scholarly journals Smart Glass Coatings for Innovative BIPV Solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12775
Author(s):  
Roman Trattnig ◽  
Gianluca Cattaneo ◽  
Yuliya Voronko ◽  
Gabriele C. Eder ◽  
Dieter Moor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Screen Printing ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Temperature Cycling ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Cover Glass

The glossy appearance of the cover glass of a photovoltaic module is mainly responsible for giving the module a mirroring effect, which is often disturbing in the case of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) façade applications. In this work, an innovative approach is presented to reduce the glare of BIPV modules by applying surface coatings to the front glass of the module. Three different glass coating technologies, applied on the outer surface of the photovoltaic module, were investigated: inkjet printing, screen printing, and sol-gel spray coating. The coatings, applied by these technologies in three different colours (grey, anthracite, and terracotta), were characterized with respect to their adhesion, light transmission, and reflection. Their chemical and physical stability after stress impact (condensed water resistance and chemical resistance against acids and salt-fog) was also investigated. The durability of these coatings was further evaluated after performing environmental simulations with artificial sunlight (xenon weathering) on coated glass. Additionally, accelerated aging tests (damp-heat testing, temperature cycling) were performed on the test modules to assess their performance stability. For those coatings, where no stress-induced changes in colour or the optical appearance of the module surface were detected, the potential for the architectural integration of the modules into building facades is high. A minimum glare of less than 0.1% of the specular reflection could be achieved. On the basis of the results of the optical characterization and the durability tests, grey screen-printed BIPV solar modules were installed in a demonstrator test façade. The high electrical performance, resulting in only a 10–11% performance decrease compared to the noncoated reference modules, perfectly showed the suitability of screen-printing in future applications for coloured and glare-reduced BIPV installations.

RESULTS OF THE PERFORMANCE NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF A SOLAR CONCENTRATOR MODULE WITH A THERMAL-PHOTOVOLTAIC RECEIVER

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (41) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
DMITRIY STREBKOV ◽  
◽  
NATAL’YA FILIPPCHENKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Photovoltaic Cells ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Solar Concentrator ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Agroindustrial Complex

In the field of energy supply to agro-industrial facilities, there is an increasing interest in the development of structures and engineering systems using renewable energy sources, including solar concentrator thermal and photovoltaic modules that combine photovoltaic modules and solar collectors in one structure. The use of the technology of concentrator heat and photovoltaic modules makes it possible to increase the electrical performance of solar cells by cooling them during operation, and significantly reduces the need for centralized electricity and heat supply to enterprises of the agroindustrial complex. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in numerical modeling of thermal processes occurring in a solar concentrator heat-photovoltaic module. (Materials and methods) Authors used analytical methods for mathematical modeling of a solar concentrator heat and photovoltaic module. Authors implemented a mathematical model of a solar concentrator heat and photovoltaic module in the ANSYS Fluent computer program. The distribution contours of temperature and pressure of the coolant in the module channel were obtained for different values of the coolant flow rate at the inlet. The verification of the developed model of the module on the basis of data obtained in an analytical way has been performed. (Results and discussion) The results of comparing the calculated data with the results of computer modeling show a high convergence of the information obtained with the use of a computer model, the relative error is within acceptable limits. (Conclusions) The developed design of the solar concentrator heat and photovoltaic module provides effective cooling of photovoltaic cells (the temperature of photovoltaic cells is in the operating range) with a module service life of at least twenty-five years. The use of a louvered heliostat in the developed design of a solar concentrator heat and photovoltaic module can double the performance of the concentrator.

Manufacturing Processes of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Components

2007 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 498-501
Author(s):  
Xian Feng Jiang ◽  
Min Fang Han ◽  
Su Ping Peng
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell ◽  
Screen Printing ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Tape Casting ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Oxide Fuel ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
One Step ◽  
Made In

The all processes for manufacturing materials parts of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) are discussed in the paper. The films are made in one step by the ways of APS, VPS, EVD, which are usually used to produce the electrolyte and interconnect. The films are thin and good gas-resistance, but with relatively high cost. All parts of SOFC are made by the following ways, such as sol-gel, tape casting, tape calendaring and screen printing, which are suitable for manufacturing samples in industry with the cheapest process by co-sintered together ways.

scholarly journals The performance and durability of single-layer sol-gel anti-reflection coatings applied to solar module cover glass

2019 ◽  
Vol 358 ◽  
pp. 76-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Womack ◽  
Kenan Isbilir ◽  
Fabiana Lisco ◽  
Geraldine Durand ◽  
Alan Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sol Gel ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Cover Glass ◽  
Solar Module

Structural and Dielectric Properties of Screen Printed PZT(70/30) Multilayered Thick Films

2007 ◽  
Vol 124-126 ◽  
pp. 663-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Gap Lee ◽  
Sang Man Park ◽  
Young Jae Shim ◽  
Young Chul Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Screen Printing ◽  
Remanent Polarization ◽  
Thick Films ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Relative Dielectric Constant ◽  
Polycrystalline Structure ◽  
Coating Solution ◽  
Screen Printing Method ◽  
Xrd Patterns ◽  
Printing Method

PZT(70/30) powder was prepared by a sol-gel method and PZT thick films were fabricated by the screen-printing method on the alumina substrates. The coating and drying procedure was repeated 4 times. And then the PZT(30/70) precusor solution was spin-coated on the PZT thick films. A concentration of a coating solution was 0.5 mol/L and the number of coating was varied from 0 to 6. The porosity decreased and the grain size increased with increasing the number of coatings. The thickness of the PZT-6(6: number of coatings) films was about 60~65μm. All PZT thick films showed the typical XRD patterns of a typical perovskite polycrystalline structure. The relative dielectric constant of the PZT-6 thick film was 540. The remanent polarization and coercive field of the PZT-6 film were 23.6 μC /cm2, 12.0 kV/cm, respectively.

scholarly journals Modeling of Photovoltaic Module Using the MATLAB

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
Alok Dhaundiyal ◽  
Divine Atsu
Keyword(s):  
Standard Test ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Mathematical Model

This paper presents the modeling and simulation of the characteristics and electrical performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar modules. Genetic coding is applied to obtain the optimized values of parameters within the constraint limit using the software MATLAB. A single diode model is proposed, considering the series and shunt resistances, to study the impact of solar irradiance and temperature on the power-voltage (P-V) and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and predict the output of solar PV modules. The validation of the model under the standard test conditions (STC) and different values of temperature and insolation is performed, as well as an evaluation using experimentally obtained data from outdoor operating PV modules. The obtained results are also subjected to comply with the manufacturer’s data to ensure that the proposed model does not violate the prescribed tolerance range. The range of variation in current and voltage lies in the domain of 8.21 – 8.5 A and 22 – 23 V, respectively; while the predicted solutions for current and voltage vary from 8.28 – 8.68 A and 23.79 – 24.44 V, respectively. The measured experimental power of the PV module estimated to be 148 – 152 W is predicted from the mathematical model and the obtained values of simulated solution are in the domain of 149 – 157 W. The proposed scheme was found to be very effective at determining the influence of input factors on the modules, which is difficult to determine through experimental means.

Temperature Cycling Induced Warpage of Packages with Embedded Copper Heatspreaders

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 001579-001596
Author(s):  
Matthew Stahley ◽  
John Osenbach ◽  
Brenda Gogue ◽  
Byong Il Heo ◽  
Byung Cheol Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Softening Temperature ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Temperature Cycling ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Micro Hardness ◽  
Thermal Expansion Coefficients ◽  
Plastic Ball ◽  
Qualification Testing ◽  
Expansion Coefficients

Temperature cycling is an important reliability qualification test given the differences in thermal expansion coefficients for the materials in integrated circuit packages. In this work, leadfree Plastic-Ball-Grid-Array (PBGA) packages with embedded C1100 copper heatspreaders were exposed to standard qualification testing including MSL3 Moisture Preconditioning with leadfree reflows at 245C followed by Temperature Cycling (TC) with ranges of −55/+125C (TC-B) and 0/+125C (TC-K) per JEDEC JESD47. Electrical performance and package warpage were characterized on as-received, post-preconditioning, and post-TC devices. After 200 cycles TC-B, gross electrical open failures were found on a large percentage of devices in some package lots. Physical failure analysis of the open failures revealed severe package warpage, as high as 20mils on a 31mm package. The severe warpage was accompanied by delamination and sheared wires. In contrast other package lots did not show failures nor severe warpage (<6mils) even after 1000 cycles of TC-B. The same package and BOM was qualified with 225C reflows for eutectic lead/tin solder with no warpage or failures after TC. Detailed commonality studies revealed that the copper heatspreader lot used was the only definitive difference between “good” and “warped” package lots. It was found that for “warped” lots exposure to the leadfree reflow at 245C caused a significant reduction in the micro-hardness of the copper heatspreader, while there was minimal change in micro-hardness after exposure to leadfree reflow in the “good” lots. The mechanism for this change is explained by the softening temperature of the C1100 copper heatspreader which is well within the range of leadfree reflows. Above this softening temperature, re-crystallization and grain growth occur, which result in susceptibility to permanent warpage induced by temperature cycling. Control of this warpage is critical to qualifying temperature cycling performance for heatspreader PBGA packages, and this can be achieved through micro-hardness screening of the heatspreaders.

Optical Thin Films of Metal Oxides Produced by the Sol-Gel Method for Photovoltaic Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 293 ◽  
pp. 83-95
Author(s):  
Marek Szindler
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Gel Method ◽  
Sol Gel Method ◽  
Wide Range

The use of thin films in optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices is aimed at improving the physical properties of the substrate material. The modification of the surface of the silicon substrate is thus one of the greatest challenges in research on photovoltaic materials, in order to achieve even greater efficiency or better adapt their properties depending on the application. The technologies of applying layers vary depending on the effect to be obtained and the material from which the layer is formed. In practice, the most common method is chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition, and the most commonly applied optical materials are SiO2, TiO2 and Si3N4.This paper presents the results of investigations on morphology and optical properties of the prepared aluminium oxide thin films. Thin films were prepared with use of sol-gel spin coating method. Surface morphology studies were carried out using an atomic force microscope. To characterize the surface of the thin films, 3D images and histograms of the frequency of individual inequalities were made. In order to characterize the optical properties of Al2O3 thin films, the reflectance and light transmission tests were performed using a spectrophotometer. Optical constants were determined using a spectroscopic ellipsometer. Results and their analysis show that the sol-gel method allows the deposition of homogenous thin films of Al2O3 with the desired geometric characteristics and good optical properties. Uniform, continuous thin layers with a roughness not exceeding a few nanometres were deposited. Their deposition enabled to reduce the reflection of light from the polished substrate below 15% in a wide range (425-800nm) while maintaining high transparencies (over 90%). The obtained results causes that mentioned thin films are good potential material for optics, optoelectronics and photovoltaics.

Crack Filling of Cover Glasses by Sol-Gel Coatings

2013 ◽  
Vol 797 ◽  
pp. 700-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kung Jeng Ma ◽  
Hsi Hsin Chien ◽  
Su Wei Huang ◽  
Shi Chang Chen ◽  
Choung Lii Chao
Keyword(s):  
Sol Gel ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Silica Sol ◽  
Coating Process ◽  
Cover Glass ◽  
Roll Coating ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Glass Plates ◽  
Resistant Layer

Strengthening of glass sheets through the process of ion exchange have been widely used in thinner cover glass for smart phone. The compressive stress improves the ability of the glass surface to withstand damage from mechanical impact. However, the presence of the damage resistant layer makes conventional mechanical and laser cutting of the ion-exchanged glass difficult. Normally, the cutting process will lead to spontaneous glass sheet breakage or shattering. Even successful in some samples, the underlying central tension is exposed on the edge, and the mechanical strength and durability of this edge is degraded. The repair of edge cracks becomes an extremely important issue for the development of single glass based smart phone. The ion exchanged glass plates (Corning IOX-FS) with a thickness of 0.7 mm were selected as the substrate materials. After cutting ion exchanged glass by high penetration diamond scribing wheels, the edge of glass plates can be protected or strengthened with silica sol using roll coating process. It was observed that the strength could be improved achieving 210 % compared to the strength of uncoated glass sheets. The sol-gel coating could improve the strength of the glass mainly by the mechanisms of filling in edge flaws or blunting crack tips. The effects of silica sol and processing parameters of roll coating process on the cracks filling effects were investigated.

scholarly journals Optical Properties of CaF2 Thin Film Deposited on Borosilicate Glass and Its Electrical Performance in PV Module Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 5647
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aleem Zahid ◽  
Shahzada Qamar Hussain ◽  
Young Hyun Cho ◽  
Junsin Yi
Keyword(s):  
Borosilicate Glass ◽  
Calcium Fluoride ◽  
Thermal Evaporation ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Vacuum Thermal Evaporation ◽  
Pv Module

Calcium fluoride (CaF2) is deposited via vacuum thermal evaporation on borosilicate glass to produce an anti-reflection coating for use in solar modules. Macleod’s essential simulation is used to optimize the thickness of the CaF2 coating on the glass. Experimentally, a 120 ± 4 nm-thin CaF2 film on glass shows an average increase of ~4% in transmittance and a decrease of ~3.2% in reflectance, respectively, when compared to that of uncoated glass (Un CG), within the wavelength spectrum of approximately 350 to 1100 nm. The electrical PV performance of CaF2-coated glass (CaF2-CG) was analyzed for conventional and lightweight photovoltaic module applications. An improvement in the short-circuit current (Jsc) from 38.13 to 39.07 mA/cm2 and an increase of 2.40% in the efficiency (η) was obtained when CaF2-CG glass was used instead of Un CG in a conventional module. Furthermore, Jsc enhancement from 35.63 to 36.44 mA/cm2 and η improvement of 2.32% was observed when a very thin CaF2-CG was placed between the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and solar cell in a lightweight module.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document