scholarly journals ПРИЙМЕННИК ДѢЛӔ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВІ XVI-XVII СТОЛІТЬ: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ГРАМАТИКИ ТА СЕМАНТИКИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 269-275
Author(s):  
О. М. Гайда
Keyword(s):  
Object Relations ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Extensive Coverage ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Front Position ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Functional Extinction ◽  
Genitive Case

The article analyzes the grammar point, which deals with question of functioning of the prepositions in the Ukrainian language from the XVI–XVIІ centuries, including works explored by L. Zyzanii, M. Smotrytskyi. Although these reviewed works do not contain any information about preposition дѣлӕ at that time, I. Uzhevych’s grammar fixes its variant длӕ. Dictionary of the Old Ukrainian language of the XIV–XV centuries indicates that the language unit дѣлӕ used as a preposition that expresses relations of purpose in postposition to noun and relations of cause in front position regarding the noun. Dictionary of the Ukrainian language of the XVI – first half of XVII century presents wider semantic structure of the preposition дѣлѧ (дѣля, дилѧ, диле, дѣли): purpose, cause and object relations. Also the article presents the specifics of functioning of the derivative preposition дѣлӕ, describes its paradigmatic relation-ships. The research based on the materials of Lviv Stauropegion Brotherhood documents dated the XVI–XVIІ centuries. It is examined a semantic structure, shown the compatibility of investigated preposition with the genitive case. We found that the largest part of preposition constructions with genitive case expressing the aim of action. Apart from that, there is one more specific feature: this linguistic unit could use before noun and after it, while the most of prepositions stand in front of the noun or pronoun. Preposition дѣлӕ has not broad semantic relationships: with the genitive case it expresses only two types of semantic relations (we submit it to the frequency of use): purpose and cause. In comparison with functioning of the preposition длӕ investigated preposition had narrow semantic structure and less extensive coverage in the texts of Lviv Stauropegion Brotherhood documents. In fact, we observe the process of functional extinction of the preposition дѣлӕ. Although it belonged to a very ancient language units, it archaized and did not use in the contemporary Ukrainian language.

On twittizens and city residents

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-41
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Tarasova ◽  
Natalia Beliaeva
Keyword(s):  
Formation Mechanism ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Experimental Findings

Abstract The present study analyses native speaker perceptions of the differences in the semantic structure of compounds and blends to specify whether the formal differences between compounds and blends are reflected on the semantic level. Viewpoints on blending vary, with some researchers considering it to be an instance of compounding (Kubozono, 1990), while others identify blending as an interim word formation mechanism between compounding and shortening (López Rúa, 2004). The semantic characteristics of English determinative blends and N+N subordinative compounds are compared by evaluating the differences in native speakers’ perceptions of the semantic relationships between constituents of the analysed structures. The results of two web-based experiments demonstrate that readers’ interpretations of both compounds and blends differ in terms of lexical indicators of semantic relations between the elements of these units. The experimental findings indicate that language users’ interpretation of both compounds and blends includes information on semantic relationships. The differences in the effect of the semantic relations on interpretations is likely to be connected to the degree of formal transparency of these units.

scholarly journals Word Embedding for Semantically Relative Words: an Experimental Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 726-733
Author(s):  
Maria S. Karyaeva ◽  
Pavel I. Braslavski ◽  
Valery A. Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Word Embedding ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Automatic Extraction ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
The Russian Language

The ability to identify semantic relations between words has made a word2vec model widely used in NLP tasks. The idea of word2vec is based on a simple rule that a higher similarity can be reached if two words have a similar context. Each word can be represented as a vector, so the closest coordinates of vectors can be interpreted as similar words. It allows to establish semantic relations (synonymy, relations of hypernymy and hyponymy and other semantic relations) by applying an automatic extraction. The extraction of semantic relations by hand is considered as a time-consuming and biased task, requiring a large amount of time and some help of experts. Unfortunately, the word2vec model provides an associative list of words which does not consist of relative words only. In this paper, we show some additional criteria that may be applicable to solve this problem. Observations and experiments with well-known characteristics, such as word frequency, a position in an associative list, might be useful for improving results for the task of extraction of semantic relations for the Russian language by using word embedding. In the experiments, the word2vec model trained on the Flibusta and pairs from Wiktionary are used as examples with semantic relationships. Semantically related words are applicable to thesauri, ontologies and intelligent systems for natural language processing.

scholarly journals Comparison of Templates with Word2vec in Finding Semantic Relations Between Words

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Kaan Ant ◽  
Ugur Sogukpinar ◽  
Mehmet Fatif Amasyali
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Template Method ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Semantic Spaces

The use of databases those containing semantic relationships between words is becoming increasingly widespread in order to make natural language processing work more effective. Instead of the word-bag approach, the suggested semantic spaces give the distances between words, but they do not express the relation types. In this study, it is shown how semantic spaces can be used to find the type of relationship and it is compared with the template method. According to the results obtained on a very large scale, while is_a and opposite are more successful for semantic spaces for relations, the approach of templates is more successful in the relation types at_location, made_of and non relational.

Léxico purépecha en tiempos de la Ilustración: Un acercamiento a los apartados léxicos delCathecismode Joseph Zepherino Botello Movellán (1756)

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 299-323
Author(s):  
Frida Villavicencio
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Principal Characteristics ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Typical Member ◽  
Extensive Coverage ◽  
Word Lists

In 1756 Joseph Zepherino Botello Movellán (1734–c.1785) wrote theCathecismo breve en lengua tarasca(“Brief catechism in the Tarascan language”). It was written in Purepecha or Tarascan, an indigenous language spoken in the northwestern part of the state of Michoacan, Mexico, by about 100,000 people. This is the only known 18th-century religious document written in this language, thus its great importance. Botello includes four word lists in his catechism which give us a small vocabulary. The word lists clearly do not have the extensive coverage or the lexicographic importance of the dictionaries of the 16th century; however, the value of this hand-written vocabulary lies in the fact that there is nothing else comparable from the 18th century. The composition and content of Botello’s catechism, produced by a typical member of the illustrious Creole class, it has features characteristic of the end of the century.
In this paper, I describe the principal characteristics of Botello’s catechism with its four lexical lists, in particular that of body parts. A point of reference for my analysis is the list of body parts in theArte y Diccionario: con otras obras en lengua Michoacanaby Juan Bautista de Lagunas, OFM (fl.1539–1574, d.1604) of 1574. The Catechism gives us a good idea of Purepecha in the 18th century and its historical development. The language in the document shows it to be closer to that of the 16th century than it is to modern Purepecha. It suggests that Spanish prepositions were possibly introduced in the 18th century. Botello’s catechism contains much interesting information on a variety of topics, such as orthography, dialectal variations, derivational processes, loan words and semantic relations. The language in this document documents the grammaticalization of the plural markers. Some data for the Spanish of the 18th century are also presented.

scholarly journals Adnominal possessive constructions in Mordvin, Mari and Permic

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-168
Author(s):  
Polina Pleshak
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Possessive Constructions ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
Genitive Case

This paper deals with adnominal possessive constructions in Moksha, Erzya, Meadow Mari, Hill Mari, Izhma Komi and Udmurt. The two main constructions that encode possessive relations in all the languages of the sample are the same: Dependentmarking and Double-marking. Izhma Komi also uses Head-marking and Juxtaposition. However, a more fine-grained analysis helps to find out many differences between the languages of the sample. Firstly, restrictions on the use of the genitive case and possessive markers can be slightly different in these languages. Secondly, there are factors that influence marking of NP elements (both the Head and the Dependent) in different ways. These factors are semantic relations, animacy hierarchy and syntactic function of an NP.Аннотация. Полина Плешак: Посессивные конструкции в мордовских, марийских и пермских языках. В данной статье обсуждаются результаты исследования приименных посессивных конструкций в мокшанском, эрзянском, луговом марийском, горномарийском, ижемском коми и удмуртском. Две основные стратегии, кодирующие посессивные отношения во всех рассматриваемых языках, – зависимостное маркирование и двойное маркирование, а также дополнительно вершинное маркирование и конструкция с соположением в ижемском коми. Однако более детальный анализ позволяет выявить большое количество различий между языками выборки. Во-первых, как генитив, так и посессивные показатели имеют разные области применения в разных языках. Во-вторых, существуют факторы, по-разному влияющие на маркирование членов ИГ (как вершины, так и зависимого). Таковыми являются семантические отношения, иерархия одушевлённости и синтаксическая позиция ИГ.Ключевые слова: внутригенетическая типология, посессивные конструкции, зависимостное маркирование, двойное маркирование, генитив, посессивный показатель, семантические отношения, иерархия одушевлённости, финно-угорские языкиKokkuvõte. Polina Pleshak: Adnominaalsed possessiivkonstruktsioonid mordva, mari ja permi keeltes. Artikkel käsitleb adnominaalseid possessiivkonstruktsioone mokša, ersa, niidumari, mäemari, ižmakomi ja udmurdi keeltes. Kaks põhikonstruktsiooni, mis possessiivseid suhteid väljendavad, on kõikides käsitletud keeltes samad: laiendi markeerimine ja topeltmarkeering. Ižmakomi keeles kasutatakse ka põhja markeerimist ja jukstapositsiooni. Peenekoelisem analüüs aitab aga käsitletavate keelte vahel leida rohkelt erinevusi. Esiteks võivad nendes keeltes mõneti erineda genitiivi ja possessiivmarkerite kooskasutuse piirangud. Teiseks on faktoreid, mille mõju tõttu markeeritakse NP elemente erinevalt (seda nii põhisõna kui ka laiendi puhul). Need faktorid on semantilised suhted, elususe hierarhia, ja NP süntaktiline funktsioon.Märksõnad: intrageneetiline tüpoloogia, possessiivkonstruktsioonid, laiendi markeering, topeltmarkeering, genitiiv, possessiivmarker, semantilised suhted, elususe hierarhia, soome-ugri keeled

A metaphor-based account of semantic relations among proverbs

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-184
Author(s):  
El Mustapha Lemghari
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Main Claim ◽  
Conceptual Base ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Contextual Meaning

Abstract The paper deals with semantic relations in the field of proverbs from the standpoint of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Our main claim is that proverb understanding is conceptually complex, involving many construal operations, namely metaphor. Metaphor is assumed to play a crucial role in framing and relating proverbs to one another via various semantic relationships. Three semantic relations will be highlighted: synonymy, antonymy and polysemy. Synonymous proverbs will be shown to be structured by similar metaphors, whereas antonymous proverbs by contradictory metaphors. As regards polysemous proverbs, our focus will be on a specific polysemy, consisting of contradictory meanings. Overall, we will attempt to build a cognitive model for proverbs semantic relationships, based on three main assumptions: first, proverbs have relatively stable meaning. Second, rather than sharply distinct, conventionalized meaning and contextual meaning of proverbs form a continuum, residing in their common conceptual base. Third, such a common conceptual base is metaphor-dependent.

Geospatial Semantic Query Engine for Urban Spatial Data Infrastructure

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-51
Author(s):  
Sunitha Abburu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Semantic Relationship ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Semantic Query ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Query Engine ◽  
Spatial Method ◽  
User Friendly

The research aims at design and develop a special semantic query engine “CityGML Spatial Semantic Web Client (CSSWC)” that facilitates ontology-based multicriteria queries on CityGML data in OGC standard. Presently, there is no spatial method, spatial information infrastructure or any tool to establish the spatial semantic relationship between the 3D city objects in CityGML model. The present work establishes the spatial and semantic relationships between the 3DCityObjects and facilitates ontology-driven spatial semantic query engine on 3D city objects, class with multiple attributes, spatial semantic relations like crosses, nearby, etc., with all other city objects. This is a novel and original work practically implemented generic product for any 3D CityGML model on the globe. A user-friendly form-based interface is designed to compose effective ontology based GeoSPARQL query. CSSWC enhances CityGML applications performance through effective and efficient querying system.

scholarly journals ‘Dziwność’ a problem oceny (na przykładzie przymiotnika "dziwny")

LingVaria ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
Mariola Wołk
Keyword(s):  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Linguistic Unit

‘Strangeness’ and the Problem of Evaluation (On the Basis of the Adjective dziwny)The main aim of this article is to provide answers to two questions: is the adjective dziwny used to form a negative evaluation; and is it used to provide evaluation at all? The second question entails the necessity to determine if the possible evaluation on the good–bad scale constitutes a part of the semantic structure of the word dziwny, or whether it is one of the pragmatic properties of the linguistic unit in question. The analytical part of the article is preceded by a short theoretical introduction which refers the reader to the most important conclusions (mainly by Jadwiga Puzynina) within the field of axiological linguistic evaluation (axio-linguistics). The analysis of the adjective dziwny presented here also takes into account its derivatives, such as dziwak ‘weirdo’, dziwoląg ‘freak’, [ktoś] dziwaczy ‘someone does or says weird things’, and its semantically close predicates: dziwaczny ‘bizzare’, specyficzny ‘idiosyncratic’, osobliwy ‘peculiar’ and nietypowy ‘untypical’.

scholarly journals ХАКАССКИЕ ПЕРИФЕРИЙНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ СО ЗНАЧЕНИЕМ ЗРИТЕЛЬНОГО ВОСПРИЯТИЯ И ИХ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ СООТВЕТСТВИЯ В ДРУГИХ ТЮРКСКИХ ЯЗЫКАХ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariya Chertykova
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Cognitive Analysis ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
The Common ◽  
Semantic Shift

Статья посвящена выявлению и описанию дифференциальных особенностей семантики периферийных глаголов со значением зрительного восприятия. В данную подгруппу мы классифицируем семь хакасских глаголов, выражающих различные стороны зрительного акта, из них четыре глагола имеют лексические соответствия в других тюркских языках. В ходе семантико-когнитивного анализа материала выявляются общие и отличительные особенности этих глаголов. Таким образом, выявлено, что лексические соответствия хакасских глаголов хара- «пристально смотреть; обозревать», пахла- «подсматривать, заглядывать» в других тюркских языках (например, в турецком, азербайджанском, татарском, башкирском, казахском) имеют обширную семантическую структуру и в результате развития многозначности они могут демонстрировать ослабление исходного перцептивного признака в последующих вторичных значениях. Глагол хара- / кара-, помимо перцептивного обозначения, указывает и на другие сферы человеческой деятельности, например, в азербайджанском, каракалпакском языках данный глагол обладает лексико-семантическим вариантом (ЛСВ) «подчиняться». В татарском, башкирском и др. языках данный глагол в силу частотности употребления, принимает на себя модальное значение «попробовать». Проанализированы также семантические составляющие глаголов, характерных (по нашим наблюдениям) для хакасского языка. В сибирских тюркских же языках эти глаголы в своих ЛСВ обычно сохраняют перцептивную сему, только тув.: каракта- и тоф.: қарақта- показывают семантический сдвиг в плане когнитивного соотношения зрительного и ментального процессов. По нашим наблюдениям, характерными для хакасского языка оказались глаголы: хылчаңна-, хайбағын-, маркированные семой «[смотреть], поворачивая голову» и глагол аңды-, актуализирующий признак целенаправленности и концентрации зрительного акта.The article is devoted to the identification and description of the differential features of the semantics of peripheral verbs with the meaning of visual perception. In this subgroup, we classify seven Khakass verbs expressing various aspects of the visual act, of which four verbs have lexical correspondences in other Turkic languages. In the course of semantic-cognitive analysis of the material, the common and distinctive features of these verbs are revealed. Thus, it has been revealed that the lexical correspondences of the Khakass verbs хара- «watch closely; observe», пахла- «peep, peep» in other Turkic languages (for example, Turkish, Azeri, Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh) have an extensive semantic structure and as a result of the development of ambiguity, they can demonstrate a weakening of the original perceptive trait in subsequent secondary values. The verb хара- / кара-, in addition to perceptual designation, indicates other spheres of human activity, for example, in the Azerbaijani, Karakalpak languages, this verb has the LSW «to obey». In the Tatar, Bashkir and other languages, this verb, due to its frequency of use, assumes the modal meaning «try». The semantic components of the verbs characteristic (according to our observations) for the Khakass language are also analyzed. In the Siberian Turkic languages, these verbs in their lexico-semantic variants (LSV) usually retain perceptual semo, only tuv.: каракта- and tof.: қарақта- show the semantic shift in terms of the cognitive relation of the visual and mental processes. According to our observations, the characteristic verses for Khakass were: хылчаңна-, хайбағын-, marked with sema «[watch], turning the head» and verb аңды-, the actualizing sign of focus and concentration of the visual act.

scholarly journals Structural and Semantic Peculiarities of Verbal Derivatives of Onomasiological Categories

2020 ◽  
pp. 175-185
Author(s):  
Olga Migorian ◽  
Tetiana Pavlovych
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
English Language Development ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Lexical Study ◽  
Derivatives Of

During the last century, the development of word-forming issues has been investigated so intensely that today it is possible to state the existance of a number of approaches and its versatile study both in synchrony and diachrony. Some linguists have studied the issues of word formation within etymology, while others have considered the problems of word formation in the context of grammar, focusing on structural analysis. Representatives of the lexical study described predominantly semantic relations between different structural units. Confirmation of the theory of interaction of different linguistic levels was the study of structural and semantic relations in oppositional pairs of "forming lexical unit – derivative". The main task of historical and onomasiological research, which is the basis of our research is to reveal the nature of the semantic structure of the concept; to trace the basic tendencies of the historical development of the prefixal way of word formation in English, the change of its semantic boundaries and the basic structures from epoch to epoch. The linguistic form of content is a word in general and a derivative in particular. The article presents an attempt to investigate the dynamics of efficiency of structural and semantic patterns of verbal prefixal derivatives within onomasiological categories during four periods of the English language development.

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