on the germination and initial growth of the Sudan grass. The experiment was carried out in the 2013/14 harvest, at the University of the West of Santa Catarina (UNOESC), in the São José do Cedro campus, in the greenhouse. For the statistical design, the DBC (randomized complete block design) method was used, with three treatments and five doses with four replicates. By the percentage of germination, plant length and root length compared in the dosages of the aqueous extract, there was an allelopathic effect on the germination of the Sudan Grass. And by the fresh and dry mass index of the shoot and root, and also seen in the rate of germination that from the doses of 50% of the aqueous solution of the extracts of oats and ryegrass and the oat + ryegrass mixture that occurred allelopathic effect On the germination of Sudan Grass.

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