scholarly journals Simulating Rainfall Interception by Caatinga Vegetation Using the Gash Model Parametrized on Daily and Seasonal Bases

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 2494
Author(s):  
Daniela C. Lopes ◽  
Antonio José Steidle Neto ◽  
Thieres G. F. Silva ◽  
Luciana S. B. Souza ◽  
Sérgio Zolnier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Rainfall Interception ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Seasonal Model ◽  
Caatinga Vegetation ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Detailed Evaluation ◽  
Seasonal Basis

Rainfall partitioning by trees is an important hydrological process in the contexts of water resource management and climate change. It becomes even more complex where vegetation is sparse and in vulnerable natural systems, such as the Caatinga domain. Rainfall interception modelling allows extrapolating experimental results both in time and space, helping to better understand this hydrological process and contributing as a prediction tool for forest managers. In this work, the Gash model was applied in two ways of parameterization. One was the parameterization on a daily basis and another on a seasonal basis. They were validated, improving the description of rainfall partitioning by tree species of Caatinga dry tropical forest already reported in the scientific literature and allowing a detailed evaluation of the influence of rainfall depth and event intensity on rainfall partitioning associated with these species. Very small (0.0–5.0 mm) and low-intensity (0–2.5 mm h−1) events were significantly more frequent during the dry season. Both model approaches resulted in good predictions, with absence of constant and systematic errors during simulations. The sparse Gash model parametrized on a daily basis performed slightly better, reaching maximum cumulative mean error of 9.8%, while, for the seasonal parametrization, this value was 11.5%. Seasonal model predictions were also the most sensitive to canopy and climatic parameters.

scholarly journals Global Runoff Signatures Changes and Their Response to Atmospheric Environment, GRACE Water Storage, and Dams

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 4084
Author(s):  
Sheng Yan ◽  
Jianyu Liu ◽  
Xihui Gu ◽  
Dongdong Kong
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Disaster Assessment ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
Drought Disaster ◽  
Grace Satellites

Runoff signatures (RS), a special set of runoff indexes reflecting the hydrological process, have an important influence on many fields of both human and natural systems by flooding, drought, and available water resources. However, the global RS changes and their causes remain largely unknown. Here, we make a comprehensive investigation of RS changes and their response to total water storage anomalies (TWSA) from GRACE satellites, atmospheric circulation, and reservoir construction by using daily runoff data from 21,955 hydrological stations during 1975–2017. The global assessment shows that (1) in recent years, the global extreme flow signatures tend to decrease, while the low and average flow signatures are likely to increase in more regions; (2) the spatial patterns of trends are similar for different RS, suggesting that the runoff distribution tends to entirely upward in some regions, while downward in other regions; (3) the trends in RS are largely consistent with that in TWSA over most regions in North America and eastern South America during 1979–2017, indicating that the GRACE-based TWSA have great potential in hydrological monitoring and attribution; (4) atmospheric circulation change could partly explain the global spatiotemporal variation patterns of RS; (5) dams have important influences on reducing the high flow signature in the catchments including dams built during 1975–2017. This study provides a full picture of RS changes and their possible causes, which has important implications for water resources management and flood and drought disaster assessment.

scholarly journals Use of Water Isotopes in Hydrological Processes

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2227
Author(s):  
Polona Vreča ◽  
Zoltán Kern
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Water Isotopes ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Geochemical Processes ◽  
Hydrochemical Parameters ◽  
Laser Absorption ◽  
Current State

Stable (16O, 17O, 18O, 1H, 2H) and radioactive (3H) isotopes in water are powerful tools in the tracking of the path of water molecules in the whole water cycle. In the last decade, a considerable number of studies have been published on the use of water isotopes, and the number continues to grow due to the development of new measurement techniques (i.e., laser absorption spectroscopy) that allow measurements of stable isotope ratios at ever-higher resolutions. Therefore, this Special Issue (SI) has been compiled to address current state-of-the-art water isotope methods, applications, and hydrological process interpretations and to contribute to the rapidly growing repository of isotope data important for future water resource management. We are pleased to present here a compilation of 14 papers reporting the use of water isotopes in the study of hydrological processes worldwide, including studies on the local and regional scales related either to precipitation dynamics or to different applications of water isotopes in combination with other hydrochemical parameters in investigations of surface water, snowmelt, soil water, groundwater, and xylem water to identify the hydrological and geochemical processes.

Building Stakeholder Confidence by Reducing the Gulf between Experimental Data and Model Predictions in Assessments of Repository Performance

2004 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaye P. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Robust Designs ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
High Level ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

AbstractConfidence in the ability of repository systems to isolate high level wastes from the environment can be strengthened by placing greater reliance on robust designs for the repository system, and by using multiple lines of evidence to demonstrate that parameters, models and predictions developed for the repository are relevant. A particularly useful approach is to demonstrate that models and predictions incorporate processes that have been shown to be important in existing natural systems.

Measured and Simulated Performance of a Solar Domestic Hot Water System

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
T. Naegele ◽  
J.E. Hay
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Water System ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Actual System ◽  
Domestic Hot Water ◽  
Simulated Performance ◽  
Model Predictions

A commercially available solar domestic hot water heating system installed in a private residence in Vancouver. Canada has has been intensively monitored over a four month period. Simulation of the system was performed using a modified version of the WATSUN-3 Domestic Hot Water (DHWA) model. Model predictions are compared against actual system measurements on an hourly and daily basis. Reults show that the model is able to consistently track thermal conditions within the system and is capable of predicting system performance to within 5 percent.

scholarly journals Groundwater Recharge in the Cerrado Biome, Brazil—A Multi-Method Study at Experimental Watershed Scale

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Ronaldo Medeiros dos Santos ◽  
Sérgio Koide ◽  
Bruno Esteves Távora ◽  
Daiana Lira de Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Watershed Scale ◽  
Cerrado Biome ◽  
Chemical Tracer ◽  
Average Potential ◽  
Phreatic Aquifers ◽  
Tracer Methods

Groundwater recharge is a key hydrological process for integrated water resource management, as it recharges aquifers and maintains the baseflow of perennial rivers. In Brazil, the Cerrado biome is an important continental recharge zone, but information on rates and spatial distribution is still lacking for this country. The objective of this work was to characterize the groundwater recharge process in phreatic aquifers of the Cerrado biome. For this, an experimental watershed representative of the referred biome was established and intensively monitored. The methodology consisted of an inverse numerical modeling approach of the saturated zone and three classic methods of recharge evaluation—hydrological modeling, baseflow separation, and water table elevation. The results indicated average potential recharge around 35% of the annual precipitation, average effective recharge around 21%, and higher rates occurring in flat areas of Ferralsols covered with natural vegetation of the Cerrado biome. As the level of uncertainty inferred from the methods was high, these results were considered a first attempt and will be better evaluated by comparison with other methods not applied in this work, such as the lysimeter and chemical tracer methods.

scholarly journals Catchment modeling and model transferability in upper Blue Nile Basin, Lake Tana, Ethiopia

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 811-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Gragne ◽  
S. Uhlenbrook ◽  
Y. Mohammed ◽  
S. Kebede
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Lake Tana ◽  
Blue Nile ◽  
Model Transferability ◽  
Catchment Modeling

Abstract. Understanding spatial and temporal distribution of water resources has an important role for water resource management. To understand water balance dynamics and runoff generation mechanisms at the Gilgel Abay catchment (a major tributary into lake Tana, source of Blue Nile, Ethiopia) and to evaluate model transferability, catchment modeling was conducted using the conceptual hydrological model HBV. The catchment of the Gigel Abay was sub-divided into two gauged sub-catchments (Upper Gilgel Abay, UGASC, and Koga, KSC) and one ungauged sub-catchment. Manual calibration of the daily models for three different catchment representations (CRs): (i) lumped, (ii) lumped with multiple vegetation zones, and (iii) semi-distributed with vegetations zone and elevation zones, showed good to satisfactory model performance (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values, Reff>0.75 and >0.6, respectively, for UGASC and KSC). The change of the time step to fifteen and thirty days resulted in very good model performances in both sub-catchments (Reff>0.8). The model parameter transferability tests conducted on the daily models showed poor performance in both sub-catchments, whereas the fifteen and thirty days models yielded high Reff values using transferred parameter sets. This together with the sensitivity analysis carried out after Monte Carlo simulations (1 000 000 model runs) per CR explained the reason behind the difference in hydrologic behaviors of the two sub-catchments UGASC and KSC. The dissimilarity in response pattern of the sub-catchments was caused by the presence of dambos in KSC and differences in the topography between UGASC and KSC. Hence, transferring model parameters from the view of describing hydrological process was found to be not feasible for all models. On the other hand, from a water resources management perspective the results obtained by transferring parameters of the larger time step model were acceptable.

Interception by a temperate coniferous forest and its relationship with wet canopy gas exchange

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linjie Jiao ◽  
Yuichi Sempuku ◽  
Ting-wei Chang ◽  
Yoshiko Kosugi
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Rainfall Interception ◽  
Japanese Cypress ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Ecosystem Flux ◽  
Water Proof

<p>Interception is an important hydrological process relating to canopy gas exchange and takes a significant part from precipitation. The real interception process by the needle leaves is worth discussing because their shape may allow interception by both surfaces and thus affects photosynthesis by blocking stomata. Therefore, the aim of this study is to figure out the distribution of interception at needle leaf and its relation with the gas exchange of wet canopy.</p><p>We measured ecosystem flux and wetness from a Japanese cypress forest by the advanced water-proof enclosed gas analyzer (LI7200, LI-COR, the USA) and handmade wetness sensors. A SVAT (soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer) multilayer model with two rainfall interception solutions (free gas exchange with interception only by the adaxial surface and no gas exchange with interception by both surfaces) has been used to figure out the distribution of rainfall interception, snow melting water distribution and photosynthesis process of wet canopy.</p><p>The results include precipitation events from 4 years, showing that interception can happen not only on the adaxial surface but also on both surfaces. Meanwhile, when the intensity of rainfall events enhanced, the possibility of interception on both surfaces increased. Hence, such kind of needle leaf can process photosynthesis during the rainfall. Future studies should concentrate on improving the model for snow process and soil respiration. More comparison with other types of forests may also provide worthy results for learning how plants adjust photosynthesis to adapt the climate change.</p>

scholarly journals Socio-hydrological modelling: a review asking "why, what and how?"

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 443-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Blair ◽  
W. Buytaert
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hydrological Modelling ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Interactions between humans and the environment are occurring on a scale that has never previously been seen; the scale of human interaction with the water cycle, along with the coupling present between social and hydrological systems, means that decisions that impact water also impact people. Models are often used to assist in decision-making regarding hydrological systems, and so in order for effective decisions to be made regarding water resource management, these interactions and feedbacks should be accounted for in models used to analyse systems in which water and humans interact. This paper reviews literature surrounding aspects of socio-hydrological modelling. It begins with background information regarding the current state of socio-hydrology as a discipline, before covering reasons for modelling and potential applications. Some important concepts that underlie socio-hydrological modelling efforts are then discussed, including ways of viewing socio-hydrological systems, space and time in modelling, complexity, data and model conceptualisation. Several modelling approaches are described, the stages in their development detailed and their applicability to socio-hydrological cases discussed. Gaps in research are then highlighted to guide directions for future research. The review of literature suggests that the nature of socio-hydrological study, being interdisciplinary, focusing on complex interactions between human and natural systems, and dealing with long horizons, is such that modelling will always present a challenge; it is, however, the task of the modeller to use the wide range of tools afforded to them to overcome these challenges as much as possible. The focus in socio-hydrology is on understanding the human–water system in a holistic sense, which differs from the problem solving focus of other water management fields, and as such models in socio-hydrology should be developed with a view to gaining new insight into these dynamics. There is an essential choice that socio-hydrological modellers face in deciding between representing individual system processes or viewing the system from a more abstracted level and modelling it as such; using these different approaches has implications for model development, applicability and the insight that they are capable of giving, and so the decision regarding how to model the system requires thorough consideration of, among other things, the nature of understanding that is sought.

Processes of Water Absorption and Desorption for Intercepted Rainwater by the Leaf of Two Land Cover Plants

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 1953-1958
Author(s):  
Ying Liu ◽  
Xi Liang ◽  
De Rong Su
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Rainfall Interception ◽  
Water Desorption ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Leaf Level

Rainfall interception is an important hydrological process occurred in soil-plant-atmosphere continunm(SPAC). Understanding the hydrological response in vegetation will help us improve water use efficiency. In this paper, an investigation of leaf water absorption and desorption was conducted through two land cover plants of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and milk vetch (Astragalus adsurgens Pall.) under simulating rainfall conditions. The purpose was to evaluate the capacity of water retention in the leaf level. The results showed that the leaf water absorption of the two plants was rapid at the initial stage of rainfall interception, tended to be slowness after one hour, and finally got a threshold, which is turgid leaf water content. While the intercepted water by leaf faded away, the leaf started to get desorption. The processes of leaf water desorption of the two plants were similar to the process of leaf water absorption. The rate of desorption was rapidly at the initial stage after water on the leaf surface faded away, then tended to be slow down while a time, and finally got a threshold of leaf water content. Relative to the process of water absorption, the process of water desorption lasted longer time. The models of both water absorption and desorption can be expressed as: C=C0(1-e-kt). The results also showed that turgid leaf water content rose linearly with the increase of SLA.

Water resource management at catchment scales using lightweight UAVs: current capabilities and future perspectives

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. DeBell ◽  
K. Anderson ◽  
R.E. Brazier ◽  
N. King ◽  
L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Positional Accuracy ◽  
The Right

Lightweight, portable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or ‘drones’ are set to become a key component of a water resource management (WRM) toolkit, but are currently not widely used in this context. In practical WRM there is a growing need for fine-scale responsive data, which cannot be delivered from satellites or aircraft in a cost-effective way. Such a capability is needed where water supplies are located in spatially heterogeneous dynamic catchments. In this review, we demonstrate the step change in hydrological process understanding that could be delivered if WRM employed UAVs. The paper discusses a range of pragmatic concepts in UAV science for cost-effective and practical WRM, from choosing the right sensor and platform combination through to practical deployment and data processing challenges. The paper highlights that multi-sensor approaches, such as combining thermal imaging with fine-scale structure-from-motion topographic models, are currently best placed to assist in WRM decision-making because they provide a means of monitoring the spatio-temporal distribution of sources, sinks, and flows of water through landscapes. The manuscript highlights areas where research is needed to support the integration of UAVs into practical WRM, for example, in improving positional accuracy through integration of differential global positioning system sensors, and developing intelligent control of UAV platforms to optimize the accuracy of spatial data capture.

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