scholarly journals Identification of a Ruminant Origin Group B Rotavirus Associated with Diarrhea Outbreaks in Foals

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1330
Author(s):  
Tirth Uprety ◽  
Chithra C. Sreenivasan ◽  
Ben M. Hause ◽  
Ganwu Li ◽  
Solomon O. Odemuyiwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Sequence ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Diagnostic Investigation ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Origin Group ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Equine Industry

Equine rotavirus group A (ERVA) is one of the most common causes of foal diarrhea. Starting in February 2021, there was an increase in the frequency of severe watery to hemorrhagic diarrhea cases in neonatal foals in Central Kentucky. Diagnostic investigation of fecal samples failed to detect evidence of diarrhea-causing pathogens including ERVA. Based on Illumina-based metagenomic sequencing, we identified a novel equine rotavirus group B (ERVB) in fecal specimens from the affected foals in the absence of any other known enteric pathogens. Interestingly, the protein sequence of all 11 segments had greater than 96% identity with group B rotaviruses previously found in ruminants. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated clustering of the ERVB with group B rotaviruses of caprine and bovine strains from the USA. Subsequent analysis of 33 foal diarrheic samples by RT-qPCR identified 23 rotavirus B-positive cases (69.69%). These observations suggest that the ERVB originated from ruminants and was associated with outbreaks of neonatal foal diarrhea in the 2021 foaling season in Kentucky. Emergence of the ruminant-like group B rotavirus in foals clearly warrants further investigation due to the significant impact of the disease in neonatal foals and its economic impact on the equine industry.

scholarly journals Dominance of the ON1 Genotype of RSV-A and BA9 Genotype of RSV-B in Respiratory Cases from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1323
Author(s):  
Hessa A. Al-Sharif ◽  
Sherif A. El-Kafrawy ◽  
Jehad M. Yousef ◽  
Taha A. Kumosani ◽  
Mohammad A. Kamal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Group A ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Group B

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a main cause of hospital admission for lower respiratory tract infection. In previous studies from Saudi Arabia, higher prevalence of the NA1 genotype in group A was observed from Riyadh and Taif. This study recruited respiratory cases from Jeddah during January to December, 2017. RSV represented 13.4% in the recruited cases with 64% of them belonging to group A and 36% to group B. All group A cases in this study were ON1 type characterized by duplication of 72 nucleotides, 24 amino acids in the C-terminal in the second hypervariable region of the G gene. In addition, for group B all of the cases were clustered under BA9, which had uniquely characterized as duplication of 60 nucleotides in the G protein. Our sequences showed similarity with earlier sequences from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Thailand, South Africa, Spain, the USA and Cyprus. Some amino acid substitutions in the investigated sequences would cause a change in potential O-glycosylation and N-glycosylation profiles from prototype ON1. The predominance of the ON1 and BA9 genotype of RSV-A in Jeddah compared to previous Saudi studies showing predominance of the NA1 genotype for group A. This difference in genotype prevalence could be due to fast spread of the ON1 genotype worldwide or due to the flux of travelers through Jeddah during hajj/umrah compared to Riyadh and Taif. This shift in genotype distribution requires continuous surveillance for genetic characterization of circulating respiratory infections including RSV. These findings may contribute to the understanding of RSV evolution and to the potential development of a vaccine against RSV.

scholarly journals Role of enteric pathogens in the aetiology of neonatal diarrhoea in lambs and goat kids in Spain

1996 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Muñoz ◽  
M. Álvarez ◽  
I. Lanza ◽  
P. Cármenes
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Neonatal Diarrhoea ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

SummaryFaeces samples from diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic lambs and goat kids aged 1–45 days were examined for enteric pathogens.Cryptosporidium parvumwas detected in both diarrhoeic lambs (45%) and goat kids (42%) but not in non-diarrhoeic animals. F5+(K99+) and/or F41+Escherichia colistrains were isolated from 26% and 22% of the diarrhoeic lambs and goat kids, respectively, although these strains, which did not produce enterotoxins ST I or LT I, were found with similar frequencies in non-diarrhoeic animals. A F5−F41−ST I+E. colistrain was isolated from a diarrhoeic lamb (0·6%). VerotoxigenicE. coliwas isolated from both diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic lambs (4·1% and 8·2%, respectively) and there was no association between infection and diarrhoea. The prevalence of group A rotavirus infection in diarrhoeic lambs was very low (2·1%). Groups A and B rotaviruses were detected in three (8·1%) and five (13·5%) diarrhoeic goat kids from two single outbreaks. Group C rotaviruses were detected in four non-diarrhoeic goat kids. An association of diarrhoea and infection was demonstrated only for group B rotavirus.Clostridium perfringenswas isolated from 10·8% of the diarrhoeic goat kids but not from non-diarrhoeic goat kids or lambs.Salmonella arizonaewas isolated from a diarrhoeic goat kid (2·7%) and the clinical characteristics of the outbreaks where these two latter enteropathogens were found different from the rest. Picobirnaviruses were detected in a diarrhoeic lamb. No coronaviruses were detected using a bovine coronavirus ELISA. No evidence was found of synergistic effect between the agents studied. Enteric pathogens were not found in four (8·7%) and three (20%) outbreaks of diarrhoea in lambs and goat kids, respectively.

scholarly journals A comparative study of graft uptake in split skin grafting between the first postoperative dressing done on day 3 versus day 5

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 3615
Author(s):  
Gurushantappa Yalagachin ◽  
Abhijit D. Hiregoudar ◽  
Sanjay B. Mashal ◽  
Ashika Bagur ◽  
Naveena G. Shivaramu
Keyword(s):  
Skin Grafting ◽  
Rejection Rate ◽  
Split Skin Grafting ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
Split Skin ◽  
Comparative Prospective Study

Background: Skin grafting offers a method of regaining skin continuity. The common causes of skin graft failure are hematoma, seroma, infection. These affect the graft uptake maximally in the initial postoperative period by impairing graft adherence and subsequent revascularization. Aim of study was to compare graft uptake, rejection, seroma and infection among first postoperative dressing on day 3 versus day 5.Methods: A comparative, prospective study conducted at our institute from November 2015 to April 2021, with 100 patients who underwent SSG (split skin grafting) who were distributed into two groups. Group A underwent the first postoperative dressing on day 3 and group B on day 5. The second postoperative dressing was done 2 days following the first. The grafted site was then assessed on for the percentage of graft uptake, rejection, seroma, infection clinically and through culture and sensitivity.Results: The mean graft uptake in group A was 88.48% whereas in group B was 82.62% in the first dressing and in the second dressing, group A was 88.14% whereas group B was 78.02%, with statistically significant data and thus showing less rejection and infection rate in group A. Seroma was present in 82% of cases in group A and 74% in group B on 1st postoperative dressing which reduced to 6% and 12% respectively with the 2nd dressing.Conclusions: Thus, the first postoperative dressing done on Day 3 following skin grafting, significantly increased the final uptake of the graft, reduced seroma, infection and rejection rate.

scholarly journals A LOOK OVER THE HYPOTHESES OF THE SARS-CoV-2 ORIGINS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Luis Alcides Brandini De Boni ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Truth Table ◽  
Logical Analysis ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Origin Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
Photographic Survey ◽  
Exclusive Disjunction ◽  
Group B

Background: In late 2019, a new coronavirus variant, SARS-CoV-2, emerged and caused a pandemic. Several were the consequences of the appearance of this new virus, including, but not limited to, death, unemployment, bankruptcies (moral and economic), hunger, and misery. Aim: the purpose of this work is to analyze two hypotheses through logical propositions about the possibility of natural origin, or not, of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: research in an open public audiovisual database, censored, and non-peer-reviewed was used to identify subjects that support the proposition that the virus has a natural origin (group A) and those who claim otherwise (group B) aiming to hear your conjecture. A photographic survey was also carried out in order to identify the characters studied. The logical analysis of the propositions was performed through the construction of an exclusive disjunction truth table. Results and Discussion: The truth table produced four scenarios, two impossible and two possible. The impossible scenarios were discarded, and the possible scenarios were analyzed and confronted with the results of the audiovisual research. Conclusions: with the exclusion of impossible scenarios, only the possibilities remain that SARS-CoV-2 has evolved or not naturally, one of the lines of reasoning will be wrong as to the origin of SARS-CoV-2 if it ever becomes determined.

scholarly journals Language Laboratory and Developing Skills in an Iraqi Secondary School

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riyadh Tariq Al-Ameedi ◽  
Estabraq Rasheed Ibrahim ◽  
Karim J. Nayef
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Laboratory ◽  
Secondary Stage ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fourth Scientific

This study aims at determining the relationship between the use of language labs and the effective ways of mastering better performance of the English language. The study raised two questions. They are: “Is a language laboratory useful in teaching English to Iraqi students?” And “How do language labs help in improving students’ performance?” The study tries to measure the difference in pronunciation and listening comprehension between two groups of secondary school pupils. One group has never been to a language lab, while the other used to have their English lessons in the language lab five times a week. The first group consists of 39 pupils out of 41 pupils who are in the fourth scientific secondary stage. Two pupils were excluded because they are from families that were living in the USA. The second group contains 43 pupils who are in the same secondary stage. Both groups are taught by the same teacher. The first group is called (Group A), and the second is called (Group B)

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of morphometric changes in the angle of anterior chamber after cataract surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2296
Author(s):  
Mahsa Jamil ◽  
Anupam . ◽  
Ramanuj Samanta ◽  
Sanjeev Kumar Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Cataract Extraction ◽  
Anterior Chamber Angle ◽  
Small Incision Cataract Surgery ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Background: Cataract surgery brings about certain changes in the angle of anterior chamber and we aimed at understanding the morphometric changes occurring in the angle at the site of incision (SOI) and the site opposite to it (OSOI) after two types of cataract surgeries viz. phacoemulsification and manual small incision cataract surgery (SICS) at two postoperative follow-ups.Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted at AIIMS, Rishikesh and a minimum of 60 patients were enrolled. They were divided into two groups based on the surgery performed, 30 patients had undergone phacoemulsification (group A) and 30 patients had undergone SICS (group B). The patients were evaluated using optical coherence tomography (OCT), the parameters measured were central anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA), angle opening distance (AOD), and trabecular iris surface area (TISA). The subjects were assessed preoperatively, post-operatively at 1 week and 6 weeks.Results: The increase in the angle parameters at 1 week and 6 weeks post-operatively was found to be statistically significant in the two groups (p<0.05). The increase in the parameters was also compared between the two surgeries and was found to have no statistical difference.Conclusions: We were able to conclude that a simple cataract extraction can help treat two most common causes of blindness, cataract and glaucoma and the technique of cataract surgery used does not influence the change brought about in the angle.

scholarly journals An Overview of the World Current and Future Assessment of Novel COVID-19 Trajectory, Impact, and Potential Preventive Strategies at Healthcare Settings

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 7016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bader S. Al-Anzi ◽  
Mohammad Alenizi ◽  
Jehad Al Dallal ◽  
Frage Lhadi Abookleesh ◽  
Aman Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Exponential Model ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Future Assessment ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Group A ◽  
The State Of Kuwait ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Impact

This study is an overview of the current and future trajectory, as well as the impact of the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the world and selected countries including the state of Kuwait. The selected countries were divided into two groups: Group A (China, Switzerland, and Ireland) and Group B (USA, Brazil, and India) based on their outbreak containment of this virus. Then, the actual data for each country were fitted to a regression model utilizing the excel solver software to assess the current and future trajectory of novel COVID-19 and its impact. In addition, the data were fitted using the Susceptible–Infected–Recovered (SIR) Model. The Group A trajectory showed an “S” shape trend that suited a logistic function with r2 > 0.97, which is an indication of the outbreak control. The SIR models for the countries in this group showed that they passed the expected 99% end of pandemic dates. Group B, however, exhibited a continuous increase of the total COVID-19 new cases, that best suited an exponential growth model with r2 > 0.97, which meant that the outbreak is still uncontrolled. The SIR models for the countries in this group showed that they are still relatively far away from reaching the expected 97% end of pandemic dates. The maximum death percentage varied from 3.3% (India) to 7.2% with USA recording the highest death percentage, which is virtually equal to the maximum death percentage of the world (7.3%). The power of the exponential model determines the severity of the country’s trajectory that ranged from 11 to 19 with the USA and Brazil having the highest values. The maximum impact of this COVID-19 pandemic occurred during the uncontrolled stage (2), which mainly depended on the deceptive stage (1). Further, some novel potential containment strategies are discussed. Results from both models showed that the Group A countries contained the outbreak, whereas the Group B countries still have not reached this stage yet. Early measures and containment strategies are imperative in suppressing the spread of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Cold weather increases the risk of scrotal torsion events: results of an ecological study of acute scrotal pain in Scotland over 25 years

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chidi N. Molokwu ◽  
Judith K. Ndoumbe ◽  
Chris M. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Scrotal Pain ◽  
Acute Scrotal Pain ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Group A ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Group B

Abstract The role of ambient temperature in the aetiology of acute scrotal pain (ASP) remains uncertain. The most common causes of ASP are torsion of the testis (TT) or its appendages (TA) and epidymo-orchitis (EO). We undertook an ecological study of ASP in Scotland to determine whether a seasonal variation could be observed. Episode reports for TT, TA and EO in Scotland over 25 years were collated monthly. Statistical analyses were performed to determine whether changes in ambient temperature during the year could explain variations in monthly frequency. 7882 episodes of TT and TA (Group A), and 25,973 episodes of EO (Group B) were reported. There was significant variance in the frequency of Group A (p < 0.0001) and B (p = 0.0031) episodes by month, higher frequency of Group A episodes in the colder half of the year (p < 0.0001), and an inverse correlation between the frequency of Group A episodes and ambient temperature (Spearman r = − 0.8757, 95% CI − 0.9661 to − 0.5941, p = 0.0004). Ambient temperature is likely to be playing a role in the aetiology of TT and TA in Scotland but not EO. Further study is warranted to explain underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Relationship between different livestock managements and stress response in dairy ewes

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Carcangiu ◽  
Francesca Arfuso ◽  
Sebastiano Luridiana ◽  
Claudia Giannetto ◽  
Maria Rizzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Dairy Sheep ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Dairy Ewes ◽  
Origin Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Waiting Area ◽  
Group B

Abstract. The gradual diffusion of intensive and semi-intensive production systems, especially in dairy sheep breeds, has led to the growing concern of consumers about the life conditions of farmed animals. Space allowance and structures of sheep houses are described as the main potential sources of discomfort for housed flocks, together with inappropriate milking procedures and human–animal interactions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the structure relative to milking room could represent a stressor in Sarda dairy ewes. Animals were divided into two groups according to their farm of origin. Group A (n=40) was from a farm whose milking room was an old warehouse with a waiting area limited and located outdoors and at a different level with respect to the milking room. The passageway of the entrance in the milking room was narrow and perpendicular to the milking positioning so the animal must bend 90∘ to enter in the room. Group B (n=40) was from a farm whose milking room was wide and modern with a large waiting area located at the same level. From all animals blood samples were collected at T0 (2 h before milking procedure at 06:00), at T1 (immediately after the animals entered the milking room, about 08:00) and at T2 (after milking procedure). In addition plasma cortisol and glucose values were evaluated. Statistical analysis showed significant effect of milking room (P<0.001) and of sampling time (P<0.05) on cortisol and glucose levels. The results obtained in the present study suggest that, in addition to milking, the characteristics of the room where this procedure occurs represent stressful stimuli that could influence negatively the productivity and welfare of dairy ewes.

An ultrastructural study of sertoli cells in two geographically isolated populations of Aphanius dispar

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 548-549
Author(s):  
Taber A. Ba-Omar ◽  
Philip F. Prentis
Keyword(s):  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Freshwater Teleost ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
The North ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Group B ◽  
Geographically Isolated

We have recently carried out a study of spermiogenic differentiation in two geographically isolated populations of Aphanius dispar (freshwater teleost), with a view to ascertaining variation at the ultrastructural level. The sampling areas were the Jebel Al Akhdar in the north (Group A) and the Dhofar region (Group B) in the south. Specimens from each group were collected, the testes removed, fixed in Karnovsky solution, post fixed in OsO, en bloc stained with uranyl acetate and then routinely processed to Agar 100 resin, semi and ultrathin sections were prepared for study.

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