scholarly journals Flammability Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Casein Based Polymeric Composites

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2078
Author(s):  
Hanbin Lee ◽  
Nam Kyeun Kim ◽  
Daeseung Jung ◽  
Debes Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Polymeric Composites ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Natural Protein ◽  
Melt Compounding ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flammability Characteristics ◽  
Research Outcome

Even though casein has an intrinsic potential ability to act as a flame retardant (FR) additive, the research regarding the FR performance of casein filled polymeric composites has not been thoroughly conducted. In the present work, two commercial casein products, such as lactic casein 720 (LAC) and sodium casein 180 (SC), were chosen to investigate their effects on the performances of the polypropylene (PP) composites. The melt compounding and compression moulding processes were employed to fabricate these casein-based composites. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was also selected to explore its combined effects in conjunction with casein on the composite’s flammability. The cone calorimeter results showed that the addition of casein significantly reduced (66%) the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of the composite compared to that of neat PP. In particular, the combination of LAC and APP led to the formation of more compact and rigid char compared to that for SC based sample; hence, a further reduction (80%) in PHRR and self-extinguishment under a vertical burn test were accomplished. Moreover, the tensile modulus of the composite improved (23%) by the combined effects of LAC and APP. The overall research outcome has established the potential of casein as a natural protein FR reducing a polymer’s flammability.

scholarly journals Conductive Polymer Composites Made from Polypropylene and Recycled Graphite Scrap

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
Dylan Jia Yee Tong ◽  
◽  
Seong Chun Koay ◽  
Ming Yeng Chan ◽  
Kim Yeow Tshai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Conductive Polymer ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Conductive Filler ◽  
Graphite Powder ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Melt Compounding ◽  
Edm Process ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) process uses electrodes made from graphite that wear out over time and are turned into scrap. In this research, EDM electrode scraps were recycled and turned into graphite powder (rGP). This rGP was used as a conductive filler to produce conductive polymer composite (CPC) material by combining it with polypropylene (PP) resin via melt compounding and compression moulding processes. The percolation threshold of this composite material changed when 30 wt% of rGP was added, whereby the insulative material changed became antistatic. The composite was able to achieve surface resistivity as low as 105 ohm/sq. However, the addition of higher rGP content deteriorated the tensile properties of composite, whereby the tensile strength of composite significantly decreased as compared to neat PP. The results also showed that the tensile modulus of this composite became higher, and the material became more brittle as compared to neat PP. However, the PP/rGP composite with 50 wt% filler content reduced the tensile modulus due to plasticising effect caused by the agglomeration of rGP. The addition of high filler content on PP/rGP composite also caused an increase in processing torque. This was due to the restriction of rGP particles to the melt flow of molten PP. The morphological analysis found that the PP/rGP composites with higher amounts of filler content were highly agglomerated and formed conductivity paths within the PP matrix. The increase of rGP content highly improved the thermal stability of composite. The findings of this study show that the rGP has the potential to be used as a conductive filler for producing conductive composite material.

scholarly journals Fire Behavior of 3D-Printed Polymeric Composites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthik Babu ◽  
Oisik Das ◽  
Vigneshwaran Shanmugam ◽  
Rhoda Afriye Mensah ◽  
Michael Försth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Manufacturing ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Polymeric Composites ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Flammability Characteristics ◽  
3D Printed

Abstract3D printing or additive manufacturing (AM) is considered as a flexible manufacturing method with the potential for substantial innovations in fabricating geometrically complicated structured polymers, metals, and ceramics parts. Among them, polymeric composites show versatility for applications in various fields, such as constructions, microelectronics and biomedical. However, the poor resistance of these materials against fire must be considered due to their direct relation to human life conservation and safety. In this article, the recent advances in the fire behavior of 3D-printed polymeric composites are reviewed. The article describes the recently developed methods for improving the flame retardancy of 3D-printed polymeric composites. Consequently, the improvements in the fire behavior of 3D-printed polymeric materials through the change in formulation of the composites are discussed. The article is novel in the sense that it is one of the first studies to provide an overview regarding the flammability characteristics of 3D-printed polymeric materials, which will further incite research interests to render AM-based materials fire-resistant.

Pre-Fibrillation of Pulps to Manufacture Cellulose Nanofiber Reinforced High-Density Polyethylene using the Dry-Pulp Direct Kneading Method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Igarashi ◽  
Akihiro Sato ◽  
Hiroaki Okumura ◽  
Fumiaki Nakatsubo ◽  
Takashi Kuboki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
High Density ◽  
Cellulose Nanofiber ◽  
Feed Material ◽  
Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride ◽  
Melt Compounding ◽  
Kneading Method

Abstract The dry-pulp direct-kneading method is an industrially viable, low-energy process to manufacture cellulose nanofiber (CNF) reinforced polymer composites, where chemically modified pulps can be nanofibrillated and dispersed uniformly in the polymer matrix during melt-compounding. In this study, cellulose fibers with different sizes, ranging from surface-fibrillated pulps with 20 µm in width to fine CNFs with 20 nm in width were prepared from softwood bleached kraft pulps (NBKPs) using a refiner and high-pressure homogenizer (HPH). These cellulose fibers were modified with alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA), and then dried. The dried ASA-treated cellulose fibers were used as a feed material for melt-compounding in the dry-pulp direct kneading method to fabricate CNF reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE). When surface-fibrillated pulps were employed as a feed material, the pulps were nanofibrillated and dispersed uniformly in the HDPE matrix during the melt-compounding, and the composites had much better properties (i.e., much higher tensile modulus and strength and much lower coefficient of thermal expansion) than the composites produced using the pulps without pre-fibrillation. However, when CNFs were used as a feed material, the CNFs were shortened and agglomerated during the melt-compounding, thus deteriorating the properties of the composites. The study concludes that the pre-fibrillation of pulps had a significant impact on the morphology and properties of the composites. Unexpectedly, the surface-fibrillated pulp, which can be produced cost-effectively using a refiner at an industry scale, was a more suitable form than the CNF as a feed material for melt-compounding in the dry-pulp direct kneading method.

scholarly journals Mechanical Characteristics of Aluminium Powder Filled Glass Epoxy Composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pujan Sarkar ◽  
Nipu Modak ◽  
Prasanta Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Aluminium Content ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Moulding Process ◽  
Aluminium Powder ◽  
Void Fractions ◽  
Aluminium Addition ◽  
Powder Addition

Mechanical characteristics of glass epoxy and aluminium powder filled glass epoxy composites are experimentally investigated using INSTRON 8801 testing device as per ASTM standards. With a fixed wt% of fiber reinforcement, glass epoxy and 5-15 wt% aluminium powder filled glass epoxy composites are fabricated in conventional hand lay-up technique followed by light compression moulding process. Experimental results show that aluminium powder as a filler material influences the mechanical properties. Density and void fraction in composites increase whereas steady decrease of tensile strength is recorded with aluminium powder addition. Micro hardness, flexural strength, inter laminar shear strength (ILSS) of 5 and 10 wt% aluminium content composites are improved compared to unfilled glass epoxy composite and with further addition of aluminium up to 15 wt% decreasing trends are observed. Glass epoxy with 5 wt% aluminium concentration shows the highest improvement. Tensile modulus for aluminium addition of 5 wt% decreases whereas 10 wt% aluminium filled composite shows improvement in tensile modulus. These are explained on the basis of material properties, void fractions and bonding strength among the constituents.

scholarly journals Aluminum-Filled Amorphous-PET, a Composite Showing Simultaneous Increase in Modulus and Impact Resistance

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2038
Author(s):  
Arfat Anis ◽  
Ahmed Yagoub Elnour ◽  
Mohammad Asif Alam ◽  
Saeed M. Al-Zahrani ◽  
Fayez AlFayez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Pure Metal ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
First Case ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Metal Filler ◽  
Poly Ethylene

Metal-plastic composites have the potential to combine enhanced electrical and thermal conductivity with a lower density than a pure metal. The drawback has often been brittleness and low impact resistance caused by weak adhesion between the metal filler and the plastic. Based on our observation that aluminum foil sticks very strongly to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) if it is used as a backing during compression moulding, this work set out to explore PET filled with a micro and a nano aluminum (Al) powder. In line with other composites using filler particles with low aspect-ratio, the tensile modulus increased somewhat with loading. However, unlike most particle composites, the strength did not decrease and most surprisingly, the Izod impact resistance increased, and in fact more than doubled with certain compositions. Thus, the Al particles acted as a toughening agent without decreasing the modulus and strength. This would be the first case where addition of a metal powder to a plastic increased the modulus and impact resistance simultaneously. The Al particles also acted as nucleating agents but it was not sufficient to make PET crystallize as fast as the injection moulding polyester, poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT).

Performance evaluation of HDPE/MWCNT and HDPE/kenaf composites

2019 ◽  
pp. 089270571986827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayan Pundhir ◽  
Sunny Zafar ◽  
Himanshu Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Test ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Kenaf Composites ◽  
The Impact

The present work deals with the microwave-assisted compression moulding of high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-based composites. In the present work, 20 wt% of reinforcement in the form of kenaf and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was used to fabricate HDPE/kenaf and HDPE/MWCNT polymer composites. The mechanical characterizations of the microwave-processed composites were carried out in terms of uniaxial tensile test with different strain rate, multistep stress relaxation, flexural and impact test. The uniaxial tensile test revealed that the tensile modulus of microwave-processed four-layered HDPE/kenaf polymer composite was 35.2% higher than that of HDPE/MWCNT polymer composite. The HDPE/MWCNT polymer composite showed a minimum of 1.25 GPa and a maximum of 4.7 GPa of elastic modulus when tested at different strain rate. The impact energy absorbed by the HDPE/kenaf polymer composite (1.055 J) was 81.12% higher than the HDPE/MWCNT polymer composite (0.582 J).

Properties of HDPE/Clay/Wood Nanocomposites

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Wu ◽  
Y. Lei ◽  
F. Yao ◽  
Y. Xu ◽  
K. Lian
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Tensile Elongation ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Crystallization Rate ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Melt Compounding ◽  
Storage And Loss Moduli ◽  
Organic Clay ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Composites based on high density polyethylene (HDPE), pine flour, and organic clay were made by melt compounding and injection molding. The influence of clay on crystallization behavior, mechanical properties, water absorption, and thermal stability of HDPE/pine composites were investigated. The HDPE/pine composites containing exfoliated clay were made by a two-step melt compounding procedure with a maleated polyethylene (MAPE) as a compatibilizer. Adding 2% clay to a HDPE/pine composite without MAPE decreased the crystallization temperature (Tc) and rate, and the crystallinity level. When 2% MAPE was added, the Tc and crystallization rate increased, but the crystallinity level was lowered. The flexural strength and the tensile strength of HDPE/pine composites increased 19.6% and 24.2% respectively with addition of 1% clay but then decreased slightly as the clay content was increased to 3%. The tensile modulus and tensile elongation were increased 11.8% and 13% respectively with addition of 1% clay but the storage and loss moduli barely change as the clay content was increased to 3%. The impact strength was lowered 7.5% by adding 1% clay, but did not decrease further as more clay was added. The moisture content and thickness swelling of the HDPE/pine composites was reduced by the clay, but did not improve the thermal stability.

The combined effects of initial microfibrillar angle and moisture contents on the tensile mechanical properties and angle alteration of wood foils during tension

Holzforschung ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 491-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hankun Wang ◽  
Zixuan Yu ◽  
Xuexia Zhang ◽  
Dan Ren ◽  
Yan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Pinus Massoniana ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Masson Pine ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Microfibrillar Angle

Abstract The combined effects of initial microfibril angle (MFA) and moisture content (MC) on the longitudinal tensile properties of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) wood foils has been investigated. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRDsyn) combined with a custom-built microtensile device was applied for in situ monitoring of the MFA alterations in the foils under different initial MFAs and MCs conditions. The results demonstrate that the tensile properties are highly negatively correlated to both MFA and MC. Furthermore, the tensile modulus is more sensitive to MC change than tensile strength. At a higher MFA, the sensitivity of the two mechanical indicators to MC alteration is enhanced.

Post-yield fracture correlations to morphological and micromechanical response of poly(ε-caprolactone)-based biocomposites

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achla ◽  
Saurindra Nath Maiti ◽  
Josemon Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Essential Work ◽  
Essential Work Of Fracture ◽  
Melt Compounding ◽  
Marginal Increment ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Work Of Fracture

The present work investigates the effect of jack wood flour (JWF) content on the fracture toughness, tensile, impact, and morphological behavior of the prepared green biocomposites. From 0 to 35 wt% (volume fraction ( Φf) = 0–0.34) of JWF was incorporated as a reinforcing biodegradable filler into poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) matrix by melt compounding in a twin screw extruder. The tensile modulus increases by 80.48% at the highest Φf = 0.34, though marginal increment (13.71%) in the yield strength was registered. A sharp reduction in notched Izod impact strength (85%) was observed with increasing JWF content. The fracture toughness of the prepared biocomposites based on post-yield fracture mechanics concept was investigated by essential work of fracture (EWF) methodology. Incorporation of JWF into PCL matrix diminishes the EWF ( we), while increasing the non-essential work of fracture ( βwp). In the biocomposites, principally two mechanisms governed the fracture deformation. Large JWF particles act as stress concentration points and favor the crack initiation, while the smaller particles favor fibrillation which arrests the crack propagation enhancing the parameter βwp at lower concentration of JWF. Freeze-fractured surfaces show a degree of phase adhesion at lower Φf of JWF. The phase adhesion parameter obtained from micromechanical analysis of tensile properties suggesting the mechanical interlocking and interaction between PCL and JWF.

Polymeric Composites Tailored by Electric Field

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1164-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
GeunHyung Kim ◽  
Yuri M. Shkel
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Polymeric Composites ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Ceramic Particles ◽  
Redistribution Effect

A solid composite of desirable microstructure can be produced by curing a liquid polymeric suspension in an electric field. Redistribution effect of the field-induced forces exceeds that of centrifugation, which is frequently employed to manufacture functionally graded materials. Moreover, unlike centrifugational sedimentation, the current approach can electrically rearrange the inclusions in targeted areas. The electric field can be employed to produce a composite having uniformly oriented structure or only modify the material in selected regions. Field-aided technology enables polymeric composites to be locally micro-tailored for a given application. Moreover, materials of literally any composition can be manipulated. In this article we present testing results for compositions of graphite and ceramic particles as well as glass fibers in epoxy. Electrical and rheological interactions of inclusions in a liquid epoxy are discussed. Measurements of tensile modulus and ultimate strength of epoxy composites having different microstructure of 10 vol% graphite, ceramic particles and glass fiber are presented.

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