scholarly journals On Image Fusion of Ground Surface Vibration for Mapping and Locating Underground Pipeline Leakage: An Experimental Investigation

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuan Yan ◽  
Hongyong Yuan ◽  
Yan Gao ◽  
Boao Jin ◽  
Jennifer M. Muggleton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Acoustic Vibration ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Contour Plot ◽  
Underground Pipeline ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Spatial Image ◽  
Surface Vibrations

This paper is concerned with imaging techniques for mapping and locating underground pipeline leakage. Ground surface vibrations induced by the propagating axisymmetric wave can be measured by an array of acoustic/vibration sensors, with the extraction of magnitude information used to determine the position of leak source. A method of connected graph traversal is incorporated into the vibroacoustic technique to obtain the spatial image with better accuracy compared to the conventional magnitude contour plot. Measurements are made on a dedicated cast iron water pipe by an array of seven triaxial geophones. The spectral characteristics of the propagation of leak noise signals from underground water pipes to the ground surface are reported. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that suspicious leakage areas can be readily identified by extracting and fusing the feature patterns at low frequencies where leak noise dominates. The results agree well with the real leakage position in the underground pipeline.

scholarly journals Integrative 3D Geological Modeling Derived from SWIR Hyperspectral Imaging Techniques and UAV-Based 3D Model for Carbonate Rocks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3037
Author(s):  
Huy Hoa Huynh ◽  
Jaehung Yu ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Nam Hoon Kim ◽  
Bum Han Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Iron Hydroxide ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Rock Classification ◽  
3D Geological Modeling ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Absorption Features

This paper demonstrates an integrative 3D model of short-wave infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral mapping and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based digital elevation model (DEM) for a carbonate rock outcrop including limestone and dolostone in a field condition. The spectral characteristics in the target outcrop showed the limestone well coincided with the reference spectra, while the dolostone did not show clear absorption features compared to the reference spectra, indicating a mixture of clay minerals. The spectral indices based on SWIR hyperspectral images were derived for limestone and dolostone using aluminum hydroxide (AlOH), hydroxide (OH), iron hydroxide (FeOH), magnesium hydroxide (MgOH) and carbonate ion (CO32−) absorption features based on random forest and logistic regression models with an accuracy over 87%. Given that the indices were derived from field data with consideration of commonly occurring geological units, the indices have better applicability for real world cases. The integrative 3D geological model developed by co-registration between hyperspectral map and UAV-based DEM using best matching SIFT descriptor pairs showed the 3D rock formations between limestone and dolostone. Moreover, additional geological information of the outcrop was extracted including thickness, slope, rock classification, strike, and dip.

Spectra of quarry blasts and microearthquakes recorded at local distances in Israel

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1799-1812
Author(s):  
Yefim Gitterman ◽  
Torild van Eck
Keyword(s):  
Time Delays ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Event Identification ◽  
Routine Basis ◽  
Seismograph Network ◽  
Discrimination Method

Abstract In northern Israel, quarry blasts and microearthquakes occur in a region with complicated tectonics. Therefore correct event identification, preferably based on a simple method that can be applied on a routine basis, is essential for accurate and detailed seismotectonic studies. Spectral analysis of quarry blasts and microearthquakes recorded at local distances (5 < Δ < 2000 km) by stations of the Israel Seismograph Network revealed spectral characteristics in the frequency range less than 12.5 Hz that can be used routinely for event identification. Most quarry blasts in northern Israel are ripple-fired, open pit blasts, consequently we chose an event discrimination method based on the recognition of ripple-firing patterns in the signal. A simple model for ripple firing parameters, based on interference theory of linear systems and including random effects, predicts spectral minima at low frequencies identical for different seismic phases. We compared the spectra of complete seismogram signals of 52 events recorded by the ISN at different distances and azimuths, including both microearthquakes and quarry blasts in a selected region of northern Israel. Consistent spectral modulation was found in a band from about 2 to 8 Hz for 18 of 21 reliably identified, i.e., reported, quarry blasts with time delays of 20 to 40 msec. The spectral minima frequencies correspond to those predicted by the theory.

Novel Electro-Optic Imaging Technologies for Day/Night Oil Spill Detection

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 299609
Author(s):  
Toomas H. Allik ◽  
Roberta E. Dixon ◽  
Lenard V. Ramboyong ◽  
Mark Roberts ◽  
Thomas J. Soyka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Imaging Technologies ◽  
Oil Spill Detection

Joint program between the U.S. Departments of the Interior and Defense to bring knowledge, expertise and military, low-light level and hyperspectral imaging technologies to remote oil spill detection. Program emphasis is to determine remote infrared imaging techniques for the quantification of oil spill thickness. Spectral characteristics of various crude oils in the SWIR (1–2 microns), MWIR (3–5 microns) and LWIR (8–12 microns) were measured. Analysis of laboratory data and Deepwater Horizon hyperspectral imagery showed the utility of the SWIR region to detect crude oil and emulsions. We have evaluated two SWIR wavelengths (1200 nm and 1250 nm) for thickness assessment. An infrared, 3-color imager is discussed along with field tests at the BSEE's Ohmsett test facility.

Earthquake Response of Underground Pipeline Networks in Christchurch, NZ

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. O'Rourke ◽  
Sang-Soo Jeon ◽  
Selcuk Toprak ◽  
Misko Cubrinovski ◽  
Matthew Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Underground Pipeline ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Pipeline Networks ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ground Surface Settlement

This paper explores key aspects of underground pipeline network response to the Canterbury earthquake sequence in Christchurch, New Zealand, including the response of the water and wastewater distribution systems to the MW6.2 22 February 2011 and MW6.0 13 June 2011 earthquakes, and the response of the gas distribution system to the MW7.1 4 September 2010 earthquake, as well as the 22 February and 13 June events. Repair rates, expressed as repairs/km, for different types of pipelines are evaluated relative to (1) the spatial distribution of peak ground velocity outside liquefaction areas and (2) the differential ground surface settlement and lateral ground strain within areas affected by liquefaction, calculated from high-resolution LiDAR survey data acquired before and after each main seismic event. The excellent performance of the gas distribution network is the result of highly ductile polyethylene pipelines. Lessons learned regarding the earthquake performance of underground lifeline systems are summarized.

Quantifying the Stiffness of Biceps Muscle Using Accelerometer

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Salman ◽  
Alan Palmer ◽  
Sajid Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surface Vibrations

Abstract With increasing awareness of health benefits from incorporating exercise for a more physically active lifestyle, a natural increase in injuries to connective tissues within the body is inevitable. Determining the condition of these tissues by current imaging techniques is expensive, difficult, and not entirely reliable. Using a Modally Hand Impact Hammer and 3D accelerometers, shear wave propagation from surface vibrations of superficial skeletal muscle was measured. The use of accelerometers in this technique contribute some advantages over other techniques. The ability to mount the accelerometers directly to subject area provides greater flexibility for the subject and the investigator. Utilizing this method provides low cost, non-invasive, reliable and repeatable measure of material characteristics. An increase in shear wave propagation and Modulus of Elasticity were observed in 10 subjects as the number of excited muscle fibers within the biceps brachii increased (muscular contraction) and decreased lower than initial resting values post muscular contraction. This technique may prove more practical in clinical settings for swift in-house or on-site assessments of muscle stiffness to help determine the condition. In a broader relationship, this process further demonstrates that techniques developed through mechanical engineering are beneficial to the health and biology fields.

scholarly journals Extracting preseismic electromagnetic signatures in terms of symbolic dynamics

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 835-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Karamanos ◽  
A. Peratzakis ◽  
P. Kapiris ◽  
S. Nikolopoulos ◽  
J. Kopanas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Linear Method ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Heterogeneous Material ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Micro Cracks ◽  
Very High Frequencies

Abstract. When a heterogeneous material is strained, its evolution toward breaking is characterized by the nucleation and the coalescence of micro-cracks before the final break-up. Electromagnetic (EM) emission in a wide frequency spectrum ranging from very low frequencies (VLF) to very high frequencies (VHF) is produced by micro-cracks, which can be considered as the so-called precursors of general fracture. Herein we consider earthquakes (EQs) as large-scale fracture phenomena. We study the capability of nonlinear time series analysis to extract features from pre-seismic electromagnetic (EM) activity possibly indicating the nucleation of the impending EQ. In particular, we want to quantify and to visualize temporal changes of the complexity into consecutive time-windows of the time series. In this direction the original continuous time EM data is projected to a linguistic symbolic sequence and then we calculate the block entropies of the optimal partition. This analysis reveals a significant reduction of complexity of the underlying fracto-electromagnetic mechanism as the catastrophic events is approaching. We verify this result in terms of correlation dimension analysis. We point out that these findings are compatible with results from an independent linear method which uses a wavelet based approach for the estimation of fractal spectral characteristics. Field and laboratory experiments associate the epoch of low complexity in the tail of the precursory emission with the nucleation phase of the impending earthquake.

Detection of Groundwater Aquifer Using Resistivity Imaging Profiling at Beriah Landfill Site, Perak, Malaysia

2011 ◽  
Vol 250-253 ◽  
pp. 1852-1855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Hafiz Zawawi ◽  
Syafalni ◽  
Ismail Abustan
Keyword(s):  
Ground Surface ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Landfill Site ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Resistivity Imaging ◽  
Groundwater Aquifer ◽  
Resistivity Inversion ◽  
The One ◽  
Resistivity Meter

This study explains the use of resistivity imaging profiling. The Resistivity Imaging Profiling (RIP) became the one of some important techniques in order to get more information for finding out some hidden water in geophysical survey and this has been applied in Beriah Landfill Site in task of exploring the location storing underground water. Two dimensional geoelectrical imaging has been applied for this study. The method can be used for map the distribution of resistivity for the subsurface materials layer. The principle goals of this survey are to define the depth of aquifer layers from the subsoil, the water table and the depth of bedrock as well as suitable site for well. The imaging method was used in this study to map the subsurface soil and groundwater in and around the landfill area that includes six resistivity line. Surveys were conducted using SAS4000 resistivity meter and ABEM LUND electrode and the measured resistivity profiles were interpreted with 2-D resistivity inversion programme (RES2DINV) software presented by two dimensions which is axis-x represent as a length on the ground surface while axis-y referred to the depth of the subsurface in meter.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Holographic Imaging Using Single Frequency Microwave Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza K. Amineh ◽  
Maryam Ravan ◽  
Raveena Sharma ◽  
Smit Baua
Keyword(s):  
3D Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Security Screening ◽  
Holographic Imaging ◽  
Wave Imaging ◽  
The Media

Three-dimensional (3D) microwave and millimeter wave imaging techniques based on the holographic principles have been successfully employed in several applications such as security screening, body shape measurement for the apparel industry, underground imaging, and wall imaging. The previously proposed 3D holographic imaging techniques require the acquisition of wideband data over rectangular or cylindrical apertures. Requirement for wideband data imposes limitations on the hardware (in particular at very high or very low frequencies). It may also lead to errors in the produced images if the media is dispersive (e.g., in biomedical imaging) and not modeled properly in the image reconstruction process. To address these limitations, here, we propose a technique to perform 3D imaging with single frequency data. Instead of collecting data at multiple frequencies, we acquire the backscattered fields with an array of resonant antennas. We demonstrate the possibility of 3D imaging with the proposed setup and perform a comprehensive study of the capabilities and limitations of the technique via simulations. To perform a realistic study, the simulation data is contaminated by noise.

scholarly journals Influence of continuous deformations and tremors of rock mass on a building. Case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 01009
Author(s):  
Piotr Strzałkowski
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Surface Vibrations ◽  
The Impact

This work presents an exemplary analysis of the influence of mining exploitations on a building. Continuous deformations of the ground surface in the location of the object were considered. Analysis of the impact of tremors of rock mass on the object was performed. The results of calculations as well as the measurements of surface vibrations accelerations were taken into account. The performed analyses show the influence of a fault on increase of vibrations accelerations.

Experimental Study on Analytical Models for Predicting the Horn Effect of a Tire/Road Interface

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Bin Zhang ◽  
Hua Chen ◽  
Chuan-Xing Bi ◽  
Gang Ma ◽  
Yu Gao
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Interference Pattern ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Spherical Model ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Combined Model ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Cylindrical Model

The phenomenon that the tire/road noise is amplified when propagating outward from the hornlike geometry enveloped by the tire belt and the ground surface is referred to as the horn effect. In the present paper, three analytical models for predicting this so-called horn effect, which are a spherical model, a cylindrical model, and a model that combines the previous two models, are examined. Results from the three analytical models are compared with experimental results. Three different sizes of cylinders are designed for the measurements of the horn effect. Comparisons between predicted and measured results show that the cylindrical model gives comparatively accurate predictions of the horn amplification and interference pattern, but overestimates the horn amplifications at low frequencies. The spherical model can predict the general trend of the horn amplification, but underestimates the horn amplification and gives less accurate interference pattern. The combined model can accurately predict the horn amplification and interference pattern at frequencies below approximately 2 kHz.

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